Viral shedding

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(Redirected from
Viral budding
)

Viral shedding is the expulsion and release of virus progeny following successful reproduction during a host cell infection. Once replication has been completed and the host cell is exhausted of all resources in making viral progeny, the viruses may begin to leave the cell by several methods.[1]

The term is variously used to refer to viral particles shedding from a single cell, from one part of the body into another,[2] and from a body into the environment, where the virus may infect another.[3]

Vaccine shedding is a form of viral shedding which can occur in instances of infection caused by some attenuated (or "live virus") vaccines.

Means

Shedding from a cell into extracellular space

Budding (through cell envelope)

Generic viral budding

prokaryotes of the domain Archaea also employ this mechanism of virion release.[6]

Apoptosis (cell destruction)

Virus forcing cell to undergo apoptosis to infect macrophages

Animal cells are programmed to self-destruct when they are under viral attack or damaged in some other way. By forcing the cell to undergo

macrophages
either to infect them or simply travel to other tissues in the body.

Although this process is primarily used by non-enveloped viruses, enveloped viruses may also use this. HIV is an example of an enveloped virus that exploits this process for the infection of macrophages.[7]

Exocytosis (cell release)

Virus leaving via exocytosis

Viruses that have envelopes that come from nuclear or endosomal membranes can leave the cell via

varicella-zoster virus.[9]

Shedding from one part of the body to another

Shedding from a body into the environment

Contagiousness

A human with a viral disease can be

HSV-2 (which produces genital herpes) can cause asymptomatic shedding and therefore spread undetected from person to person, as no fever or other hints reveal the contagious nature of the host.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ N.J. Dimmock et al. "Introduction to Modern Virology, 6th edition." Blackwell Publishing, 20hif ilikr 07.
  2. ^ Massachusetts Department of Public Health – Rabies Control Plan – Chapter 1: General Information – "Definitions as Used in this Document [...] Shedding – The release of rabies virus from the salivary glands into the saliva."[dead link]
  3. PMID 512419
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  4. . Retrieved 7 April 2020.
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  8. . Retrieved 7 April 2020.
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  10. ^ Daniel J., DeNoon. "Genital Herpes' Silent Spread". WebMD. Retrieved 29 January 2019.