Viral disease

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Viral disease
Other namesViral infection
Infectious disease

A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells.[1]

Examples are the common cold, gastroenteritis and pneumonia.[2]

Structural characteristics

Nucleic acids are not to scale. SARS stands as for SARS as for COVID-19, variola viruses for smallpox
.

Basic structural characteristics, such as genome type, virion shape and replication site, generally share the same features among virus species within the same family.[citation needed]

Pragmatic rules

Human-infecting virus families offer rules that may assist physicians and medical

virologists.[citation needed
]

As a general rule, DNA viruses replicate within the cell nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm. Exceptions are known to this rule: poxviruses replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus.[citation needed]

  • Segmented genomes:
    Reoviridae
     (acronym BOAR). All are RNA viruses.
  • Viruses transmitted almost exclusively by
    Reoviruses are transmitted from arthropod vectors. All are RNA viruses.[3]
  • One family of enveloped viruses causes gastroenteritis (Coronaviridae). All other viruses associated with gastroenteritis are non-enveloped.

Baltimore group

This group of analysts defined multiple categories of virus. Groups:[citation needed]

  • I -
    dsDNA
  • II -
    ssDNA
  • III -
    dsRNA
  • IV -
    positive-sense ssRNA
  • V -
    negative-sense ssRNA
  • VI - ssRNA-RT
  • VII -
    dsDNA-RT

Clinically important virus families and species with characteristics
Family Baltimore group Important species Envelopment
Adenoviridae
I[4][5]
Adenovirus[4][5]
 N[4][5]
Herpesviridae
I[4][5]
Human herpesvirus, type 8[6][7][8]
 Y[4][5]
Papillomaviridae
I[4][9]
Human papillomavirus[4][9]
 N[4][9]
Polyomaviridae
I[4][10]
JC virus[4][10]
 N[4][10]
Poxviridae
I[4][5]
 Smallpox[4][5] Y[4][5]
Parvoviridae
II[4][5]
 Parvovirus B19[4][5] N[4][5]
Reoviridae
III[11]
 Rotavirus,[11] Orbivirus, Coltivirus, Banna virus N[5]
Astroviridae
IV[12]
 Human astrovirus[5] N[5]
Caliciviridae
IV[11]
Norwalk virus[5]
 N[5]
Coronaviridae
IV[13]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
 Y[5]
Flaviviridae
IV[4][5][14]
 Hepatitis C virus,[4] yellow fever virus,[4] dengue virus,[4] West Nile virus,[4] TBE virus,[5] Zika virus Y[4][5]
Hepeviridae
IV[15]
Hepatitis E virus[5]
 N[5][15]
Matonaviridae
IV[4][5][16]
 Rubella virus[4][17] Y[4][5]
Picornaviridae
IV[18]
hepatitis A virus, poliovirus,[5] rhinovirus
 N[5]
Arenaviridae
V[19]
Lassa virus[5][19]
 Y[5][19]
Bunyaviridae
V[20]
Hantaan virus[5]
 Y[5][20]
Filoviridae
V[21]
Ebola virus,[21] Marburg virus[21]
 Y[5]
Orthomyxoviridae
V[4][22]
Influenza virus[4][22]
 Y[4][22]
Paramyxoviridae
V[23]
Parainfluenza virus[4][5]
 Y[4][23]
Pneumoviridae V [24] Respiratory syncytial virus[4] Y[4]
Rhabdoviridae
V[25]
 Rabies virus[4][5] Y[4][5]
Unassigned[26]
V[26]
 Hepatitis D[26] Y[26]
Retroviridae
VI[4][27]
 HIV[4][5] Y[4][5]
Hepadnaviridae
VII[4]
 Hepatitis B virus[4][5] Y[4][5]

Clinical characteristics

The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:

Type Family
Transmission
 Diseases Treatment Prevention
Adenovirus Adenoviridae
  • droplet contact[4]
  • fecal-oral[4]
  • venereal[4]
  • direct eye contact[4]
 None[4]
  • Adenovirus vaccine
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing or sneezing
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Coxsackievirus
Picornaviridae
 		None[4]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
  • avoiding contaminated food/water
  • improved sanitation
Cytomegalovirus Herpesviridae
  • hand washing
  • avoid sharing food and drinks with others
  • safe sex
Epstein–Barr virus Herpesviridae None[4]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Hepatitis A virus
Picornaviridae
Immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis)[4]
Hepatitis B virus Hepadnaviridae
  • bodily fluids[4]

sexual[33]
Hepatitis C virus Flaviviridae
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 1
 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 2
 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions[4]
  • safe sex[4]
HIV
Retroviridae
HAART,[4] such as protease inhibitors[35] and reverse-transcriptase inhibitors[35]
  • zidovudine (perinatally)[4]
  • blood product screening[4]
  • safe sex[4]
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) Coronaviridae
Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) Coronaviridae
Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) Coronaviridae
Human herpesvirus, type 8
 Herpesviridae many in evaluation-stage[4]
  • avoid close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Human papillomavirus
 Papillomaviridae
Influenza virus
 Orthomyxoviridae
  • droplet contact[4]
Measles virus
 Paramyxoviridae None[4]
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
 Coronaviridae
  • close human contact
  • Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
Mumps virus Paramyxoviridae None[4]
Parainfluenza virus
 Paramyxoviridae None[4]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Poliovirus
Picornaviridae
  • poliomyelitis[4]
 None[4]
Rabies virus Rhabdoviridae Post-exposure prophylaxis[4]
Respiratory syncytial virus Pneumoviridae (ribavirin)[4]
  • hand washing[4]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick[4]
  • palivizumab in high risk individuals[4]
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Rubella virus
Togaviridae
 		None[4]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
 Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
  • severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
 Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
  • coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Varicella-zoster virus
 Herpesviridae
  • droplet contact[4]
  • direct contact

Varicella:

Zoster:

Varicella:

Zoster:

  • vaccine
  • varicella-zoster immunoglobulin

See also

References

  1. PMID 23027939
    .
  2. ^ see below in this article
  3. ^ Hunt M. "Arboviruses". University of South Carolina School of Medicine.
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7817-8215-9. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  5. ^
    PMID 15043007
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  6. PMID 22481600
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  7. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1
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  8. ISBN 978-0-323-03303-9
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  9. ^
    PMID 15183049
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  10. ^ a b c "Polyomavirus". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-1420084962
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  12. PMID 26246569
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  13. PMID 21994671
    .
  14. PMID 19656970
    .
  15. ^ a b "Hepeviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  16. PMID 21725337
    .
  17. ^ "2018.013S.R.Matonaviridae". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 2020-05-28.[dead link]
  18. PMID 20397067
    .
  19. ^ a b c "Arenaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  20. ^ a b "Bunyaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  21. ^ a b c "Filoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h "Orthomyxoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Paramyxoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  24. ^ "Pneumoviridae ~ ViralZone page". viralzone.expasy.org. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  25. ^ a b c d "Rhabdoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  26. ^ a b c d "Deltavirus". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  27. ^ "Retroviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
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  33. ^ a b c d e f g "Hepadnaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  34. ^ a b "Flaviviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-02-17. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  35. ^ a b c d e "Human immunodeficiency virus 1". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  36. ^ a b c d "Papillomaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-03-05. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  37. ^ a b c "Togaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-02-20. Retrieved 2015-10-10.

External links