Visayans

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Visayan people
Kabisay-an / Mga Bisaya
A Visayan couple of noble blood, Boxer Codex, ca. 1590
Total population
33,463,654[citation needed]
Regions with significant populations
Visayas, large parts of Mindanao, southernmost parts of Luzon, the rest of the Philippines and overseas communities
Languages
Native
Bisayan languages
Also
Filipino • English
Religion
Christianity: Roman Catholic, Aglipayan, Evangelicals, remaining belongs to United Church of Christ in the Philippines, Iglesia ni Cristo; Sunni Islam; Hinduism; Animism and other religions[1]
Related ethnic groups
Tausūg people, Zamboangueño people, Tagalog people, Austronesian people and other Filipinos

Visayans (

metaethnicity native to the Visayas, the southernmost islands of Luzon and a significant portion of Mindanao. They are composed of numerous distinct ethnic groups, many unrelated to each other. When taken as a single group, they number around 33.5 million. The Visayans, like the Luzon Lowlanders (Tagalogs, Bicolanos, Ilocanos, etc.) were originally predominantly animist-polytheists and broadly share a maritime culture
until the 16th century when
Waray-Waray.[2]

Terminology

"Visayan" is the

Zhao Rugua as the Pi-sho-ye, who raided the coasts of Fujian and Penghu during the late 12th century using iron javelins attached to ropes as their weapons.[3][4][5]

Clockwise: [1] Images from the Boxer Codex illustrating an ancient kadatuan or tumao (noble class) Visayan couple, [2] Visayan tattoos (batok), [3] a royal Visayan couple, and [4] possibly a tumao (noble class) or timawa (warrior class) couple

Visayans were first referred to by the general term Pintados ("the painted ones") by the Spanish, in reference to the prominent practice of full-body tattooing (

endonym by Visayans long before Spanish colonization, as evidenced by at least one instance of a place named "Bisaya" in coastal eastern Mindanao as reported by the Loaisa (c.1526), Saavedra (c.1528), and the Villalobos (c.1543) expeditions. It is likely that the reason the Spanish did not use the term generally until the later decades of the 1500s is due to the fact that people were more likely to identify themselves with more specific ethnic names like Sugbuanon.[7]

In Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609) by Antonio de Morga, he specifies that the name "Biçaya" is synonymous with Pintados.[8]

"South of this district lie the islands of Biçayas, or, as they are also called, Pintados. They are many in number, thickly populated with natives. Those of most renown are

Calamianes. All the natives of these islands, both men and women, are well-featured, of a good disposition, and of better nature, and more noble in their actions than the inhabitants of the islands of Luzon
and its vicinity.

They differ from them in their hair, which the men wear cut in a cue, like the ancient style in España. Their bodies are tattooed with many designs, but the face is not touched. They wear large earrings of gold and ivory in their ears, and bracelets of the same; certain scarfs wrapped round the head, very showy, which resemble turbans, and knotted very gracefully and edged with gold. They wear also a loose collarless jacket with tight sleeves, whose skirts reach half way down the leg. These garments are fastened in front and are made of

medriñaque and colored silks. They wear no shirts or drawers, but bahaques of many wrappings, which cover their privy parts, when they remove their skirts and jackets. The women are good-looking and graceful. They are very neat, and walk slowly. Their hair is black, long, and drawn into a knot on the head. Their robes are wrapped about the waist
and fall downward. These are made of all colors, and they wear collarless jackets of the same material. Both men and women go naked and without any coverings, and barefoot, and with many gold chains, earrings, and wrought bracelets.

Their weapons consist of large knives curved like cutlasses, spears, and

mangubas
. This means "to go out for plunder."

. . .

The language of all the Pintados and Biçayas is one and the same, by which they understand one another when talking, or when writing with the letters and characters of their own which they possess. These resemble those of the Arabs. The common manner of writing among the natives is on leaves of trees, and on bamboo bark.

— Antonio de Morga, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609) translated in Morga's Philippine Islands (1907) by Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson, [8]

The first Spanish-Visayan dictionary written was for the

Kinaray-a languages. Both these works demonstrate that the term Bisaya was used as a general term for Visayans by the Spanish.[9]

Another general term for Visayans in early Spanish records is Hiligueinos (also spelled Yliguenes, Yligueynes, or Hiligueynos; from Visayan Iligan or Iliganon, meaning "people of the coast"). It was used by the Spanish

Western Negros. Today, the demonym is only used specifically for the Hiligaynon people, a major Visayan subgroup.[10]

In Northern Mindanao, Visayans (both Mindanao natives and modern migrants) are also referred to by the Lumad as the dumagat ("sea people", from the root word dagat - "sea"; not to be confused with the Dumagat Aeta). This was to distinguish the coast-dwelling Visayans from the Lumad of the interior highlands and marshlands.[11]

Regions with significant populations

The following regions and provinces in the Philippines have a sizeable or predominant Visayan population:

Regions and provinces with significant Visayan populations
Mimaropa and Bicol Western Visayas Central Visayas Eastern Visayas Zamboanga Peninsula Northern Mindanao
Caraga Region
 Davao Region Soccsksargen

History

Classical period

Main articles:
Rajahnate of Cebu
joangan from Historia de las islas e indios de Bisayas (1668) by Francisco Ignacio Alcina[12]

The Visayans first encountered

indigenous lowland Visayans, Han Chinese, Indian, and American
influences.

Spanish colonial period

Main article: Negros Revolution

The first

areca nut. They also described the queen of Cebu as being young and beautiful and covered in white and black cloth. She painted her lips and nails red, and wore a large disc-shaped hat (sadok) made from elaborately-woven leaves.[16]
: 132–161 

Lapu-Lapu in the Battle of Mactan
in 1521
Water carriers in Iloilo, c. 1899

The 16th century marks the beginning of the Christianization of the Visayan people, with the baptism of

Santo Niño de Cebu (Holy Child of Cebu), the brown-skinned depiction of the Child Jesus given by Magellan to Rajah Humabon's wife, Hara Amihan (baptized as Queen Juana). By the 17th century, Visayans already took part in religious missions. In 1672, Pedro Calungsod, a teenage indigenous Visayan catechist and Diego Luis de San Vitores, a Spanish friar, were both martyred in Guam during their mission to preach Christianity to the Chamorro people.[17]

By the end of the 19th century, the

syncretic form of religion based on Visayan animist traditions and Christianity.[24]

Federal State of the Visayas

Main article: Federal State of the Visayas
A Map of Mindanao c. 1900, made by the US Army in the Philippines, showing the different ethnic groups of Mindanao, and their respective Ancestral Domains. Most of the northern and eastern, as well as some southern coastal regions have been settled by Visayans and majority of which was during Spanish colonial era; Islamized groups (Moros) dominate the western and some southern coasts; and the Lumad dwell in the interior highlands.

At the peak of the

Negros. The following were the elected officials four days prior to the declaration:[27]

Position Name
General-President Anecito Lacson
Treasurer Eusebio Luzurriaga
Executive Secretary Melecio Severino
Secretary of War Juan Araneta
Secretary Of Interior Simeón Lizares
Secretary of Public Works Nicolás Gólez
Secretary of Justice Antonio Jayme Ledesma
Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce Agustín Amenablar

The federation was immediately formed upon the merger of the Cantonal Government of Negros,

Provisional Government of the District of Visayas (based in Panay) which included Romblon. It was said to be based on American federalism and Swiss confederacy. Despite their skepticism towards Malolos, the Visayan government proclaimed its loyalty to the Luzon-based republic while maintaining their own governance, tax collection and army. Apolinario Mabini, then the prime minister of the Malolos republic convinced the Visayan leaders that the Malolos Constitution was only provisional and that the governments in Visayas and Mindanao were promised the power to co-ratify it.[29][30]

American colonization

Visayan women presumed to be part of the Philippine Reservation during the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair

After the

mestizos and native Austronesians (indios). As such, this paved the way for a homogenous concept of a Filipino albeit initially based on financial and political power. These said elites were the hacienderos or the landed, bourgeois-capitalist class concentrated within the sugar cane industry of Negros. The Americans' belief that these hacienderos would be strategic elements in their political hold within the newly acquired colony bolstered the drafting of a separate colonial constitution by and for the sugar industry elites. This constitution likewise established the Negros Cantonal Government. This ensured that the island of Negros would be governed by an indigenous civilian government in contrast to the rest of colonist-controlled areas governed by the American-dominated Philippine Commission.[31]

During this period, the eastern islands of Samar, Leyte and Biliran (including Marinduque) were directly governed by the Malolos Republic through Vicente Lukban and later by Ambrosio Mojica.[32] Meanwhile, prior to the full abolition of the federal government on November 12, 1899, Emilio Aguinaldo appointed Martin Delgado as the civil and military governor of Iloilo on April 28, 1899, upon American invasion of Antique. The federal government, much to its rejection of the Cebuano leaders who supported the Katipunan cause, was dissolved upon the Iloilo leaders' voluntary union with the newly formed First Philippine Republic.[33] Other factors which led to Aguinaldo forcing the Visayans to dissolve their government was due to the federation's resistance from reorganizing its army and forwarding taxes to Malolos.[34]

Contemporary

Present-day Cebu City, the "Queen City of the South;" Metro Cebu is the de facto economic center of Central Philippines

Since

Carlos P. García (who is actually of Ilocano descent through his parents from Bangued, Abra), and the Davaoeño Rodrigo Duterte
.

kimona and patadyong dancing tinikling

In addition, the Visayas has produced three

Julio Rosales from Samar , Jaime Sin from Aklan and Jose Advincula from Capiz. The first Visayan and second Filipino that was canonized is Pedro Calungsod.[35]

Throughout centuries, non-Visayan groups, most notably migrants from Luzon and foreigners such as the Chinese, have settled in predominantly-Visayan cities in Visayas like

Chinese well.[39][40]
Mexicans, Spaniards and Frenchmen were also settlers in the Visayas and can be found in the Visayan provinces of Negros, Cebu, Leyte and Iloilo.[41]

Meanwhile,

Negritos
, locally called Ati, have also been assimilated into mainstream Visayan society.

In Mindanao, migrant ethnic individuals from Luzon as well as Lumad assimilated into a society of Cebuano-speaking majority (Hiligaynon-speaking majority in the case of Soccsksargen) over many years, identifying themselves as Visayans upon learning Cebuano (or Hiligaynon) despite many of them still know and retain their non-Visayan roots and some speak their ancestor's language fluently at least as their second or third languages, since Mindanao is melting pot of different cultures as a result of southward migration from Luzon and Visayas to the island since 20th century. Descendants of these migrant Luzon ethnic groups especially newer generations (as Mindanao-born natives) and Lumad individuals now speak Cebuano or Hiligaynon fluently as their main language with little or no knowledge of their ancestors' native tongues at the time of leaving their respective homelands in Luzon heading south, as for the Lumad, due to the contact with Cebuano- and Hiligaynon-speaking neighbors.[42]

Visayans have likewise migrated to other parts of the Philippines, especially

overseas contract workers
.

Language

See also: Bisayan languages
The Visayas, Mindanao and Luzon divisions of the Philippines. The culturally and linguistically Visayan provinces of Masbate, Palawan and Romblon are not usually geographically included as the former is under Bicol Region and the latter two are under Mimaropa, both Luzon-associated regions.
Masbatenyo
  Southern Sorsogon
  Northern Sorsogon
  Widespread/L2 use of Cebuano
  Widespread/L2 use of Hiligaynon

Ethnic Visayans predominantly speak at least one of the

Negritos. Conversely, the Visayans of Capul in Northern Samar speak Abaknon, a Sama–Bajaw language
, as their native tongue.

Language Speakers Date/source
Aklanon 394,545 1990 census
Ati
 1,500 1980 SIL
Asi
)		 200,000 2002 SIL
Butuanon 34,547 1990 census
Caluyanon 30,000 1994 SIL
Capiznon 638,653 2000
Cebuano1 20,043,502 1995 census
Cuyonon 123,384 1990 census
Hiligaynon1 7,000,000 1995
Inonhan 85,829 2000 WCD
Kinaray-a
 377,529 1994 SIL
Malaynon
 8,500 1973 SIL
Masbatenyo
 350,000 2002 SIL
Porohanon 23,000 1960 census
Ratagnon 310 2010 Ethnologue
Romblomanon 200,000 1987 SIL
Sorsogon, Masbate 85,000 1975 census
Sorsogon, Waray 185,000 1975 census
Surigaonon 344,974 1990 census
Tausug2 2,175,000 2012 SIL
Waray-Waray
 2,437,688 1990 census
Total 33,463,654

1 Philippines only.
2 Philippines only; 1,022,000 worldwide.

Culture

Tattoo

Main article: Batok
See also: History of tattooing § Philippines

Like most other pre-colonial

ethnic groups in the Philippines and other Austronesian groups, tattooing was widespread among Visayans. The original Spanish name for the Visayans, Los Pintados ("The Painted Ones") was a reference to the tattoos of the Visayans. Antonio Pigafetta of the Magellan expedition (c. 1521) repeatedly describes the Visayans they encountered as "painted all over".[16]

kadatuan caste. Note that the datu only wears a bahag under a long cotton tunic, with clearly seen tattooed legs and face. He is accompanied by a binukot or local princess with golden bangles. Depicted in Historia de las Islas e Indios de Bisayas (1668) by Francisco Ignacio Alcina
.

Tattooing traditions were lost over time among almost all Visayans during

Sulodnon people of the interior highlands of Panay, the descendants of ancient Visayans who escaped Spanish conversion.[44]

Tattoos were known as batuk (or batok) or patik among Visayans. These terms were also applied to identical designs used in woven textiles, pottery, and other decorations. Tattooed people were known generally as binatakan or batokan (also known to the Tagalog people as batikan, which also means "renowned" or "skilled"). Both sexes had tattoos. They were symbols of tribal identity and kinship, as well as bravery, beauty, and social status. It was expected of adults to have them, with the exception of the asog (feminized men) for whom it was socially acceptable to be mapuraw or puraw (unmarked). Tattoos were so highly regarded that men will often just wear a loincloth (bahag) to show them off.[9][45]

"The principal clothing of the Cebuanos and all the Visayans is the tattooing of which we have already spoken, with which a naked man appears to be dressed in a kind of handsome armor engraved with very fine work, a dress so esteemed by them they take it for their proudest attire, covering their bodies neither more nor less than a Christ crucified, so that although for solemn occasions they have the marlotas (robes) we mentioned, their dress at home and in their barrio is their tattoos and a bahag, as they call that cloth they wrap around their waist, which is the sort the ancient actors and gladiators used in Rome for decency's sake."

— Pedro Chirino, Relación de las Islas Filipinas (1604), [9]

The Visayan language itself had various terminologies relating to tattoos like kulmat ("to show off new tattoos) and hundawas ("to bare the chest and show off tattoos for bravado"). Men who were tattooed but have not participated in battles were scorned as halo (monitor lizard), in the sense of being tattooed but undeserving. Baug or binogok referred to the healing period after being tattooed. Lusak ("mud") refers to tattoos that had damaged designs due to infection. Famous heroes covered in tattoos were known as lipong.[9]

horo-han
(commoner warrior) with a paddle, in Historia de las Islas e Indios de Bisayas

Tattoos are acquired gradually over the years, and patterns can take months to complete and heal. They were made by skilled artists using the distinctively Austronesian hafted tattooing technique. This involves using a small hammer to tap the tattooing needle (one or several) set perpendicularly on a wooden handle in an L-shape (hence "hafted"). The ink was made from

Cayratia trifolia) and was known as biro. The tattooing process were sacred events that required chicken or pig sacrifices to the ancestor spirits (diwata). Artists were usually paid with livestock, heirloom beads, or precious metals.[9][46][44]

An engraving of a tattooed Visayan native of Capul (c.1602). The depiction of bow and arrows, which Visayans rarely used as weapons, is inaccurate.[46]

The first tattoos were acquired during the initiation into adulthood. They are initially made on the ankles, gradually moving up to the legs and finally the waist. These tattoos were known as hinawak ("of the waist"). These were done on all men, and did not indicate special status. Tattoos on the upper body, however, were only done after notable feats (including in love) and after participation in battles. Once the chest and throat are covered, tattoos are further applied to the back. Tattoos on the chin and face (reaching up to the eyelids) are restricted to the most elite warriors. These face tattoos are called bangut ("muzzle") or langi ("gaping [jaws/beaks]") and are often designed to resemble frightening masks. They may also be further augmented with scarification (labong) burned into the arms. Women were tattooed only on the hands in very fine and intricate designs resembling damask embroidery.[9][47]

Tattoo designs varied by region. They can be repeating geometric designs, stylized representations of animals (like snakes and lizards), and floral or sun-like patterns. The most basic design was the labid, which was an inch-wide continuous tattoo that covered the legs to the waist in straight or zigzagging lines. Shoulder tattoos were known as ablay; chest tattoos up to the throat were known as dubdub; and arm tattoos were known as daya-daya (also tagur in Panay).[9]

Other body modifications

In addition to tattoos, Visayans also had other

Teeth filing and teeth blackening were also practiced.[44][48][49][50]

Religion

Main articles:
Catholicism in the Philippines, Protestantism in the Philippines, Islam in the Philippines, and Hinduism in the Philippines

Pre-Christianity

A tenegre sword from Panay with a bakunawa head hilt

Prior to the arrival of

shamans, and were predominantly women or were required to have strong female attributes such as hermaphrodites and homosexuals. Old men were also allowed to become one.[55] One notable example is Dios Buhawi who ruled a politico-religious revolt in Negros Oriental at the beginning of the Philippine Revolution.[31]

Present-day

According to 2000 survey, 86.53% of the population of

Aglipayan (4.01%) and Evangelicals (1.48%) were the next largest groups, while 7.71% identified with other religious affiliations.[56]

The same survey showed that 92% of household populations in Central Visayas were Catholics, followed by Aglipayans (2%) and Evangelicals (1%). The remaining 5% belonged to the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, Iglesia ni Cristo, various Protestant denominations or other religions.[1]

For

Baptist churches) or identified with Islam and other religions.[57]

The

Muslim ethnic groups of the Philippines as the Moro people
.

Festivals

Visayans are known in the Philippines for their festivities such as the

Child Jesus commonly named as the Santo Niño. The oldest Catholic religious image in the islands still existing today is the Santo Niño de Cebú
.

Sinulog Festival of Cebu
MassKara Festival of Bacolod

The

Binirayan Festival in Antique.[59]

The MassKara Festival of Bacolod, Negros Occidental explores more on the distinct cultural identity of the city. Since Bacolod is tagged as the City of Smiles due to its fun-loving and enduring people, the city government inaugurated the festival in 1980 after tragedy struck the region.[60][61]

Literature

Main articles: Cebuano literature, Hiligaynon literature, and Waray literature

Some of the earliest known works were documented by a

Lapu-Lapu.[66]

It was found by

Norberto Romuáldez, Antonio Abad, Augurio Abeto, Diosdado Alesna, Maragtas S. V. Amante, Epifanio Alfafara, Jose Yap, Leoncio P. Deriada, Conrado Norada, Alex Delos Santos, John Iremil Teodoro and Peter Solis Nery
.

Don Ramon Roces of Roces Publishing, Inc. is credited for the promulgation of Visayan languages in publications through Hiligaynon and Bisaya.[68]

Cinema, television and theatre

See also: Cebuano theater

Visayan films, particularly Cebuano-language ones, experienced a boom between the 1940s and the 1970s. In the mid 1940s alone, a total of 50 Visayan productions were completed, while nearly 80 movies were filmed in the following decade.[

FAMAS for the film Badlis sa Kinabuhi and the 1974 Gimingaw Ako.[70] Caridad Sanchez, Lorna Mirasol, Chanda Romero, Pilar Pilapil and Suzette Ranillo
are some of the industry's veterans who gained recognition from working on Visayan films.

The national film and television industries are also supported by actors who have strong Visayan roots such as

Rizal and multi-awarded 2004 movie Panaghoy sa Suba.[71] Younger actors and actress of Visayan origin or ancestry include Isabel Oli, Kim Chiu, Enrique Gil, Shaina Magdayao, Carla Abellana, Erich Gonzales and Matteo Guidicelli
.

Award-winning director

Shake, Rattle & Roll horror film series, Scorpio Nights
and Batang X.

teleserye Amaya as well as its 2013 series Indio
, featured the politics and culture of ancient and colonial Visayan societies, respectively.

Music

See also:
BisRock

Traditional Visayan folk music were known to many such as Dandansoy originally in

Ang Pasko ay Sumapit translated by Levi Celerio to Tagalog was originally a Cebuano song entitled Kasadya Ning Taknaa popularized by Ruben Tagalog.[73]

Tinikling, which presumably originated from the Samar-Leyte area in Eastern Visayas.

Sitti Navarro
.

traditional Filipino instruments
with modern rhythm and melody.

Rock emerged into dominance within the Philippine music scene in the 1980s. Among the bands from Visayas are

BisRock which is a portmanteau of Bisaya and rock
.

Dance

Ethnic dances from the region are common in any traditional Filipino setting. Curacha or kuratsa (not to be confused with the

Zamboangueño dish) is a popular Waray dance. Its Cebuano counterparts are kuradang and la berde.[74] There is the liki from Negros Occidental[75] and the well-known tinikling of Leyte.[76][77] Other Hiligaynon dances are the harito, balitaw, liay, lalong kalong, imbong, inay-inay and binanog.[78]

Visual arts

The only Boholano and the youngest to receive the

Tagbilaran City
to give homage to his roots.

A renowned figure in architecture is

University of the Philippines System. He also designed the main building or the Tanghalang Pambansa of the Cultural Center of the Philippines and the Ayala Tower One & Exchange Plaza housing the Philippine Stock Exchange at Makati
.

See also

References

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