Virginity test

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A virginity test is the pseudoscientific practice and process of determining whether a woman (or girl) is a

virgin; i.e., to determine that she has never engaged in, or been subjected to, vaginal intercourse. The test typically involves a check for the presence of an intact hymen, typically on the flawed assumption that it can only be, and will always be torn as a result of vaginal intercourse.[1] It has been practiced since ancient times but its recent use in the United Kingdom dates back to the 1970s.[2] It is still legal for doctors in the United States to perform virginity tests.[3]

Virginity testing is widely considered controversial, because of its implications for the tested women (and girls), because it is viewed as unethical,[4] and because a number of such tests are widely considered to be unscientific. In cases of suspected rape or child sexual abuse, a detailed examination of the hymen may be performed, but the condition of the hymen alone is often inconclusive.[5]

In October 2018, the UN Human Rights, UN Women and the World Health Organization (WHO) called for the ban of virginity testing as it is a painful, humiliating and a traumatic practice that constitutes violence against women.[6]

History

Thomas Rowlandson, Inquest of Matrons or Trial for a Rape, c. 1790–1810

Many pre-modern societies placed great value on assessing the virginity of their girls, as is attested in sources ranging from mythology to popular literature, folklore, and official records.[7]

Prior to the advance of European medicine in the 15th century, the nature of the hymen was not fully understood, and consequently a great variety of more or less miraculous or scientific tests were advocated for.[7] The Incas of Peru reserved their sacred "Virgins of the Sun" as brides for high status men, and when a girl was suspected of sexual activity, she was made to blow into a smouldering fire; if the fire flared up, she was deemed chaste.[8] In ancient Greece, a story related in the 5th century BC tells how the god Pan could establish the purity of any girl, as his mystical flute responded spontaneously to the presence of a virgin.[8]

The Medieval romances Floris and Blancheflur (c. 1250) and Bevis of Hampton (c. 1300) both feature virgin heroines who must prove their purity and therefore their worth.[7][a] The scenario was also acted out on the English stage, in plays such as Middleton's The Changeling (1622).[9]

Two-finger test

The process of virginity testing varies by region. In areas where medical doctors are available, the tests would often be given in a doctor's office.

African tribes that perform the test.[12]

Another form of virginity testing involves testing for laxity of vaginal muscles with fingers (the "two-finger test"). A doctor performs the test by inserting a finger into the female's vagina to check the level of vaginal laxity, which is used to determine if she is "habituated to sexual intercourse".[13] However, the usefulness of these criteria has been questioned by medical authorities and opponents of virginity testing because vaginal laxity and the absence of a hymen can both be caused by other factors, and the "two-finger test" is based on subjective observation.[14][15]

Examinations to test for previous sexual activity used to be performed on rape victims in Bangladesh, Pakistan and India before it was banned.[16][17][18]

Among the Bantu peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa, virginity testing or even the suturing of the labia majora (called infibulation) has been commonplace. Traditionally, Kenuzi girls (of the Sudan) are married before puberty[19] by adult men who inspect them manually for virginity.

Example of violence against women

Virginity testing drives unequal social pressures for men and women to remain virgins until they marry. [20] Virginity testing perpetuates these harmful stereotyped beliefs through the discriminatory framework that women are primarily responsible for all sexual activity and misconduct.[20]

In Iran, sixteen in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants aged 32 to 60 years to elucidate the perceptions and experiences of Iranian examiners of virginity testing.[20] The perception and experience of examiners were reflected in five main themes. The result of this study indicated that virginity testing is more than a medical examination, considering the cultural factors involved and its overt and covert consequences. In Iran, testing is performed for both formal and informal reasons, and examiners view such testing with ambiguity about the accuracy and certainty of the diagnosis and uncertainty about ethics and reproductive rights. Examiners are affected by the overt and covert consequences of virginity testing, beliefs and cultural values underlying virginity testing, and informal and formal reasons for virginity testing also used to examine sexual offence.[20]

Reasons

Many cultures require proof of a bride's virginity prior to her marriage. This has traditionally been tested by the presence of an intact

consummation of marriage
, after the ceremony.

Abuse of women

Egyptian government in March 2011,[24] the government claimed the tests were carried out in order to refute claims that the women had been raped while in detention. Amnesty International described the virginity tests as "nothing less than torture".[25] Virginity tests done by the military on detainees were banned in Egypt on 27 December 2011,[26] but in March 2012, the physician who carried out the tests was acquitted of all charges.[27] Samira Ibrahim, the Egyptian woman who filed the lawsuit against the government that initiated public discussion of their use of virginity testing, said in response to the physician's acquittal: "A woman's body should not be used as a tool for intimidation, and nobody should have their dignity violated."[28]

Prior to the 1980s, virginity testing was also used on women entering the

bona fides, she was required to submit to the test.[30] This practice was exposed by The Guardian in 1979[31] and the policy was quickly changed.[29][32][30]

Virginity testing in Indonesia for female applicants to the military and police has been practiced since 1965 and is carried out during medical examinations. An announcement was made in August 2013 in Prabumulih district, South Sumatra, Indonesia, by local education chief Muhammad Rasyid, that teenage girls attending high school there would be given mandatory annual virginity tests, beginning in 2014.[33] The stated intent was to reduce promiscuity in the district.[34] In 2014 the Human Rights Watch reported that a physical virginity test is routinely performed on female candidates to the Indonesian National Police as part of the job application process.[35]
In August 2021, the Indonesian Army Chief of Staff General Andika Perkasa officially announced that the army will no longer conduct virginity testing for female recruits. The navy and air force had already stopped conducting virginity tests.[36][37][38]

In Iran, Atena Farghadani was charged with "illicit sexual relations falling short of adultery" for shaking hands with her lawyer in June 2015. She complained that Iranian prison officials and guards have made lewd gestures, sexual slurs and other insults to her, and went on a three-day "dry" hunger strike in September 2015 in protest of this ill-treatment. However, the harassment continued. In a note written by Farghadani leaked from prison, which has been seen by Amnesty International, Farghadani says the judicial authorities took her to a medical center outside the prison on 12 August 2015 and forced her to submit to a virginity test, purportedly for the purpose of investigating the charge against her.[39]

In India's Kanjarbhat community, after a marriage ceremony takes place, a virginity test is carried out on the newly-married wife using a white bed sheet. If the woman bleeds following intercourse with her new husband, it is declared that 'Maal khara hai' (the goods are pure) and if she does not bleed, the council will declare that 'Maal khota hai' (the goods are spoiled).[40][41] In 2019, the Maharashtra state government announced that it intended to make virginity tests for brides a punishable offence, describing the practice as form of sexual assault.[42]

Virginity tests are common in Afghanistan. Some women undergo multiple tests. The tests are often done without the woman's consent. They have drawn widespread condemnation, with critics saying they are inhumane and hurt the dignity of women.[43]

Reliability

Many researchers state that a torn hymen is not a reliable indicator that a female has been vaginally penetrated because the tearing of the hymen may have been the result of some other event.[21] Furthermore, in rare cases, some people are born without hymens.[44][45]

The hymen is a ring of fleshy tissue that sits just inside the vaginal opening. Normal variations range from thin and stretchy to thick and somewhat rigid.[44][45] The only variation that typically requires medical intervention is the imperforate hymen, which either completely prevents the passage of menstrual fluid or slows it significantly. In either case, surgical intervention may be needed to allow menstrual fluid to pass or intercourse to take place at all. Another variation, the septate hymen (a condition in which a band of tissue divides the vaginal canal in two) may also require medical intervention if it does not resolve naturally through sexual intercourse or other means. It is a misconception that the hymen always tears during first intercourse or that intercourse is required to rupture the hymen.

A female can undergo a surgical procedure, called hymenorrhaphy or hymenoplasty, to repair or replace a torn hymen, to "pass" a virginity test.[46]

Criticism

In May 2013, the

two-finger test on a rape victim violates her right to privacy, and asked the Delhi government to provide better medical procedures to confirm sexual assault.[47][48] In 2003, the Supreme Court of India called TFT "hypothetical" and "opinionative". In October 2022 the Supreme Court of India strongly criticized the utilization of the "two-finger test" in rape and sexual assault cases and urged the central government to take immediate steps to cease the practice. The court emphasized that this test lacks any scientific foundation to determine the sexual history of women and instead causes further trauma to survivors. As a result, the Supreme Court ruled that anyone conducting such a test on a survivor would be considered guilty of misconduct.[49]
Most countries have scrapped it as archaic, unscientific and invasive of privacy and dignity.[50] Quebec's Collège des Médecins has banned members from conducting virginity tests after some were found to be doing this, as well as providing virginity certificates.[51] In 2021 the Lahore High Court banned the use of virginity tests in cases where women claim they were raped.[52] The UK's Royal College of Midwives says that virginity testing is indefensible with no medical benefit.[53] It was criminalised in the UK from 2022, along with hymenorrhaphy and offering or aiding and abetting these procedures, with the Health and Care Act 2022.[54]

Reasons for testing

Immigration

Virginity testing was performed on Indian women as part of the British immigration system in the 1970s, when there was a suspicion that an applicant might be already married. Applicants were expected to be virgins if they were not married.[2]

Prevention of disease and pregnancy

Preventing the spread of

Washington Post stated that "[Virginity testing] is important so that young girls become scared of boys. Because what happens is first the boy strips you of your virginity, and the next thing you know is you are pregnant and you have HIV."[11]

Royal affirmations

Zulu virgins in 2019

In Zulu culture, there is a tradition in which girls of a certain age can perform a dance for the king. However, only virgins are allowed to participate.[11] If a girl is tested and declared a virgin, she brings honor to her family. If a girl is found not to be a virgin, her father may have to pay a fine for "tainting" the community and the girl may be shunned from the "certified" virgins.[12] Because of the ramifications that being considered impure have for the girls and their families, virginity testing has the potential to be a life-changing event.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The captive Christian princess Blancheflur is compelled by her master the Emir to immerse her hands in a water that will stain impure flesh. Josiane offers to prove her virginity (not specifying how) to her sceptical lover, Sir Bevis.

References

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  4. ^ "The Hymen". University of California at Santa Barbara's SexInfo. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
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  10. ^ "Women, Violence, and Health". www.amnesty.org. 18 February 2005. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d Karin Brulliard (26 September 2008). "Zulus Eagerly Defy Ban on Virginity Test". The Washington Post. NONGOMA, South Africa. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
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External links