Virginia
Virginia | |
---|---|
Commonwealth of Virginia | |
Senate | |
• Lower house | House of Delegates |
Judiciary | Supreme Court of Virginia |
U.S. senators |
|
Mount Rogers[2]) | 5,729 ft (1,746 m) |
Lowest elevation | 0 ft (0 m) |
Population (2023) | |
• Total | 8,715,698[3] |
• Rank | 12th |
• Density | 219.3/sq mi (84.7/km2) |
• Rank | 14th |
• Median household income | $80,615 |
• Income rank | 10th |
Demonym | Virginian |
Language | |
• Official language | English |
• Spoken language |
|
EDT) | |
USPS abbreviation | VA |
ISO 3166 code | US-VA |
Traditional abbreviation | Va. |
Latitude | 36° 32′ N to 39° 28′ N |
Longitude | 75° 15′ W to 83° 41′ W |
Website | virginia |
Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia,[a] is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The state's capital is Richmond and its most populous city is Virginia Beach. Its most populous subdivision is Fairfax County, part of Northern Virginia, where slightly over a third of Virginia's population of 8.7 million live.
Eastern Virginia is part of the Atlantic Plain, and the Middle Peninsula forms the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Central Virginia lies predominantly in the Piedmont, the foothill region of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which cross the western and southwestern parts of the state. The fertile Shenandoah Valley fosters the state's most productive agricultural counties, while the economy in Northern Virginia is driven by technology companies and U.S. federal government agencies, including the U.S. Department of Defense and Central Intelligence Agency. Hampton Roads is also the site of the region's main seaport and Naval Station Norfolk, the world's largest naval base.
Virginia's history begins with
Although the state was under
History
Earliest inhabitants
Nomadic hunters are
In response to threats from these other groups to their trade network, thirty or so
Colony
Several European expeditions, including a
Though more settlers soon joined, many were ill-prepared for the dangers of the new settlement. As the colony's president,
From the colony's start, residents agitated for greater local control, and in 1619, certain male colonists began electing representatives to an assembly, later called the House of Burgesses, that negotiated issues with the governing council appointed by the London Company.[26] Unhappy with this arrangement, the monarchy revoked the company's charter and began directly naming governors and Council members in 1624. In 1635, colonists arrested a governor who ignored the assembly and sent him back to England against his will.[27] William Berkeley was named governor in 1642, just as the turmoil of the English Civil War and Interregnum permitted the colony greater autonomy.[28] As a supporter of the king, Berkeley welcomed other so-called Cavaliers who fled to Virginia. He surrendered to Parliamentarians in 1652, but after the 1660 Restoration made him governor again, he blocked assembly elections and exacerbated the class divide by disenfranchising and restricting the movement of indentured servants, who made up around eighty percent of the colony's workforce.[29] On the colony's frontier, Piedmont tribes like the Tutelo and Doeg were being squeezed by Seneca raiders from the north, leading to more confrontations with colonists. In 1676, several hundred working-class followers of Nathaniel Bacon, upset by Berkeley's refusal to retaliate against the tribes, marched to Jamestown and burned it.[30]
Bacon's Rebellion forced the signing of Bacon's Laws, which restored some of the colony's rights and sanctioned both attacks on native tribes and the enslavement of their men and women.[31] The Treaty of 1677 further reduced the independence of the tribes that signed it, and aided the colony's assimilation of their land in the years that followed.[32][33] Colonists in the 1700s were pushing westward into this area held by the Seneca and their larger Iroquois Nation, and in 1748, a group of wealthy speculators, backed by the British monarchy, formed the Ohio Company to start English settlement and trade in the Ohio Country west of the Appalachian Mountains.[34] The Kingdom of France, which claimed this area as part of their colony of New France, viewed this as a threat, and in 1754 the French and Indian War engulfed England, France, the Iroquois, and other allied tribes on both sides. A militia from several British colonies, called the Virginia Regiment, was led by 21-year-old Major George Washington, himself one of the investors in the Ohio Company.[35]
Statehood
In the decade following the
After the
Virginians were instrumental in the new country's early years and in writing the
Civil War
Between 1790 and 1860, the number of
On October 16, 1859, abolitionist
In Virginia,
The armies of the Union and Confederacy first met on July 21, 1861, in Battle of Bull Run near Manassas, Virginia, where a bloody Confederate victory established that the war would not be easily decided. Union General George B. McClellan organized the Army of the Potomac, which landed on the Virginia Peninsula in March 1862 and reached the outskirts of Richmond that June. With Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston wounded in fighting outside the city, command of his Army of Northern Virginia fell to Robert E. Lee. Over the next month, Lee drove the Union army back, and starting that September led the first of several invasions into Union territory. During the next three years of war, more battles were fought in Virginia than anywhere else, including the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Spotsylvania, and the concluding Battle of Appomattox Court House, where Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865.[57] After the capture of Richmond that month, state leaders loyal to the Confederacy relocated to Lynchburg,[58] while the Confederate leadership fled to Danville.[59] 32,751 Virginians died in the Civil War.[60]
Reconstruction and Jim Crow
Virginia was formally restored to the United States in 1870, due to the work of the
The Readjusters focused on building up schools, like
New economic forces would meanwhile industrialize the Commonwealth. Virginian
Civil rights to present
16-year-old
Federal passage of the Civil Rights Act in June 1964 and Voting Rights Act in August 1965, and their later enforcement by the Justice Department, helped end racial segregation in Virginia and overturn Jim Crow era state laws.[80] In June 1967, the Supreme Court also struck down the state's ban on interracial marriage with Loving v. Virginia. In 1968, Governor Mills Godwin called a commission to rewrite the state constitution. The new constitution, which banned discrimination and removed articles that now violated federal law, passed in a referendum with 71.8% support and went into effect in June 1971.[81] In 1977, Black members became the majority of Richmond's city council; in 1989, Douglas Wilder became the first African American elected as governor in the United States; and in 1992, Bobby Scott became the first Black congressman from Virginia since 1888.[82][83]
The expansion of federal government offices into Northern Virginia's suburbs during the
Geography
Virginia is located in the
Virginia's southern border
Geology and terrain
The Chesapeake Bay separates the contiguous portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginia's Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the drowned river valley of the ancient Susquehanna River.[98] Many of Virginia's rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, which create three peninsulas in the bay, traditionally referred to as "necks" named Northern Neck, Middle Peninsula, and the Virginia Peninsula from north to south.[99] Sea level rise has eroded the land on Virginia's islands, which include Tangier Island in the bay and Chincoteague, one of 23 barrier islands on the Atlantic coast.[100][101]
The
The
The Commonwealth's carbonate rock is filled with more than 4,000
Climate
Virginia state-wide averages 1895–2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Virginia has a humid subtropical climate that transitions to humid continental west of the Blue Ridge Mountains.[115] Seasonal extremes vary from average lows of 25 °F (−4 °C) in January to average highs of 86 °F (30 °C) in July.[116] The Atlantic Ocean and Gulf Stream have a strong effect on eastern and southeastern coastal areas of the Commonwealth, making the climate there warmer but also more constant. Most of Virginia's recorded extremes in temperature and precipitation have occurred in the Blue Ridge Mountains and areas west.[117] Virginia receives an average of 43.47 inches (110 cm) of precipitation annually,[116] with the Shenandoah Valley being the state's driest region due to the mountains on either side.[117]
Virginia has around 35–45 days with thunderstorms annually, and storms are common in the late afternoon and evenings between April and September.
Part of this is due to
Ecosystem
Forests cover 62% of Virginia as of 2021[update], of which 80% is considered
Virginia has 226 species of
Protected lands
As of 2019[update], roughly 16.2% of land in the Commonwealth is protected by federal, state, and local governments and non-profits.[158] Federal lands account for the majority, with thirty National Park Service units in the state, such as Great Falls Park and the Appalachian Trail, and one national park, Shenandoah.[159] Shenandoah was established in 1935 and encompasses the scenic Skyline Drive. Almost forty percent of the park's total 199,173 acres (806 km2) area has been designated as wilderness under the National Wilderness Preservation System.[160] The U.S. Forest Service administers the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, which cover more than 1.6 million acres (6,500 km2) within Virginia's mountains, and continue into West Virginia and Kentucky.[161] The Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge also extends into North Carolina, as does the Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, which marks the beginning of the Outer Banks.[162]
State agencies control about one-third of protected land in the state,[158] and the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation manages over 75,900 acres (307.2 km2) in forty Virginia state parks and 59,222 acres (239.7 km2) in 65 Natural Area Preserves, plus three undeveloped parks.[163][164] Breaks Interstate Park crosses the Kentucky border and is one of only two inter-state parks in the United States.[165] Sustainable logging is allowed in 26 state forests managed by the Virginia Department of Forestry totaling 71,972 acres (291.3 km2),[166] as is hunting in 44 Wildlife Management Areas run by the Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources covering over 205,000 acres (829.6 km2).[167] The Chesapeake Bay is not a national park, but is protected by both state and federal legislation and the inter-state Chesapeake Bay Program, which conducts restoration on the bay and its watershed.[168]
Cities and towns
Virginia is divided into 95
Over three million people, 35% of Virginians, live in the twenty jurisdictions collectively defined as Northern Virginia, which is part of the larger Washington metropolitan area and the Northeast megalopolis.[174][175] Fairfax County, with more than 1.1 million residents, is Virginia's most populous jurisdiction,[176] and has a major urban business and shopping center in Tysons, Virginia's largest office market.[177] Neighboring Prince William County, with over 450,000 residents, is Virginia's second-most populous county and home to Marine Corps Base Quantico, the FBI Academy, and Manassas National Battlefield Park. Arlington County is the smallest self-governing county in the U.S. by land area,[178] and local politicians have proposed reorganizing it as an independent city due to its high density.[172] Loudoun County, with its county seat at Leesburg, is the fastest-growing county in the state.[176][179] In western Virginia, Roanoke city and Montgomery County, part of the Blacksburg–Christiansburg metropolitan area, both have surpassed a population of over 100,000 since 2018.[180]
On the western edge of the Tidewater region is Virginia's capital, Richmond, which has a population of around 230,000 in its city proper and over 1.3 million in its metropolitan area. On the eastern edge is the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, where over 1.7 million reside across six counties and nine cities, including the Commonwealth's three most populous independent cities: Virginia Beach, Chesapeake, and Norfolk.[174][181] Neighboring Suffolk, which includes a portion of the Great Dismal Swamp, is the largest city by area at 429.1 square miles (1,111 km2).[182] One reason for the concentration of independent cities in the Tidewater region is that several rural counties there re-incorporated as cities or consolidated with existing cities to try to hold on to their new suburban neighborhoods that started booming in the 1950s, since cities like Norfolk and Portsmouth were able to annex land from adjoining counties until a moratorium in 1987.[183] Others, like Poquoson, became cities to try to preserve racial segregation in their schools and neighborhoods during the desegregation era of the 1970s.[184]
Largest Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas in Virginia
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Name
|
Pop. | Rank | Name
|
Pop. | ||||
Northern Virginia Hampton Roads |
1 | Northern Virginia | 3,154,735 | 11 | Danville | 101,408 | Richmond Roanoke | ||
2 | Hampton Roads | 1,727,503 | 12 | Bristol |
92,290 | ||||
3 | Richmond | 1,349,732 | 13 | Martinsville | 63,465 | ||||
4 | Roanoke | 314,314 | 14 | Tazewell | 39,120 | ||||
5 | Lynchburg | 264,590 | 15 | Lake of the Woods | 38,574 | ||||
6 | Charlottesville | 225,127 | |||||||
7 | Blacksburg–Christiansburg | 181,428 | |||||||
8 | Harrisonburg | 137,650 | |||||||
9 | Staunton–Waynesboro | 127,344 | |||||||
10 | Winchester | 123,611 |
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1790 | 691,737 | — | |
1800 | 807,557 | 16.7% | |
1810 | 877,683 | 8.7% | |
1820 | 938,261 | 6.9% | |
1830 | 1,044,054 | 11.3% | |
1840 | 1,025,227 | −1.8% | |
1850 | 1,119,348 | 9.2% | |
1860 | 1,219,630 | 9.0% | |
1870 | 1,225,163 | 0.5% | |
1880 | 1,512,565 | 23.5% | |
1890 | 1,655,980 | 9.5% | |
1900 | 1,854,184 | 12.0% | |
1910 | 2,061,612 | 11.2% | |
1920 | 2,309,187 | 12.0% | |
1930 | 2,421,851 | 4.9% | |
1940 | 2,677,773 | 10.6% | |
1950 | 3,318,680 | 23.9% | |
1960 | 3,966,949 | 19.5% | |
1970 | 4,648,494 | 17.2% | |
1980 | 5,346,818 | 15.0% | |
1990 | 6,187,358 | 15.7% | |
2000 | 7,078,515 | 14.4% | |
2010 | 8,001,024 | 13.0% | |
2020 | 8,631,393 | 7.9% | |
2023 (est.) | 8,715,698 | 1.0% | |
1790–2020,[185][186] 2023[3] |
The
Though still growing naturally as births outnumber deaths, Virginia has had a negative net migration rate since 2013, with 8,995 more people leaving the state than moving to it in 2021. This is largely credited to high home prices in Northern Virginia,[190] which are driving residents there to relocate south, and although Raleigh is their top destination, in-state migration from Northern Virginia to Richmond increased by 36% in 2020 and 2021 compared to the annual average over the previous decade.[191][192] Aside from Virginia, the top birth state for Virginians is New York, having overtaken North Carolina in the 1990s, with the Northeast accounting for the largest number of domestic migrants into the state by region.[193] About twelve percent of residents were born outside the United States as of 2020[update]. El Salvador is the most common foreign country of birth, with India, Mexico, South Korea, the Philippines, and Vietnam as other common birthplaces.[194]
Race and ethnicity
The state's most populous racial group,
The largest minority group in Virginia are Blacks and African Americans, who include about one-fifth of the population.
More recent immigration in the late 20th century and early 21st century has resulted in new communities of Hispanics and Asians. As of 2020[update], 10.5% of Virginia's total population describe themselves as
Largest race by county or city | Race and ethnicity (2020) | Alone | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Non-Hispanic White | 58.6% | 62.8% | |||
Black or African American | 18.3% | 20.1% | ||||
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 10.5% | |||||
Asian | 7.1% | 8.6% | ||||
American Indian and Alaska Native | 0.2% | 1.5% | ||||
Other | 0.6% | 1.5% | ||||
Largest ancestry by county or city | Ancestry (2020 est.) | Total | ||||
|
Irish or Scotch-Irish
|
10.4% | ||||
German
|
10.3% | |||||
English
|
9.8% | |||||
American
|
9.4% | |||||
Subsaharan African
|
2.3% |
Languages
According to U.S. Census data as of 2022[update] on Virginia residents aged five and older, 83% (6,805,548) speak
English was passed as the Commonwealth's official language by statutes in 1981 and again in 1996, though the status is not mandated by the
Religion
Virginia enshrined religious freedom in 1786, in a statute written by Thomas Jefferson. Though the state is historically part of America's Bible Belt, the 2023 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) survey estimated that 55% of Virginians either seldom or never attend religious services, ahead of the national average of 53.2%, and that the percent of Virginians unaffiliated with any particular religious body had increased from 21% in 2013 to 29% in 2023.[227] The 2020 U.S. Religion Census conducted by the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) similarly found that 55% of Virginians attend none of the state's 10,477 congregations.[228] Overall belief in God has also declined in the South region, of which Virginia is a part, from 93% of respondents in Gallup surveys from 2013 to 2017, to 86% in 2022.[229]
Of the 45% of Virginians who were associated with religious bodies in the 2020 ARDA census, Evangelical Protestants made up the largest overall grouping, with 20.3% of the state's population, while 8.1% and 2% were mainline and Black protestant respectively. Baptists, 84% of which are counted as Evangelical, included 9.4% of Virginians in that census.[230] Their major division is between the Baptist General Association of Virginia, which formed in 1823, and the Southern Baptist Conservatives of Virginia, which split off in 1996. Other Protestant branches with over one percent of Virginians included Pentecostalism (1.8%), Presbyterianism (1.3%), Anglicanism (1.2%), and Adventism (1%).[230] The 2023 PRRI survey estimated that 46% of Virginians were Protestants, with 14% each as White Evangelical, White Mainline, and Black, though these numbers include individuals who also report not attending services.[227]
Economy
Virginia's economy has diverse sources of income, including local and federal government, military, farming and high-tech. The state's average per capita income in 2022 was $68,211,[236] and the gross domestic product (GDP) was $654.5 billion, both ranking as 13th-highest among U.S. states.[237] The COVID-19 recession caused jobless claims due to soar over 10% in early April 2020,[238] before leaving off around 5% in November 2020 and returning to pre-pandemic levels in 2023.[239] In August 2024, the unemployment rate was 2.8%, which was the 7th-lowest nationwide.[240]
Virginia has a
Virginia's business environment has been ranked highly by various publications.
Government agencies
Government agencies directly employ around 714,100 Virginians as of 2022[update], almost 17% of all employees in the state.
Other large
Business
Based on data as of 2020[update], Virginia is home to 204,131 separate employers plus 644,341
Virginia has the third highest concentration of technology workers and the fifth highest overall number among U.S. states as of 2020[update], with the 451,268 tech jobs accounting for 11.1% of all jobs in the state and earning a median salary of $98,292.[266] Many of these jobs are in Northern Virginia, which hosts a large number of software, communications, and cybersecurity companies, particularly in the Dulles Technology Corridor and Tysons areas. Amazon additionally selected Crystal City for its HQ2 in 2018, while Google expanded their Reston offices in 2019.
Northern Virginia became the world's largest
Tourists spent a record $33.3 billion in Virginia in 2023, an increase of 10% from the previous year, supporting an estimated 224,000 jobs, an increase of 13,000.[275] The state ranked as the eighth most visited based on data from 2022.[276] That year saw 745,000 international visitors, with 41% of those coming from Canada.[277]
Agriculture
As of 2021[update], agriculture occupies 30% of the land in Virginia with 7.7 million acres (12,031 sq mi; 31,161 km2) of farmland. Nearly 54,000 Virginians work on the state's 41,500 farms, which average 186 acres (0.29 sq mi; 0.75 km2). Though agriculture has declined significantly since 1960, when there were twice as many farms, it remains the largest industry in Virginia, providing for over 490,000 jobs.[279] Soybeans were the most profitable single crop in Virginia in 2022,[280] although the ongoing trade war with China has led many Virginia farmers to plant cotton instead of soybeans.[281] Other leading agricultural products include corn, cut flowers, and tobacco, where the state ranks third nationally in the production of the crop.[279][280]
Virginia is the country's third-largest producer of seafood as of 2021[update], with sea scallops, oysters, Chesapeake blue crabs, menhaden, and hardshell clams as the largest seafood harvests by value, and France, Canada, New Zealand, and Hong Kong as the top export destinations.[282] Commercial fishing supports 18,220 jobs as of 2020[update], while recreation fishing supports another 5,893.[283] The population of eastern oysters collapsed in the 1980s due to pollution and overharvesting, but has slowly rebounded, and the 2022–2023 season saw the largest harvest in 35 years with around 700,000 US bushels (25,000 kL).[284] A warm winter and a dry summer made the 2023 wine harvest one of the best for vineyards in the Northern Neck and along the Blue Ridge Mountains, which also attract 2.6 million tourists annually.[285][286] Virginia has the seventh-highest number of wineries in the nation, with 388 producing 1.1 million cases a year as of 2024[update].[287] Cabernet Franc and Chardonnay are the most grown varieties.[288] Breweries in Virginia also produced 460,315 barrels (54,017 kl) of craft beer in 2022, the 15th-most nationally.[289]
Taxes
Virginia's property tax is set and collected at the local government level and varies throughout the Commonwealth. Real estate is also taxed at the local level based on one hundred percent of fair market value.[295] As of 2021[update], the overall median real estate tax rate per $100 of assessed taxable value was $0.96, though for 72 of the 95 counties this number was under $0.80 per $100. Northern Virginia has the highest property taxes in the state, with Manassas Park paying the highest effective tax rate at $1.31 per $100, while Powhatan and Lunenburg counties were tied for the lowest, at $0.30.[296] Of local government tax revenue, about 61% is generated from real property taxes while 24% is from tangible personal property, sales and use, and business license tax. The remaining 15% come from taxes on hotels, restaurant meals, public service corporation property, and consumer utilities.[295]
Culture
Modern Virginian culture has many sources and is part of the culture of the Southern United States.[297] The Smithsonian Institution divides Virginia into nine cultural regions, and in 2007 used their annual Folklife Festival to recognize the substantial contributions of England and Senegal on Virginian culture.[298] Virginia's culture was popularized and spread across America and the South by figures such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Robert E. Lee. Their homes in Virginia represent the birthplace of America and the South.[299]
Besides the general cuisine of the Southern United States, Virginians maintain their own particular traditions. Virginia wine is made in many parts of the Commonwealth.[286] Smithfield ham, sometimes called "Virginia ham", is a type of country ham which is protected by state law and can be produced only in the town of Smithfield.[300] Virginia furniture and architecture are typical of American colonial architecture. Thomas Jefferson and many of the Commonwealth's early leaders favored the Neoclassical architecture style, leading to its use for important state buildings. The Pennsylvania Dutch and their style can also be found in parts of the Commonwealth.[201]
Literature in Virginia often deals with the Commonwealth's extensive and sometimes troubled past. The works of
Fine and performing arts
Virginia ranks near the middle of U.S. states in terms of public spending on the arts as of 2021[update], at just over half of the national average.
Theaters and venues in Virginia are found both in the cities and in suburbs. The
Virginia is known for its tradition in the music genres of
Festivals
Many counties and localities host
The Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival is a two-week festival held annually in Winchester which includes parades and bluegrass concerts. The Old Time Fiddlers' Convention in Galax, begun in 1935, is one of the oldest and largest such events worldwide, and Wolf Trap hosts the Wolf Trap Opera Company, which produces an opera festival every summer.[315] The Blue Ridge Rock Festival has operated since 2017, and has brought as many as 33,000 concert-goers to the Blue Ridge Amphitheater in Pittsylvania County.[324] Two important film festivals, the Virginia Film Festival and the VCU French Film Festival, are held annually in Charlottesville and Richmond, respectively.[325]
Law and government
In 1619, the first
Virginia's legislature is
The legislature starts regular sessions on the second Wednesday of every year. They meet for up to 48 days in odd years, which are election years, or 60 days in even years, to allow more time for biennial state budgets, which governors propose.[329][331] After regular sessions end, special sessions can be called either by the governor or with agreement of two-thirds of both houses, and 21 special sessions have been called since 2000, typically for legislation on preselected issues.[332] Though not a full-time legislature, the Assembly is classified as a hybrid because special sessions are not limited by the state constitution and often last several months.[333] A one-day "veto session" is also automatically triggered when a governor chooses to veto or return legislation to the Assembly with amendments. Vetoes can then be overturned with approval of two-thirds of both the House and Senate.[334] A bill that passes with two-thirds approval can also become law without action from the governor,[335] and Virginia has no "pocket veto", so bills become law if the governor chooses to neither approve nor veto them.[336]
Legal system
The judges and justices who make up
The Code of Virginia is the statutory law and consists of the codified legislation of the General Assembly. The largest law enforcement agency in Virginia is the Virginia State Police, with 3,035 sworn and civilian members as of 2019[update].[341] The Virginia Marine Police patrol coastal areas, and were founded as the "Oyster Navy" in 1864 in response to oyster bed poaching.[342] The Virginia Capitol Police protect the legislature and executive department, and are the oldest police department in the United States, dating to the guards who protected the colonial leadership.[343] The governor can also call upon the Virginia National Guard, which consists of approximately 7,200 army soldiers, 1,200 airmen, 300 Defense Force members, and 400 civilians.[344]
Between 1608 and 2021, when the
Politics
Over the past century, Virginia has shifted politically from being a largely rural, conservative,
Enforcement of federal civil rights legislation passed in the mid-1960s helped overturn the state's Jim Crow laws that effectively disfranchised African Americans.[361] The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made Virginia one of nine states that were required to receive federal approval for changes to voting laws, until the system for including states was struck down in 2013.[362] A strict photo identification requirement, added under Governor Bob McDonnell in 2014, was repealed in 2020,[363] and the Voting Rights Act of Virginia was passed in 2021, requiring preclearance from the state Attorney General for local election changes that could result in disenfranchisement, including closing or moving polling sites.[364] Though many Jim Crow provisions were removed in Virginia's 1971 constitution, a lifetime ban on voting for felony convictions was unchanged, and by 2016, up to twenty percent of African Americans in Virginia were disenfranchised because of prior felonies.[365] That year, Governor Terry McAuliffe ended the lifetime ban and individually restored voting rights to over 200,000 ex-felons.[358] These changes moved Virginia from being ranked as the second most difficult state to vote in 2016, to the twelfth easiest in 2020.[366]
Regional differences also play a large part in Virginia politics. While urban and expanding suburban areas, including much of
State elections
Because Virginia enacted their post-Civil-War
The
In 2021, Glenn Youngkin became the first Republican to win the governor's race since 2009,[387] with his party also winning the races for lieutenant governor and attorney general and gaining seven seats in the House of Delegates.[388][389] Two years later, new legislative maps drawn by special masters appointed by the state supreme court led to nine retirements in the state senate and to twenty-five House delegates not seeking re-election. In those elections, Democrats claimed a slim majority of one seat in both the Senate and the House.[390]
Federal elections
Though Virginia was considered a "
Education
Virginia's educational system consistently ranks in the top five states on the U.S. Department of Education's National Assessment of Educational Progress, with Virginia students outperforming the average in all subject areas and grade levels tested.[398] The 2021 Quality Counts report ranked Virginia's K–12 education thirteenth in the country, with a letter grade of B−.[399] Virginia's K–7 schools had a student–teacher ratio of 12.15:1 as of the 2021–22 school year, and 12.52:1 for grades 8–12.[400] All school divisions must adhere to educational standards set forth by the Virginia Department of Education, which maintains an assessment and accreditation regime known as the Standards of Learning to ensure accountability.[401]
Public
In 2022, 92.1% of high school students graduated on-time after four years,[407] and 89.3% of adults over the age 25 had their high school diploma.[3] Virginia has one of the smaller racial gaps in graduation rates among U.S. states,[408] with 90.3% of Black students graduating on time, compared to 94.9% of white students and 98.3% of Asian students. Hispanic students had the highest dropout rate, at 13.95%, with high rates being correlated with students listed as English learners.[407] Despite ending school segregation in the 1960s, seven percent of Virginia's public schools were rated as "intensely segregated" by The Civil Rights Project at UCLA in 2019, and the number has risen since 1989, when only three percent were.[409] Virginia has comparatively large public school districts, typically comprising entire counties or cities, and this helps mitigate funding gaps seen in other states such that non-white districts average slightly more funding, $255 per student as of 2019[update], than majority white districts.[410] Elementary schools, with Virginia's smallest districts, were found to be more segregated than state middle or high schools by a 2019 VCU study.[411]
Colleges and universities
As of 2020[update], Virginia has the
Virginia Tech and Virginia State University are the state's land-grant universities, and Virginia State is one of five historically black colleges and universities in Virginia.[416] The Virginia Military Institute is the oldest state military college.[417] Virginia also operates 23 community colleges on 40 campuses which enrolled 199,926 degree-seeking students during the 2021–2022 school year.[418] In 2021, the state made community college free for most low- and middle-income students.[419] George Mason University had the largest on-campus enrollment at 40,390 students as of 2023[update],[420] though the private Liberty University had the largest total enrollment in the state, with 115,000 online and 15,800 on-campus students in Lynchburg as of 2022[update].[421]
Health
Virginia has a mixed health record. The state was ranked best for its physical environment in the 2023 United Health Foundation's Health Rankings, but 19th for its overall health outcomes and only 26th for residents' healthy behaviors. Among U.S. states, Virginia has the 22nd lowest rate of premature deaths, with 8,709 per 100,000,[131] and an infant mortality rate of 5.61 per 1,000 live births.[423] The rate of uninsured Virginians dropped to 6.5% in 2023, following an expansion of Medicare in 2019.[131] Falls Church and Loudoun County were both ranked in the top ten healthiest communities in 2020 by U.S. News & World Report.[424]
There are however racial and social health disparities. With high rates of heart disease and diabetes, African Americans in Virginia have an average life expectancy four years less than whites and twelve less than Asian Americans and Latinos,[425] and were disproportionately affected by COVID-19 during the coronavirus pandemic.[426] African-American mothers are also three times more likely to die while giving birth in the state.[427] Mortality rates among white middle-class Virginians have also been rising, with drug overdose, alcohol poisoning, and suicide as leading causes.[428] Suicides in the state increased over 14% between 2009 and 2023, while deaths from drug overdoses more than doubled in that time.[131] Virginia has a ratio of 221.5 primary care physicians per 10,000 residents, the fifteenth worst rate nationally, and only 250.3 mental health providers per that number, the fourteenth worst nationwide.[131] A December 2023 report by the General Assembly found that all nine public mental health care facilities were over 95% full, causing overcrowding and delays in admissions.[429]
Weight is an issue for many Virginians, and 32.2% of adults and 14.9% of 10- to 17-year-olds are obese as of 2021[update].
The
Media
The
There are 36
The most circulated
Transportation
Because of the 1932 Byrd Road Act, the state government controls most of Virginia's roads, instead of a local county authority as is usual in other states.[449] As of 2018[update], the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) owns and operates 57,867 miles (93,128 km) of the total 70,105 miles (112,823 km) of roads in the state, making it the third-largest state highway system in the nation.[450]
Traffic on Virginia's roads is among the worst in the nation according to the 2019 American Community Survey. The average commute time of 28.7 minutes is the eighth-longest among U.S. states, and the Washington Metropolitan Area, which includes Northern Virginia, has the second-worst rate of traffic congestion among U.S. cities.[451] About 67.9% of workers in Virginia reported driving alone to work in 2021, the fourteenth lowest percent in the U.S.,[131] while 8.5% reported carpooling,[452] and Virginia hit peak car usage before the year 2000, making it one of the first such states.[453]
Mass transit and ports
About 3.4% of Virginians commute on public transit,
Virginia has
Virginia has five major airports: Dulles International and Reagan Washington National in Northern Virginia, both of which handle over 20 million passengers a year, Richmond International southeast of the state capital, Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport, and Norfolk International. Several other airports offer limited commercial passenger service, and sixty-six public airports serve the state's aviation needs.[463] The Virginia Port Authority's main seaports are those in Hampton Roads, which carried 61,505,700 short tons (55,797,000 t) of total cargo in 2021[update], the sixth most of United States ports.[464] The Eastern Shore of Virginia is the site of Wallops Flight Facility, a rocket launch center owned by NASA, and the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, a commercial spaceport.[465][466] Space tourism is also offered through Vienna-based Space Adventures.[467]
Sports
Virginia is the most populous U.S. state without a
Five
Among individual athletes,
College sports
In the absence of professional sports, several of Virginia's collegiate sports programs have attracted strong followings, with a 2015 poll showing that 34% of Virginians were fans of the
High school sports
Virginia is also home to several of the nation's top high school
State symbols
Virginia has several nicknames, the oldest of which is the "Old Dominion". King
The state's motto, Sic Semper Tyrannis, translates from Latin as "Thus Always to Tyrants", and is used on the state seal, which is then used on the flag.[1] While the seal was designed in 1776, and the flag was first used in the 1830s, both were made official in 1930.[497] The majority of the other symbols were made official in the late 20th century.[498] In 1940, "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny" was named the state song, but it was retired in 1997 due to its nostalgic references to slavery. In March 2015, Virginia's government named "Our Great Virginia", which uses the tune of "Oh Shenandoah", as the traditional state song and "Sweet Virginia Breeze" as the popular state song.[499]
- Beverages: Milk, Rye Whiskey
- Boat: Chesapeake Bay deadrise
- Bird: Cardinal
- Dance: Square dancing
- Dog: American Foxhound
- Fish: Brook trout, striped bass
- Tree: Dogwood
- Fossil: Chesapecten jeffersonius
- Insect: Tiger swallowtail
- Mammal: Virginia big-eared bat
- Motto: Sic Semper Tyrannis
- Nickname: The Old Dominion
- Pony: Chincoteague pony
- Shell: Eastern oyster
- Virginia is for Lovers
- Songs: "Our Great Virginia", "Sweet Virginia Breeze"
- Tartan: Virginia Quadricentennial
See also
Notes
- ^ Virginia is one of four U.S. states to use the term "Commonwealth" in its official name, along with Massachusetts, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania.
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External links
Government
Tourism and recreation
Culture and history
Maps and demographics
- USGS geographic resources of Virginia
- Virginia State Climatology Office Archived October 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- Virginia State Facts from USDA, Economic Research Service
- Geographic data related to Virginia at OpenStreetMap