Virucide

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Virucidal
)

A virucide (alternatively spelled viricide

Virucides are to be used outside the human body, and as such fall into the category of disinfectants (applied not to the human body) and antiseptics (applied to the surface of skin) for those safe enough. Overall, the notion of virucide differs from an antiviral drug such as Aciclovir, which inhibits the proliferation of the virus inside the body.[7][8][9]

CDC's Disinfection and Sterilization list of Chemical Disinfectants mentions and discusses substances such as: alcohol, chlorine and chlorine compounds, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, iodophors, ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA), peracetic acid, peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, phenolics, quaternary ammonium compounds, with different, but usually potent microbicidal activity.[10][11] Other inactivating agents such as UV light, metals, and ozone exist.[12][13][14][11]

Definitions

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a virucide is "An agent that kills viruses to make them noninfective."[15]

According to a definition by Robert Koch Institute Germany and further institutions,[16] virucide means effective against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses.[17][18][12]

Due to the complexity of the subject, in Germany, Robert-Koch-Institute introduced sub-definitions such as "limited virucidal" or "limited virucidal plus" (translated from German) to differentiate its meaning further.[19][20]

Note that the meaning of virus inactivation or viral clearance is specific for the medical process industry, i.e., to remove HIV from blood.

Functioning

Different substances have interactions between microbicides and viruses such as:[3]

  • Alteration of the viral envelope
  • Structural alteration
  • Alteration of viral markers or
  • Alteration of the viral genome

The exact mechanisms, for example of iodine (PVP-I), are still not clear, but it is targeting the bacterial protein synthesis due to disruption of electron transport, DNA denaturation or disruptive effects on the virus membrane.[21]

Registration

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention administers a regulatory framework for disinfectants and sterilants.[22] To earn virucidal registration, extensive data on harder-to-kill viruses demonstrating long-lasting virucidal efficacy need to be provided.[23][24][25]

Regulations

  • Europe: Biocide products regulation EN 528/2012[26]

Testing

  • EN 14476:2019 (suspensions test)[27][28]
  • EN 16777:2018 (surfaces test)[29][28]
  • EN 1500 (hand rub test)[30][31]
  • ISO 18184:2019 (textile products)[32]
  • ISO 21702:2019 (plastics and non-porous surfaces) [33]

Other related tests

A specific protocol for hand-hygiene testing has been researched and established by microbiologist Prof. Graham Ayliffe.[34]

Safety

Virucides are not intended for use inside the body,[35][36] and most are disinfectants that are not intended for use on the surface of the body.[37] Most substances are toxic.[6] None of the listed substances replaces vaccination[38][39][40] or antiviral drugs, if available.[41][42][43] Virucides are usually labeled with instructions for safe, effective use.[44][37][45][46] The correct use and scope of disinfectants is very important.[47][48][49]

Potential serious side-effects with using "quats" (Quaternary ammonium compounds) exist, and over-use "can have a negative impact on your customers' septic systems."[50]

Mouth-rinsing or gargling can reduce virus load,[51] however experts warn that "Viruses in the nose, lungs or trachea that are released when speaking, sneezing and coughing are unlikely to be reached because the effect is based on physical accessibility of the surface mucous membrane".[52]

According to

skin barrier. Skin care does not reduce the antiseptic effect of the alcoholic disinfectants.[53][54]

The "explosive" use of antibacterial cleansers has led the CDC to monitor substances in adults.[55]

On April 5, 2021, a Press Briefing by White House COVID-19 Response Team and Public Health Officials mentions that "Cleaning with household cleaners containing soap or detergent will physically remove germs from surfaces.  This process does not necessarily kill germs, but reduces the risk of infection by removing them. Disinfecting uses a chemical product, which is a process that kills the germs on the surfaces. In most situations, regular cleaning of surfaces with soap and detergent, not necessarily disinfecting those surfaces, is enough to reduce the risk of COVID-19 spread. Disinfection is only recommended in indoor settings — schools and homes — where there has been a suspected or confirmed case of COVID-19 within the last 24 hours. In most situations, regular cleaning of surfaces with soap and detergent, not necessarily disinfecting those surfaces, is enough to reduce the risk of COVID-19 spread."[56][57]

The CDC issued a special report "Knowledge and Practices Regarding Safe Household Cleaning and Disinfection for COVID-19 Prevention" due to the increased number of calls to poison centers regarding exposures to cleaners and disinfectants since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, concluding that "Public messaging should continue to emphasize evidence-based, safe cleaning and disinfection practices to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission in households, including hand hygiene and cleaning and disinfection of high-touch surfaces."[58][59]

CDC provides a Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities.[60]

Microbicidal activity

Each mentioned item in the list has different microbicidal activity, i.e. some viruses can be more or less resistant. For example, Poliovirus is resistant to a solution of 3% H2O2 even after a contact time of 10 minutes,[61] however 7.5% H2O2 takes 30 minutes to inactivate over 99.9% of Poliovirus.[10] Generally, hydrogen peroxide is considered as a potent virucide in appropriate concentrations, specifically in other forms such as gaseous.[3]

Another example is povidone-iodine (PVP-I), which is found to be effective against herpes simplex virus[62] or SARS-CoV-2,[63] and other viruses,[64] but coxsackievirus and polio was rather resistant or less sensitive to inactivation.[65][64]

SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, former US President Donald Trump delivered a very dangerous message to the public on the use of disinfectants, which was immediately rejected and refuted by health professionals.[66] In essence, and as mentioned above, virucides are usually toxic depending on concentrations, mixture, etc., and can be deadly not just to viruses, but also if inside a human or animal body[67] or on surface of body.[68]

With regards to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the mentioned agents are still under research about their microbicidal activity and effectivity against SARS-CoV-2, e.g., on surfaces,[69][70] as mouth-washes,[71] hand-washing,[72] etc.

A mixture of 62–71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite is found to be able to deactivate the novel Coronavirus on surfaces within 1 minute.[2]

A 2020 systematic review on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) mouth-washes concludes, that they don't have an effect on virucidal activity, recommending that "dental care protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic should be revised."[73] Additional research with relation to the Coronavirus virucidal efficacy is on-going.[74][71][75]

Various information and overview of light-based strategies (UV-C and other types of light sources; see also Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation) to combat the COVID-19 pandemic are available.[76][77][78][79]

As systematic review of 16 studies by Cochrane on Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays concludes that "there is currently no evidence relating to the benefits and risks of patients with COVID‐19 using antimicrobial mouthwashes or nasal sprays."[80]

SARS-CoV

Treatment of

SARS-CoV for 2 min with Isodine (PVP-I) is found to strongly reduce the virus infectivity.[81]

Research

The International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (ISAC) is one of the major umbrella organizations for education, research and development in the area of therapy of infections. Its members are national organizations, currently 86 and over 50,000 individual members.[82]

List of virucides

Note that many of the substances, if sold commercially, are usually combinations and mixtures with varying molecular contents. Also note that most products have a limited viricide efficacy.[83] A specific test-protocol is applied.[84] The lists' scope is limited. For further products refer to other lists.[85][86][6] Other factors such as stability of the concentrate, application concentration, exposure time, timing of the solution, hydrogen ion concentration (pH value), temperature, etc. play an certain role for the effectivity of a virucide.[11]

EPA is providing a public listing called "List N"[87][88]

General substance listing of active component or compound

Example products

Other substances, drugs, proteins, therapeutics, research-level topics

Agricultural, veterinary

See also

References

  1. ^ "Medical Definition of VIRUCIDE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  2. ^
    PMID 32035997
    .
  3. ^
  4. ^ a b "Information on biocides". European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). European Union. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  5. ^ "The definition of viricide". Reference.com. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d "Comparing Different Disinfectants". Stanford Environmental Health & Safety. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
  7. ^ "Antiviral drug". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
  8. S2CID 233243982
    .
  9. .
  10. ^ a b c "Chemical Disinfectants | Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines | Guidelines Library | Infection Control | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  11. ^ .
  12. ^
    OCLC 1149169039.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  13. .
  14. ^ "Miscellaneous Inactivating Agents | Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines | Guidelines Library | Infection Control | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
  15. ^ "Glossary | Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines | Guidelines Library | Infection Control | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  16. PMID 20200665
    .
  17. ^ "Liste der vom Robert Koch-Institut geprüften und anerkannten Desinfektionsmittel und -verfahren" [List of the disinfectants and methods tested and recognized by the Robert Koch Institut e]. www.rki.de (in German). Retrieved 2021-04-14.
  18. ^ Review of preparations used for hand hygiene. World Health Organization. 2009.
  19. ^ "RKI stellt Wirkungsspektrum "begrenzt viruzid PLUS" vor". HARTMANN GROUP (in German). Retrieved 2021-07-05.
  20. PMID 28220216
    .
  21. ^ Abelson MB. "Iodine: An Elemental Force Against Infection". www.reviewofophthalmology.com. Retrieved 2021-06-07.
  22. ^ "Regulatory Framework | Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines | Guidelines Library | Infection Control". www.cdc.gov. 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  23. ^ a b "EPA Authorizes Virucidal Registration for Copper Alloys". www.pfonline.com. 2 March 2021. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  24. ^ "Efficacy Requirements for Antimicrobial Pesticides". US EPA. 2015-08-05. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  25. ^ "Emerging Viral Pathogen Guidance for Antimicrobial Pesticides". US EPA. 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  26. ^ "EUR-Lex - 32012R0528 - EN - EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  27. ^ "Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics. Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of virucidal activity in the medical area. Test method and requirements (Phase 2/Step 1)". British Standards Institution (BSI). BS EN 14476:2013+A2:2019. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
  28. ^
    PMID 31414403
    .
  29. ^ "Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics. Quantitative non-porous surface test without mechanical action for the evaluation of virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants used in the medical area. Test method and requirements (phase 2/step". British Standards Institution (BSI). BS EN 16777:2018. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
  30. PMID 29925454
    .
  31. .
  32. ^ "ISO 18184:2019". ISO. 6 August 2020. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
  33. ^ "ISO 21702:2019". ISO. 6 August 2020. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
  34. PMID 101554
    .
  35. .
  36. ^ Egan L (24 April 2020). "Lysol maker warns against internal use of disinfectants after Trump comments". NBC News. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  37. ^
    PMID 2180194
    .
  38. .
  39. .
  40. .
  41. .
  42. .
  43. .
  44. ^ "GHS Classification". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  45. ^ "Label Guidance for Specific Types of Pesticides". US EPA. 2015-08-26. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  46. ^ "Read the label | Cleaning products". cleanright.eu. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
  47. ^ a b "Help & Support". www.lysol.com. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  48. ^ "Hands off the disinfectants, kids!". www.sterillium.info. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  49. ^ "Sterillium® - Hygiene myths and what you should know". www.sterillium.info. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  50. ^ Heger S (18 May 2020). "Disinfectant Overkill: Potential Harm for Septic…". Onsite Installer. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
  51. ^ Kramer A, Eggers M, Hübner NO, Steinmann E, Walger P, Exner M (2020-12-07). "Viruzides Gurgeln und viruzider Nasenspray" (PDF). Deutsche Gesellschaft für Krankenhaushygiene: 6.
  52. ^ "Vorbeugung gegen Corona: Warum Gurgeln nicht ausreicht". tagesschau.de (in German). Retrieved 2021-06-03.
  53. ISSN 0174-4909
    . Retrieved 2021-04-15.
  54. ^ "Handekzeme nehmen zu: Handhygiene-Strategie in Pandemiezeiten ändern". derma.de (in German). Retrieved 2021-04-15.
  55. ^ Hoffman M. "Antibacterial Soap: No Better Than Regular Soap?". WebMD. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  56. ^ "Press Briefing by White House COVID-19 Response Team and Public Health Officials". The White House. 2021-04-05. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
  57. ^ Morse B (9 April 2021). "The CDC Changed Its Guidance on Cleaning. Here's What That Means for Your Business". Inc.com. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
  58. PMID 32525852
    .
  59. . Retrieved 2021-04-22.
  60. ^ "Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines | Guidelines Library | Infection Control | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-05-24. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  61. PMID 7943926
    .
  62. .
  63. .
  64. ^ .
  65. .
  66. ^ Clark D (24 April 2020). "Trump suggests 'injection' of disinfectant to beat coronavirus and 'clean' the lungs". NBC News. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  67. PMID 3055653
    .
  68. .
  69. ^ "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  70. PMID 32877308
    .
  71. ^ .
  72. ^ "Healthcare Workers". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
  73. PMID 33058941
    .
  74. .
  75. .
  76. .
  77. .
  78. ^ "Committee Reports". Illuminating Engineering Society. 8 April 2020. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  79. ^ "Filtration / Disinfection". American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  80. ^
    PMID 32936948
    .
  81. ^ .
  82. ^ "International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (ISAC)". www.isac.world. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
  83. ^ "Efficacy | Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines | Guidelines Library | Infection Control | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
  84. ^ "What Is BS EN 14476 Chemical Disinfectant Standards - Hand Sanitisers". Rentex Hygiene - Washroom and Hygiene Products. 2020-11-20. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
  85. ^ "Biological Safety: Disinfection | Office of Environmental Health and Safety". ehs.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  86. ^ "List of cleaning products", Wikipedia, 2021-03-27, retrieved 2021-04-17
  87. ^ "Disinfectants Pesticides". cfpub.epa.gov. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  88. ^ "List N: Disinfectants for Coronavirus (COVID-19)". US EPA. 2020-03-13. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  89. PMID 1660151
    .
  90. .
  91. .
  92. ^ "IMPRESAN Hygiene Spray 250 ml". www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
  93. ^ a b "Factsheets & Advice - Diseases | Home Hygiene & Health". ifh-homehygiene.org. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  94. PMID 1520443
    .
  95. .
  96. ^ "Hand Hygiene Guidance | Hand Hygiene | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2020-01-30. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  97. PMID 28453839
    .
  98. ^ "Publications, Data, & Statistics | Handwashing | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2020-10-08. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  99. ^ "Infografiken". www.infektionsschutz.de (in German). Retrieved 2021-04-14.
  100. ^ Office of the Commissioner (2020-09-09). "Antibacterial Soap? You Can Skip It, Use Plain Soap and Water". FDA.
  101. PMID 22199099
    .
  102. ^ a b c "Why Hand-Washing Beats Hand Sanitizers". WebMD. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  103. PMID 28882643
    .
  104. ^ a b "Infection Protection at the Core of Science". Bode Science Center. Hartmann Group. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  105. S2CID 30450670
    .
  106. .
  107. .
  108. ^ "WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care". Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  109. S2CID 35739209
    .
  110. ^ "Chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse Uses, Side Effects & Warnings". Drugs.com. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  111. ^ "Chlorhexidine - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses". Drugs.com. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
  112. ^ "Dequalinium chloride". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
  113. PMID 32520599
    .
  114. ^ "cleanright.eu - General guidance in case someone is ill in your household". cleanright.eu. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  115. ^ "Betadine for Medical Professionals | Betadine". Betadine (Povidone-iodine) | Betadine. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  116. ^ "COVID-19". Betadine (Povidone-iodine) | Betadine. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  117. ^ "Zonrox Bleach". Green Cross Inc. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  118. ^
    PMID 2830306
    .
  119. ^ "Henkel-Reiniger | biff Hygiene Total: mit antibakterieller Formel". www.henkel-reiniger.de. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
  120. ^ "Henkel-Reiniger | Hygienische Sauberkeit: Für ein sauberes Zuhause". www.henkel-reiniger.de. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
  121. ^ "Henkel-Reiniger | Bref Power Bakterien und Schimmel: gegen Viren und Bakterien". www.henkel-reiniger.de. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
  122. ^ "IMPRESAN Universal Hygiene Laundry Rinse 1.5 L". www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
  123. ^ "Hygiene und Desinfektion | Online kaufen". www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
  124. .
  125. .
  126. ^ "About Sterillium®". www.sterillium.info. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  127. ^ "55 Years of Hygiene History with Sterillium®". www.sterillium.info. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  128. ^ "Auriclosene". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  129. ^ "Disinfectants Pesticides". cfpub.epa.gov. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  130. PMID 18089729
    .
  131. .
  132. .
  133. ^ Dupont B. "In die Zange genommen". Laborjournal. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
  134. S2CID 213394680
    .
  135. .
  136. .
  137. .
  138. ^ "Anti-Infectives". Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
  139. PMID 29177047
    .
  140. ^ "Vanproz Agrovet LLP". vanproz.com. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  141. ^ "Virkon". VIRKON. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  142. ^ "DK Excited". Bayer Crop Science UK. Retrieved 2021-04-10.

Further reading