Bisayan languages
Bisayan | |
---|---|
Bisaya Binisaya Visayan | |
Ethnicity | immigrant communities |
Linguistic classification | Austronesian |
Proto-language | Proto-Bisayan |
Subdivisions |
|
Glottolog | bisa1268 |
Geographic extent of Bisayan languages based on Ethnologue and the National Statistics Office 2000 Census of Population and Housing
Cebuan Central Bisayan Baybayanon Northern Sorsogon West Bisayan Inonhan Asi Asi South Bisayan Other legend Widespread/L2 use of Cebuano
Widespread/L2 use of Hiligaynon |
The Bisayan languages or Visayan languages
Over 30 languages constitute the Bisayan language family. The Bisayan language with the most speakers is
Nomenclature
Native speakers of most Bisayan languages, especially Cebuano, Hiligaynon and Waray, not only refer to their language by their local name, but also by Bisaya or Binisaya, meaning Bisayan language. This is misleading or may lead to confusion as different languages may be called Bisaya by their respective speakers despite their languages being mutually unintelligible.
However, languages that are classified within the Bisayan language family but spoken natively in places outside of the Visayas do not use the self-reference Bisaya or Binisaya. To speakers of Cuyonon, Surigaonon, Butuanon and Tausug, the term Visayan usually refers to either Cebuano or Hiligaynon.
There have been no proven accounts to verify the origins of Bisaya. However, there is an ethnic group in Malaysia and Brunei who call themselves with the same name. However, these ethnic groups in the Philippines must not be confused with those in Borneo.
Evidence
- *lC, *Cl > *Cl (where C is any consonant not *h, *q, or *l)
- *qC, *Cq > *Cq (MOST) *qC, *Cq > *qC (Tausug, and most Bikol languages)
*qaldaw | *qalsəm | *qitlug | *baqguh | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tagalic | *qaːdaw
(Tag: ˈʔaː.raw) |
*qaːsəm
(Tag: ˈʔaː.sim) |
*qitlug
(Tag: ʔit.ˈlog) |
*baːguh
(Tag: ˈbaː.go) |
Bikol | *qaldaw
(Naga: ˈʔal.daw) |
*qalsəm
(Naga: ˈʔal.som) |
*qitlug
(Iriga: ʔit.ˈlog) |
*baqguh (Naga: ˈbaʔ.go) |
Bisayan | *qadlaw
(ALL: ˈʔad.law) |
*qasləm
( Kin: ˈʔas.ləm, Ceb : ˈʔas.lum)
|
*qitlug
(MOST: ˈʔit.log) |
*bagquh (Ceb: ˈbag.ʔo) |
Internal classification
The South Bisayan languages are considered to have diverged first, followed by Cebuan and then the rest of the three branches. Also, in the Visayas section, the province of
Notably, Baybayanon and Porohanon have Warayan substrata, indicating a more widespread distribution of Waray before Cebuano speakers started to expand considerably starting from the mid-1800s.[3]
A total of 36 varieties are listed below. Individual languages are marked by italics.
- Bisayan
- 1. South (spoken on the northeastern coast of Mindanao)
- Butuan-Tausug
- Surigao
- Surigaonon
- Tandaganon
- 2. Cebuan (spoken in )
- Cebuan
- Cebuano
- Boholano
- Cebuano
- Cebuan
- 3. Central (spoken across most of the Visayan region)
- 4. Asi (spoken in northwestern Romblon Province)
- Asi
- 5. West
- Aklan (spoken in northwestern Panay)
- Aklanon/Inakeanon
- Malaynon
- Karayan
- North-Central (spoken on Tablas Island and the southern tip of Mindoro)
- Inonhan (language related to Karayan)
- Kuyan (spoken in the archipelagos west of Panay and Romblon as well as the southern tip of Mindoro)
- Caluyanon
- Aklan (spoken in northwestern Panay)
- 1. South (spoken on the northeastern coast of Mindanao)
The auxiliary language of Eskayan is grammatically Bisayan, but has essentially no Bisayan (or Philippine) vocabulary.
Magahat and Karolanos, both spoken in Negros, are unclassified within Bisayan.[4]
Ethnologue classification
Ethnologue classifies the 25 Bisayan languages into five subgroups:
Language family | No. of Languages | Languages | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Banton |
1 | Bantoanon | ||
Cebuan |
1 | Cebuano | ||
Central Bisayan | 1 | Bantayanon | ||
Peripheral | 5 | Ati, Capiznon, Hiligaynon, Masbateño, Porohanon | ||
Romblon | 1 | Romblomanon | ||
Warayan | 3 | Northern Sorsoganon
| ||
Gubat | 1 | Southern Sorsoganon
| ||
Samar-Waray | 1 | Waray | ||
South Bisayan | 2 | Tandaganon
| ||
Butuan-Tausug | 2 | Butuanon, Tausug | ||
West Bisayan | 1 | Caluyanon | ||
Aklan | 2 | Malaynon
| ||
Karay-an | 1 | Karay-a | ||
Cuyan | 2 | Cuyonon, Ratagnon | ||
North-Central | 1 | Inonhan
| ||
Total | 25 |
Names and locations
Zorc (1977: 14–15) lists the following names and locations of Bisayan languages. The recently documented languages Karolanos, Magahat, and Kabalian are not listed in Zorc (1977).
Subgroup | Language | Other names | Location(s) |
---|---|---|---|
Banton | Banton | Banton Island, Romblon | |
Banton | Sibale | Banton | Sibale (Maestre de Campo) Island, Romblon |
Banton | Odionganon | Corcuera Island dialect | Odiongan area, Tablas Island, Romblon |
Western | Alcantaranon | Alcantara, Tablas Island, Romblon | |
Western | Dispoholnon | San Andres (Despujols), Tablas Island | |
Western | Looknon | Inunhan | Look and Santa Fe, Tablas Island |
Western | Datagnon | Ratagnun, Latagnun | Ilin Island and Magsaysay, Occidental Mindoro |
Western | Santa Teresa | Barrio Santa Teresa of Magsaysay, Occidental Mindoro | |
Western | Bulalakawnon | Bulalacao (San Pedro), southern Oriental Mindoro | |
Western | Semirara | Semirara Island Group | |
Western | Cuyonon | Cuyuno | Busuanga Islands
|
Western | Aklanon | Akeanon, Aklano, Aklan | Aklan and northern Capiz, Panay Island |
Western | Pandan | Pandan area, Antique, including the Buruanga, Aklan area of Panay | |
Western | Kinaray-a |
Antiqueño, Hinaray-a, Sulud, Panayano | most of Antique, Panay Island; most inland areas of Iloilo and Capiz; southern Guimaras Island off of Iloilo |
Western | Gimaras | Guimaras Island, Iloilo | |
Central | Romblomanon | Niromblon, Sibuyanon | Sibuyan Island; San Agustin area, Tablas Island
|
Central | Bantayan | Bantayan Island | |
Central | Capiznon | Capiz and northeastern Iloilo, Panay Island | |
Central | Hiligaynon | Ilonggo | most of Iloilo, Panay Island; western Guimaras and Negros Occidental |
Central | Kawayan | Cauayan, Negros Occidental | |
Central | Masbate | Masbate | Masbate and Ticao Island |
Central | Camotes | Camotes Island , between Cebu and Leyte
| |
Central | Northern Samar | Samareño, Waray-Waray | northern Samar |
Central | Samar-Leyte | Samareño, Waray-Waray, Sinamar | central Samar; northern half of Leyte |
Central | Waray | Samareño, Waray-Waray, Binisayâ | southern Samar Island, Eastern Samar |
Central | Sorsogon |
Sorsogonon, Bikol | northern Sorsogon, Bikol |
Central | Gubat | Sorsogonon | southern Gubat )
|
Cebuan | Cebuano | Sugbuanon, Sugbuhanon, Cebuan, Sebuano | Cebu Island; Negros Oriental; eastern Visayas and the coastal areas of northern and eastern Mindanao |
Cebuan | Boholano |
Bol-anon | Bohol Island |
Cebuan | Leyte | Kanâ, Leyteño | central western Leyte; immigrants to Dinagat Island |
Southern | Butuanon | Butuan, Agusan del Norte area | |
Southern | Surigaonon | Jaun Bisayâ | Surigao del Norte |
Southern | Jaun-Jaun | Siargaonon | Siargao Island, Surigao del Norte |
Southern | Kantilan | Cantilan and Madrid, Surigao del Sur
| |
Southern | Naturalis | Tandag and Tago, Surigao del Sur | |
Southern | Tausug | Moro, Taw Sug | Jolo Island; southern and western Palawan
|
Comparisons
The following comparisons are from data gathered by Zorc (1997).
Personal-noun case markers
Subgroup | Variety | Singular | Plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NOM | ERG | OBL | NOM | ERG | OBL | ||
Banton | Banton | si | ni | kang | sa | na | kaná |
Banton | Sibale | si | ni | kang | sína | nína | kína |
Banton | Odionganon | si | ni | kang | sa | na | kaná |
Western, Inonhan | Alcantaranon | ||||||
Western, Inonhan | Dispoholnon | si | ni | kay | sánday | nánday | kánday |
Western, Inonhan | Looknon | si | ni | kay | sánday | nánday | kánday |
Western, Kuyan, Ratagnon | Datagnon | si | ni | ki | sánda | nánda | kanánda |
Western, Kuyan, Ratagnon | Santa Teresa | si | ni | kay | sánday | nánday | kánday |
Western, Inonhan | Bulalakawnon | si | ni | kay | sánday | nánday | kánday |
Western, Kuyan, Caluyanon | Semirara | si | ni | kay | sánday | nánday | kánday |
Western, Kuyan | Cuyonon | si | ni | ki | sanda | nanda | kanda |
Western | Aklanon | si | ni | kay | sánda(y) | nánda(y) | kánda(y) |
Western, Kinaray-a | Pandan | si | ni | kay | sánday | nánday | kánday |
Western, Kinaray-a | Kinaray-a
|
si | ni | kay | sánday | nánday | kánday |
Western, Kinaray-a | Gimaras | ||||||
Central | Romblomanon | si | ni | kay | siná | niná | kiná |
Central, Peripheral | Bantayan | ||||||
Central, Peripheral | Capiznon | si | ni | kay | sánday | nánday | kánday |
Central, Peripheral | Hiligaynon | si | ni | kay | silá ni | níla ni | sa íla ni |
Central, Peripheral | Kawayan | ||||||
Central, Peripheral | Masbate | si | ni | kan | sinda | ninda | kanda |
Central, Peripheral | Camotes | ||||||
Central, Warayan, Waray | Northern Samar | si | ni | kan | sirá | nirá | kánda |
Central, Warayan, Waray | Samar-Leyte | si | ni | kan | sirá | níra | kánda |
Central, Warayan, Waray | Waray | hi | ni | kan | hirá | níra | kánda |
Central, Peripheral | Sorsogon (Central Sorsoganon)
|
si | ni | kan | sirá | nirá | kánda |
Central, Warayan | Gubat (South Sorsoganon) | si | ni | kan | sirá | nirá | kánda |
Cebuan | Cebuano | si | ni | kang | silá si
siláng |
níla ni
níang |
sa íla ni,
sa ílang |
Cebuan | Boholano
|
si | ni | kang | síla | níla | kaníla |
Cebuan | Leyte | silang | nilang | sa ilang | |||
Southern, Butuan-Tausug | Butuanon | si | ni | kang | síla | níla | kánda |
Southern, Surigaonon | Surigaonon | si | ni | kay | síla | níla | kaníla |
Southern, Surigaonon | Jaun-Jaun | si | ni | kan | síla si | níla ni | díla ni |
Southern, Surigaonon | Kantilan | ||||||
Southern, Tandaganon | Naturalis | ||||||
Southern, Butuan-Tausug | Tausug | hi | hi | kan | hinda | hinda | kanda |
Common-name case markers
Subgroup | Variety | NOM | ERG | OBL | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |||||
Past | Nonpast | Past | Nonpast | Future | ||||
Banton | Banton | -y | kag | it | ittong | sa | ||
Banton | Sibale | -y | kag | it | itkag | sa | ||
Banton | Odionganon | -y | kag | it | ittong | sa | ||
Western, Inonhan | Alcantaranon | ang | it | tang | sa | |||
Western, Inonhan | Dispoholnon | ang | it | kang | sa | |||
Western, Inonhan | Looknon | ang | it | tang | sa | |||
Western, Kuyan, Ratagnon | Datagnon | ang | # | ang | sa | |||
Western, Kuyan, Ratagnon | Santa Teresa | ang | kang | sa | ||||
Western, Inonhan | Bulalakawnon | ang | it | tang | sa | |||
Western, Kuyan, Caluyanon | Semirara | ang | kang | sa | ||||
Western, Kuyan | Cuyonon | ang | i | i-ang | sa | |||
Western | Aklanon | -y | ro~do | it | ku | sa | ||
Western, Kinaray-a | Pandan | ang | it | kang | sa | |||
Western, Kinaray-a | Kinaray-a
|
ang | ti | kang | sa | |||
Western, Kinaray-a | Gimaras | ang | ti | kang | sa | |||
Central | Romblomanon | ang | ning | nang | sa | |||
Central, Peripheral | Bantayan | ang | sing | sang | sa | |||
Central, Peripheral | Capiznon | ang | sing | sang | sa | |||
Central, Peripheral | Hiligaynon | ang | sing | sang | sa | |||
Central, Peripheral | Kawayan | ang | sing | sang | sa | |||
Central, Peripheral | Masbate | an | sin | san | sa | |||
Central, Peripheral | Camotes | in | an | sin | san | sa | ||
Central, Warayan, Waray | Northern Samar | in | an | si(n) | sa(n) | sa | ||
Central, Warayan, Waray | Samar-Leyte | in | an | it | sin | san | sit | sa |
Central, Warayan, Waray | Waray | in | an | it | hin | han | hit | ha |
Central, Peripheral | Sorsogon (Central Sorsoganon)
|
an | sin | san | sa | |||
Central, Warayan | Gubat (South Sorsoganon) | an | sin | san | sa | |||
Cebuan | Cebuano | -y | ang | ug | sa | sa | ||
Cebuan | Boholano
|
ang | ug | sa | sa | |||
Cebuan | Leyte | ang | ug | sa | sa | |||
Southern, Butuan-Tausug | Butuanon | ang | hung | sa | ||||
Southern, Surigaonon | Surigaonon | ang | nang | sa | ||||
Southern, Surigaonon | Jaun-Jaun | an | nan | sa | ||||
Southern, Surigaonon | Kantilan | ang | nang | sa | ||||
Southern, Tandaganon | Naturalis | ang | nang | sa | ||||
Southern, Butuan-Tausug | Tausug | in | sin | ha |
Reconstruction
Proto-Bisayan | |
---|---|
Reconstruction of | Bisayan languages |
Reconstructed ancestors |
Bilabial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive
|
Voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
Voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
Nasal
|
m | n | ŋ | |||
Fricative
|
s | h | ||||
Lateral | l | |||||
Approximant
|
w | j |
Height | Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i /i/ | u /u/ | |||||
Mid | ə /ə/ | ||||||
Open | a /a/ |
See also
References
- ^ Adelaar, Alexander (2005). "The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: a historical perspective". In Adelaar, Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (eds.). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge. pp. 1–42., page 16.
- ^ ISBN 0858831570.
- ^ Lobel, Jason (2009). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 914–917.
- ^ Lobel, Jason William. 2013. Philippine and North Bornean languages: issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction. Ph.D. dissertation. Manoa: University of Hawai'i at Manoa.
External links
- "Bisayan" on Ethnologue, (23rd ed., 2020).