V. P. Singh

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Vishwanath Pratap Singh
)
Not to be confused with politician V. P. Singh Badnore, Minister and former General V. K. Singh, or hydrologist Vijay P. Singh.

Vishwanath Pratap Singh
Phulpur
President of Jan Morcha
In office
1988
Preceded byposition established
Succeeded byRaj Babbar
1st President of Janata Dal
In office
1988 - 1997
Preceded byposition established
Succeeded bySharad Yadav
Pretender information
Title(s)41st
NCT of Delhi, India
Spouse
Sita Kumari
​
(m. 1955)​
University of Pune (BS)
Political partyIndian National Congress (Before 1987)
Janata Dal (1988–1999)
Jan Morcha (1987–1988, 2006–2008)
ChildrenAjeya Pratap Singh and Abhai Singh
Signature

Vishwanath Pratap Singh (25 June 1931 – 27 November 2008), shortened to V. P. Singh, was an

Raja Bahadur of Manda.[3]

He was educated at the

Allahabad University and Fergusson College in Pune.[4] In 1969, he joined the Indian National Congress party and was elected as a member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly.[5]

In the

Leader of the Rajya Sabha from 1984 to 1987. During his tenure as Minister of Defence, the Bofors scandal came to light, and Singh resigned from the ministry. In 1988, he formed the Janata Dal party by merging various factions of the Janata Party. In the 1989 elections, the National Front, with the support of the Bharatiya Janata Party
(BJP), formed the government and Singh became the 8th Prime Minister of India.

During his tenure as prime minister, he implemented the

kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed happened and on the ground the terrorists were released. In 1990 the infamous exodus of Kashmiri Hindus happened from the valley of Kashmir. Following his opposition to the Ram Rath Yatra, the BJP withdrew its support for the National Front, and his government lost the vote of no-confidence
. Singh resigned on 7 November 1990. His prime ministerial tenure lasted for 343 days.

Singh was the prime ministerial candidate for the National Front in the 1991 elections, but was defeated. He spoke out against the Babri Masjid demolition in 1992. After 1996, Singh retired from political posts, but continued to remain a public figure and political critic. He was diagnosed with multiple myeloma in 1998, and ceased public appearances until the cancer went into remission in 2003. However, he died from complications of multiple myeloma and kidney failure in 2008. He received full state honours.

Early life and education

Singh was born on 25 June 1931,

Manikpur was founded in 1180, by Raja Manik Chand, brother of Raja Jai Chand of Kannauj.[A] His family belonged to the Gaharwar clan of the Manda Zamindar.[11]

He obtained his education from

Allahabad University Students Union and later received a Bachelor of Science in physics from Fergusson College in the Pune University.[12]

Early political career

Singh was elected from

Minister of Commerce in 1976–77.[14]

Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh

He was appointed as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 1980 when Indira Gandhi was re-elected after the Janata interlude.

Minister of Commerce in 1983.[20]

Leader of Rajya Sabha

After he resigned from the position of

Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, he was appointed as the leader of Rajya Sabha in the year 1984 and remained so until 1987. Before him the position was assigned to Pranab Mukherjee, who was removed because he then formed his own party, Rashtriya Samajwadi Congress.[21] After Singh's tenure this position was given to N. D. Tiwari.[22] He resigned from Rajya Sabha when he left Congress in 1987.[23]

Member of Lok Sabha

He was elected to Lok Sabha in 1971 from

Fatehpur (Lok Sabha constituency) in 1989 and became Prime Minister for 11 months. He was elected from Fatehpur again in 1991, the last time he contested any election.[26]

Administerial skill

He was considered very close to Rajiv Gandhi as well as Indira Gandhi and was loyal to them at a time when the experienced leaders of Congress Party founded a new party, Indian National Congress (Organisation), and empowered the party of Indian National Congress (Requisition).[27][28][29] Singh was known as "Mr. Clean" because of his impeccable history and also because of his opposition for the corruption in Bofors deal, which lead the way for him to contest his own party to fight the 1989 Lok Sabha Election and become Prime Minister of India.[30][31] Singh was responsible for managing the coalition of the Left and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) against Rajiv Gandhi to dethrone him in the 1989 elections. He is remembered for the important role that he played in 1989 that changed the course of Indian politics.[32] Singh acted boldly by issuing an arrest warrant against L. K. Advani midway through the latter's Rath Yatra.[33]

Ministries under Central Government

Singh has been on the list as one of the senior-most and most powerful leaders of the

External Affairs and Finance.[B]

Minister of Finance (1984–1987)

He was called to New Delhi following

License Raj (governmental regulation) as Gandhi had in mind.[35] During his term as Finance Minister, he oversaw the reduction of gold smuggling by reducing gold taxes and giving the police a portion of the confiscated gold.[36] He also gave extraordinary powers to the Enforcement Directorate of the Finance Ministry, the wing of the ministry charged with tracking down tax evaders, then headed by Bhure Lal. Singh's efforts to reduce government regulation of business and to prosecute tax fraud attracted widespread praise.[37]

Following a number of high-profile raids on suspected evaders – including Dhirubhai Ambani and Amitabh Bachchan – Gandhi was forced to sack him as Finance Minister, possibly because many of the raids were conducted on industrialists who had supported the Congress financially in the past.[38] However, Singh's popularity was at such a pitch that only a sideways move seemed to have been possible, to the Defence Ministry (in January 1987).[39] Then he succeeded his position to Rajiv Gandhi.[40]

Minister of Defence (1987)

In the year 1987, Singh was appointed on the position of

Krishna Chandra Pant. At that time due to his non-corrupt image, he was also called 'Mr. Clean'.[30] He was not able to do any good work for Defence due to holding the position for such a short time. But his biggest work was in the import of Bofors.[41] Once ensconced in South Block, Singh began to investigate the notoriously murky world of defence procurement. After a while, word began to spread that Singh possessed information about the Bofors defence deal (the infamous arms-procurement fraud) that could damage Gandhi's reputation.[42] Before he could act on it, he was dismissed from the Cabinet and, in response, resigned his memberships in the Congress Party (Indira) and the Lok Sabha.[43] The deal of Bofors also played a very crucial role in making of his Prime Minister of India.[44]

Minister of External Affairs (1989)

He was appointed as the 16th Minister of External Affairs of India and remained in the position for another very short period of just 3 days from 2 December 1989 to 5 December 1989. He was succeeded by Inder Kumar Gujral for the position.[45]

Formation of Janata Dal

Together with associates

National Front, with V. P. Singh as convener, NT Rama Rao as president, and P Upendra as a General Secretary.[49]

The National Front fought

Lal Krishna Advani and the Left parties such as the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and the Communist Party of India
declined to serve in the government, preferring to support the government from outside.

In a meeting in the Central Hall of Parliament on 1 December, Singh proposed the name of

Jat leader from Haryana stood up and refused the nomination, and said that he would prefer to be an 'elder uncle' to the Government and that Singh should be Prime Minister.[50][51] This last part came as a clear surprise to Chandra Shekhar, the former head of the erstwhile Janata Party, and Singh's greatest rival within the Janata Dal. Shekhar, who had clearly expected that an agreement had been forged with Lal as the consensus candidate, withdrew from the meeting and refused to serve in the Cabinet.[52]

Singh was sworn in as India's Prime Minister on 2 December 1989.[53]

Prime Minister (1989 – 1990)

Main article:
Premiership of VP Singh
See also: V. P. Singh ministry

Singh held office for slightly less than a year, from 2 December 1989 to 10 November 1990. After state legislative elections in March 1990, Singh's governing coalition achieved control of both houses of India's parliament. During this time, Janata Dal came to power in five Indian states under Om Prakash Chautala (Banarsi Das Gupta, Hukam Singh), Chimanbhai Patel, Biju Patnaik, Lalu Prasad Yadav, and Mulayam Singh Yadav, and the National Front constituents in two more NT Rama Rao, and Prafulla Kumar Mahanta.[54] The Janata Dal also shared power in West Bengal under Jyoti Basu, in Kerala under EK Nayanar and in Rajasthan under Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (supporting the Bharatiya Janata Party government from outside). Singh decided to end the Indian army's unsuccessful operation in Sri Lanka which Rajiv Gandhi, his predecessor, had sent to combat the Tamil separatist movement.[55][56]

In

Golden Temple to ask forgiveness for Operation Blue Star and the combination of events caused the long rebellion in Punjab to die down markedly in a few months.[57]

He also thwarted the efforts of Pakistan under Benazir Bhutto to start a border war with India.[58][59][60]

Exodus of Kasmiri Hindus

Main article: Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
See also:
1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed

V. P. Singh faced his first crisis within few days of taking office, when Kashmiri militants kidnapped the daughter of his Home Minister, Mufti Mohammad Sayeed (then Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir).[61] His government agreed to the demand for releasing militants in exchange; partly to end the storm of criticism that followed, he shortly thereafter appointed Jagmohan Malhotra, a former bureaucrat, as Governor of Jammu and Kashmir.[52][C]

The

Islamic insurgents to establish Islamic state in Jammu and Kashmir (state).[D]

62 Amendment of 1989 and SC-ST Act

Main articles: Sixty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India and Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

In the year 1989, the government by Singh implemented the SC-ST Act of 1989 to prevent the atrocities against the members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.[68] It was enacted when the provisions of the existing laws (such as the Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 and Indian Penal Code) were found to be inadequate to check these crimes (defined as 'atrocities' in the Act).[69] Recognising the continuing gross indignities and offences against Scheduled Castes and Tribes, the Parliament passed the 'Scheduled Castes and Schedule Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989.[70] The objectives of the Act clearly emphasised the intention of the government to deliver justice to these communities through proactive efforts to enable them to live in society with dignity and self-esteem and without fear or violence or suppression from the dominant castes. The practice of untouchability, in its overt and covert form was made a cognizable and non-compoundable offence, and strict punishment is provided for any such offence. The act was finally passed somehow with controversies.[71]

Mandal Commission report

Main article: Mandal Commission
See also: Mandal Commission protests of 1990

Singh himself wished to move forward nationally on social justice-related issues, which would, in addition, consolidate the caste coalition that supported the

Other Backward Classes.[72][E]

This decision led to widespread protests among the

backward caste neither party opposed it and on seeing the protest nor parties declined it.[81]

Even after the passing of the reservations for the Other Backward Class, he was never accepted by them, and his upper-caste voters also didn't have to trust him. [82][44] Afterward, OBC leaders flexed their political power and outnumbered upper and lower castes to gain political power in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. The OBC leaders rejected sharing power with lower caste leaders.[83]

Tug of war with the Reliance group

In 1990, the government-owned financial institutions like the

Life Insurance Corporation of India and the General Insurance Corporation of India stonewalled attempts by the Reliance group to acquire managerial control over Larsen & Toubro.[84] Sensing defeat, the Ambanis resigned from the board of the company. Dhirubhai, who had become Larsen & Toubro's chairman in April 1989, had to quit his position to make way for D. N. Ghosh, former chairman of the State Bank of India.[85]

Map of Ram Rath Yatra by L. K. Advani.

Ram temple issue and the fall of the coalition

Main article: Ram Rath Yatra

Meanwhile, the Bharatiya Janata Party was moving its own agenda forward. In particular, the Ram Janmabhoomi agitation, which served as a rallying cry for several Hindu organisations, took on a new life. The party president, LK Advani, with Pramod Mahajan as aide, toured the northern states on a rath – a bus converted to look like a mythical chariot – with the intention of drumming up support.[86] Before he could complete the tour by reaching the disputed site in Ayodhya, he was arrested by Lalu Prasad Yadav's orders at Samastipur on the charges of disturbing the peace and fomenting communal tension. Lalu wanted to prevent the communal clashes which took place at different places for this Rath Yatra, and also Bihar faced a similar scenario in 1989 due to the Shilanyas by Rajiv Gandhi Government. Karsevaks reached the site on 30 October 1990, and by the orders of Mulayam Singh Yadav police fired openly upon the Kar sevaks. A deadly riot took place in Ayodhya on 2 November.[87][88][89]

This led to the Bharatiya Janata Party's suspension of support to the National Front government.[90] VP Singh faced the vote of no confidence in the Lok Sabha saying that he occupied the high moral ground, as he stood for secularism, had saved the Babri Masjid at the cost of power and had upheld the fundamental principles which were challenged during the crises. "What kind of India do you want?" he asked of his opponents in Parliament, before losing the vote 142–346;[91][92][93] only a portion of the National Front remaining loyal to him and the Left parties supported him in the vote.[94]

And then, Singh resigned on 7 November 1990.[F]

The Chandra Shekhar government

External videos
video icon The race for PM in Janata Dal and SSP. Retrieved from YouTube on 26 May 2018.

Chandra Shekhar immediately seized the moment and left the Janata Dal with several of his own supporters (including Devi Lal, Janeshwar Mishra, HD Deve Gowda, Maneka Gandhi, Ashoke Kumar Sen, Subodh Kant Sahay, Om Prakash Chautala, Hukam Singh, Chimanbhai Patel, Mulayam Singh Yadav, Yashwant Sinha, VC Shukla, and Sanjay Singh) to form the Samajwadi Janata Party/Janata Dal (Socialist).[95] Although Chandra Shekhar had a mere 64 MPs, Rajiv Gandhi the leader of the Opposition, agreed to support him on the floor of the House; so he won a confidence motion and was sworn in as Prime Minister.[96] Eight Janata Dal MPs who voted for this motion were disqualified by the speaker Rabi Ray.[97] His government lasted only a few months before he resigned and called for fresh elections.[98]

Post-premiership and death

VP Singh contested the new elections but his party was relegated to the opposition chiefly due to the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi (May 1991) during the election campaign, and he later retired from active politics.[99][100] He spent the next few years touring the country speaking about matters related to issues of social justice and his artistic pursuits, chiefly painting.[101]

The Vice President of India, Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat looking at painting works by the former Prime Minister Shri V. P. Singh, after inaugurating the exhibition, in New Delhi on 14 February 2006

In 1992, Singh was the first to propose the name of the future President

Karsevaks a few days later.[103] In 1996, the Congress party lost the general elections and Singh was the natural choice of the winning United Front (Singh was one of the forces behind the broad United Front coalition) for the post of Prime Minister. But he declined the offer made to him by communist veteran Jyoti Basu, Bihar strongman Lalu Prasad Yadav
and almost all leaders of the Janata family.

In an interview with Shekhar Gupta in July 2005, Singh said that he had resigned from the Rajiv Gandhi cabinet due to differences that arose in the dealing of information regarding commissions taken by Indian agents in the HDW submarine deal, and not due to Bofors.[104] In April 1987, Singh received a secret telegram from J.C.Ajmani, the Indian ambassador in West Germany. The telegram stated that Indian agents had received large commissions in the HDW deal. These commissions amounted to a staggering Rs. 32.55 crore (7% of the agreed price). Singh informed Rajiv Gandhi about this and instituted an inquiry. However, the handling of this case led to differences and Singh finally resigned from the cabinet.[105]

The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh, paying homage at the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister, Shri V. P. Singh, in New Delhi on 28 November 2008

Singh was diagnosed with cancer in 1998 and ceased public appearances. When his cancer went into remission in 2003, he once again became a visible figure, especially in the many groupings that had inherited the space once occupied by his

Ghaziabad as he and his supporters were proceeding towards a hauling where prohibitory orders under Section 144 had been imposed to join the farmers agitating against the acquisition of land at Dadri by the Anil Ambani-owned Reliance Industries and demanding adequate compensation.[110] Later, Singh and CPI General Secretary AB Bardhan were again arrested on the UP border when they were proceeding to Dadri.[111] However, Singh and Babbar were later able to evade the police, reaching Dadri on 18 August 2006, and ploughing the land in solidarity with the farmers.[112][113]

Singh died after a very long struggle with

Allahabad on the banks of the River Ganges on 29 November 2008, his son Ajeya Singh lighting the funeral pyre.[115] He was cremated with full state honour.[G]

Office held

Political Offices

S. No. Office Seat Tenure Preceded Succeeded Ref.
1. Member of Legislative Assembly
Soraon
 1969–1971 – –      [117]
2.
Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
Phulpur
 1971–1977 Janeshwar Mishra Kamala Bahuguna      [118]
3.
Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
Fatehpur
 1980-1980 Janeshwar Mishra Krishna Prakash Tiwari      [119]
4.
Member of Legislative Assembly
 Tindwari 1980–1983 – –      [120]
5. Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha Uttar Pradesh 1983–1988 – –      [121]
6.
Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
Allahabad
 1988–1989 Amitabh Bachchan Janeshwar Mishra      [122]
7.
Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
Fatehpur
 1989–1996 Hari Krishna Shastri Vishambhar Prasad Nishad   [123][124]

Political Positions

S. No. Position Tenure Preceded Succeeded
1. Ministry of Commerce and Industry 1976–1977
2.
12th Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
 9 June 1980 – 19 July 1982
Banarsi Das
 Sripati Mishra
3. Finance Minister of India 31 December 1984 – 23 January 1987 Rajiv Gandhi Pranab Mukherjee
4. Leader of Rajya Sabha December 1984 – April 1987 Pranab Mukherjee N. D. Tiwari
5. Defence Minister of India 24 January 1987 – 12 April 1987 Rajiv Gandhi
Krishna Chandra Pant
6.
External Affairs minister of India
 2 December 1989 – 5 December 1989 P. V. Narsimaha Rao Inder Kumar Gujral
7. 7th Prime Minister of India 2 December 1989 – 10 November 1990 Rajiv Gandhi Chandra Shekhar
8. Defence Minister of India 2 December 1989 – 10 November 1990
Krishna Chandra Pant
 Chandra Shekhar

Personal life

V. P. Singh and his wife Sita Kumari with NCC cadet D. Roopa.

Singh married Princess Sita Kumari, the daughter of the Raja of Deogarh-Madaria, Rajasthan, on 25 June 1955. It was an arranged marriage. He turned 24 on the day of the marriage, and she was 18. Kumari was a

Raja Bahadur of the Manda estate in 2007 and in the year 2009 after two years of Singh's death, he merged his party Jan Morcha with Indian National Congress.[126][127]

Cultural legacy

Statue

A statue of V.P. Singh is situated at Presidency College, Chennai. It was inaugurated by Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin in the presence of V.P. Singh's wife and Akhilesh Yadav on 27 November 2023.[128]

Films

  1. Juliet Reynolds, an art critic and a close friend of Singh, made a short documentary on him, titled The Art of the Impossible (45 minutes long), and covers his political and artistic career.[129]
  2. Suma Josson made another film on Singh titled One More Day to Live.[130]
  3. Shekhar Gupta, had interview with Singh in the year 2007, titled Walk The Talk with V. P. Singh.[131]

Books connected

  1. ISBN 9788190019910. Archived from the original
    on 26 December 2007.
  2. ISBN 978-93-8048-080-0. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link
    )
  3. Upender, P. (1994). Gatham Swagatham.
  4. ISBN 81-7223-202-0
    .
Janata Dal, party of Singh.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ The predecessor state of Manikpur was founded in 1180, by Raja Manik Chand, brother of Raja Jai Chand of Kannauj. Raja Gudan Deo, 16th in descent from Raja Manik Chand, established his capital at Manda in 1542. Raja Ram Pratap Singh was granted the hereditary title of Raja Bahadur by the British Raj in January 1913. The Last Raj Bahadur of Manda, Ram Gopal Singh, adopted a son named Vishwanath Pratap Singh, who became the 7th Prime Minister of India.[10]
  2. ^ Vishwanath Singh, was one of the most trusted and noble member of Indian National Congress, under the Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi holding important ministries in the central government.[34]
  3. Maqbool Butt; Noor Muhammad Kalwal; Muhammed Altaf; and Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar.[62]
  4. V.P. Singh to appoint Jagmohan as the governor of the state. Abdullah resented Jagmohan who had been appointed as the governor earlier in April 1984 as well and had recommended Abdullah's dismissal to Rajiv Gandhi in July 1984. Abdullah had earlier declared that he would resign if Jagmohan was made the Governor. However, the Central government went ahead and appointed him as Governor on 19 January 1990. In response, Abdullah resigned on the same day and Jagmohan suggested the dissolution of the State Assembly.[66] The group targeted a Kashmiri Hindu for the first time on 14 September 1989, when they killed Tika Lal Taploo, an advocate and a prominent leader of Bharatiya Janata Party in Jammu & Kashmir in front of several eyewitnesses. This instilled fear in the Kashmiri Hindus especially as Taploo's killers were never caught which also emboldened the terrorists. The Hindus felt that they were not safe in the valley and could be targeted any time. The killings of Kashmiri Hindus continued that included many of the prominent ones.[67]
  5. ^ Leading to the formation of the Mandal Commission, Indian society was based largely on the principles of Caste and to that extent a partially closed system. The lack of social mobility created a social stratification that played a dominant role within Indian society, laying the context for the Mandal Commission to be formed. Therefore, during the late 1900s, India witnessed caste and class to stand for different patterns of distribution of properties/occupations for individuals. This directly affected Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes that were known collectively as Other Backward Classes (OBC), which were the focus groups that experienced the severities of caste/class stratification within the social organization (caste) found within traditional India.[73][74]
  6. ^ On November 7, 1990, V.P. Singh resigned after suffering a vote of no confidence by a stunning margin of 356 to 151.
  7. ^ After battling with cancer and renal failure for a decade, former Prime Minister Vishwanath Pratap Singh died on Thursday at New Delhi’s Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, reports HT Correspondent.[116]

Citations

  1. ^ "VP Singh's wife to get Rs 1 lakh for defamation". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  2. ^ "List of all Prime Ministers of India (1947-2021)". www.jagranjosh.com. 1 September 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ Rathore, Abhinay. "Manda (Zamindari)". Rajput Provinces of India. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  4. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  5. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  6. ^ Pandya, Haresh (29 November 2008). "V. P. Singh, a leader of India who defended poor, dies at 77". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
  7. ISBN 978-1-84331-709-8
    .
  8. ^ Ghai, Rajat (7 May 2014). "The office of Prime Minister: A largely north Indian upper-caste, Hindu affair". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  9. ^ "Remembering VP Singh on his 86th birthday: A grandson reminds us why India needs its political Siddharth". Firstpost. 27 June 2017. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  10. ISBN 978-81-208-0562-0
    .
  11. ^ "A MORAL MAN, A FAILURE – Not good in politics, V.P. Singh's success lay elsewhere". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  12. ISBN 9788122001853. Archived from the original
    on 27 December 2019.
  13. ^ "Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election in 1969 Party Wise". Elections.in. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  14. ^ National Informatics Centre (2010). "Tenth Lok Sabha, Members Bioprofile : SINGH, SHRI VISHWANATH PRATAP". LokSabha.nic. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  15. ^ "V.P. Singh | Biography". Britannica.com. 23 November 2018. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  16. ^ "The queen is dead | The Guardian | guardian.co.uk". www. the guardian.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  17. ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Nation". www.tribuneindia.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  18. ISSN 0971-751X
    . Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  19. ISBN 978-90-272-9931-4
    .
  20. ISBN 978-93-5280-542-6
    .
  21. ^ "Business News Live, Share Market News – Read Latest Finance News, IPO, Mutual Funds News". The Economic Times. Retrieved 16 September 2020.[dead link]
  22. ^ Mustafa 1995, pp. 78; Chand 1990, pp. 45–47.
  23. ^ Rai 2006, p. (xviii).
  24. JSTOR 2645379
    .
  25. Allahabad, which had been vacated when Amitabh Bachchan. V. P. Singh won the seat against the Congress( I ) contender, Sunil Shastri, son of the late prime minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri. (Bhargava 1990
    , p. 36)
  26. ^ "Lok Sabha 2019 constituency: VP Singh won from Fatehpur, BJP holds it now". Hindustan Times. 30 April 2019. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  27. ISBN 978-1-107-14987-8
    .
  28. ^ "Statistical report of Lok Sabha of 1980" (PDF). 18 July 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  29. ^ "Vinay Pratap Singh". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  30. ^ a b "Mr Clean VP singh". Realistic News. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  31. ^ "Arms and the Indian politician". Hindustan Times. 12 November 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  32. ^ "The Times and Tides during 1989". www.primepoint.in. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  33. ^ Chand 1990, p. 470. "The insult to injury was the Rath yatra of the BJP chief L. K. Advani a few weeks later V. P. Singh betrayed his helplessness when with all his secular credentials, he could not save government after stopping yatra."[verification needed]
  34. ^ "V P Singh Changed India's Political Course Through Quota". Outline.com. 27 November 2008. Archived from the original on 19 December 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  35. ^ Singh, Hemant (3 June 2020). "List of Finance Ministers of India". Jagranjosh.com. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  36. ^ "Finance Ministers who shaped India's economy – Pillars of Indian economy". The Economic Times. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  37. ^ Parliamentary Debates. Lok Sabha Secretariat. 1985. pp. 105.
  38. ^ In May 1985, Singh suddenly removed the import of Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA) from the Open General License category. As a raw material, this was very important to manufacture polyester filament yarn. This made it very difficult for Reliance Industries under Dhirubhai Ambani to carry on operations. Reliance was able to secure, from various financial institutions, letters of credit that would allow it to import almost one full year’s requirement of PTA on the eve of the issuance of the government notification changing the category under which PTA could be imported.
  39. ^ In India, economic gains and new perils. The New York Times. (2 March 1987). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
  40. ^ "India – V.P. Singh's coalition—its brief rise and fall". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  41. ^ "Contact Us – IndiaInfoline". www.indiainfoline.com. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  42. ^ Indian Government Lodges First Charges In Weapons Scandal. The New York Times. (23 January 1990). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
  43. ^ Turmoil and a Scandal Take a Toll on Gandhi. The New York Times. (24 August 1987). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
  44. ^ a b Dilip, M. (27 November 2019). "It's a puzzle why VP Singh was never accepted by OBCs even after Mandal Commission". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  45. ISBN 978-93-5328-895-2
    .
  46. ^ Is the Raja Ready for War, or Losing His Steam?. New York Times. (8 October 1987). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
  47. ^ Gandhi foes face a test of strength. New York Times. (13 June 1988). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
  48. ^ Gandhi Is Finding Out Fast How Much He Had to Lose. New York Times. (3 July 1988). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
  49. ^ New Opposition Front in India Stages Lively Rally. New York Times. (18 September 1988). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
  50. ^ Man in the News; V. P. Singh: Low-key Indian in high-anxiety job – New York Times report. New York Times (3 December 1989). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
  51. ^ Indian opposition chooses a Premier. New York Times. (2 December 1989). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
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Sources

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  2. Chand, Attar (1990a). Prime Minister V.P. Singh, Great Expectations. H.K. Publishers and Distributors.
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External links
Political offices
Preceded by
Banarsi Das
Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh

1980–1982 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Finance
1985–1987 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Defence
1987 		Succeeded by
Prime Minister of India
1989–1990 		Succeeded by
Chairperson of the Planning Commission
1989–1990
Preceded by Minister of Defence
1989–1990