Visit of George IV to Scotland

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

King George IV, with lighting chosen to tone down the brightness of his kilt and his knees shown bare, without the pink tights
he actually wore at the event.

George IV's visit to Scotland in 1822 was the first visit of a reigning monarch to Scotland in nearly two centuries, the last being by Charles II for his Scottish coronation in 1651. Government ministers had pressed the King to bring forward a proposed visit to Scotland, to divert him from diplomatic intrigue at the Congress of Verona.

The visit increased the king's popularity in Scotland, turning some subjects away from the rebellious

Scotland's national identity
.

Background

After nearly a decade of ruling as

Radicals whose increasing unrest following the revolutions which shook America and France culminated in the "Radical War" of 1820 in Scotland and terrified the gentry. He was invited to attend the Congress of Verona, but government ministers wanting to keep Parliamentary
control of foreign affairs pressed him to bring forward a proposed visit to Scotland which it was hoped would calm unrest. Suffering from painful illness and pushed by opposing factions of diplomats and ministers, the King remained indecisive, but preparations went ahead in the hope of his agreement.

Walter Scott was the author of the novel Waverley which popularised a romantic image of the Scottish Highlands. In 1815 this led to his being invited to dine with George, who was then the Prince Regent. By 1822 Scott had become a baronet, and was well acquainted with both Highland and Lowland nobility.

Dress Act. The "small" kilt as worn today was a relatively recent innovation in the Highlands, having been introduced around the 1720s and later adopted as dress uniform by the army, but the romance of the "ancient" belted plaid still appealed to those wanting to preserve the Highland identity. Soon after the Act's repeal in 1782, Highland aristocrats set up Highland Societies in Edinburgh and other centres including London and Aberdeen. These were landowners' clubs with aims including "Improvements" (the Highland Clearances) and promoting "the general use of the ancient Highland dress" by obliging members to wear this when attending meetings. Numerous less exclusive associations including the Celtic Society of Edinburgh
, of which Scott was enthusiastic chairman, had membership including many lowlanders as well as chieftains of impeccable Highland ancestry, and also promoted a Highland culture with all attending meetings and dances wearing "the garb of old Gaul".

Preparations

Contemporary caricature of the kilted King George IV.

When his advice was sought,

David Stewart of Garth
who had made himself the undisputed authority on Highlanders with his Sketches.

George had been persuaded by Scott that he was not only a

Royal Stuart, complete with gold chains and assorted weaponry including dirk, sword and pistols
.

Scott brought the Highland societies and the

Sutherland Highlanders
.

For the management of all events, Scott took the advice of his friend the young actor-manager William Henry Murray whose talents at theatrical scenery and costume were put to good use in creating the settings and the "revived ancient dresses" for the pageants he arranged. Holyrood Palace had to be readied for state occasions, but was not in fit condition as a royal residence and arrangements were made for the king to stay at Dalkeith House, 7 miles (11 km) from Edinburgh.

There was widespread concern about procedure and

levees
, with gentlemen to wear a full dress suit, as well as a description of the dress of the Highland chiefs and their "tail" of followers who were expected to "add greatly to the variety, gracefulness and appropriate splendour of the scene".

The exception was the "Grand Ball" held by the

national dress
of the whole of Scotland.

According to some sources, the catering contract was won by Ebenezer Scroggie, who would become the posthumous inspiration for Charles Dickens' character Ebenezer Scrooge in A Christmas Carol.[3] However, there is no evidence that Ebenezer Scroggie ever existed, and the story might be part of a "probable Dickens hoax".[4][5]

The visit

The Royal George at Leith.
Detail from a painting by Alexander Carse showing the King landing at Leith, which remains hanging in Leith Town Hall.[6]

The first of Scott's pageants took place on the King's 60th birthday, on Monday 12 August 1822. In procession, the Midlothian Yeomanry and companies of Highlanders escorted coaches carrying the Regalia of Scotland and dignitaries from the Castle to Holyrood Palace. The procession assembled on

Glengarry
who announced that it was his rightful place to ride at the head of the procession. After a pause, a Captain Ewan MacDougall persuaded the hot-tempered Glengarry to go away. Watched by packed crowds, the procession formally received the regalia then returned down to The Mound and went down it to Princes Street and on by Calton Hill to Holyroodhouse.

The King's ship the Royal George arrived in the Firth of Forth about noon on Wednesday 14 August, but his landing was postponed due to torrential rain. Despite the rain, Sir Walter Scott was rowed out to see the King, who exclaimed, "What! Sir Walter Scott! The man in Scotland I most wish to see!"[7] After a drink of whisky, Scott presented the King with a jewel designed and embroidered by the ladies of Edinburgh, in the form of a silver St Andrews cross embroidered with pearls on blue velvet with a belt of gold a diamond buckle and magnificent Scottish pearl surmounted by the imperial crown picked out in brilliants, rubies, emeralds and topaz.[8] Inscribed on the cross was "Righ Albainn gu brath" (Long live the King of Scotland).[9]

On Thursday 15 August, the King in naval uniform arrived in sunshine at the quayside of

Glengarry on horseback galloping up beside the King, sweeping off his bonnet and loudly announcing "Your Majesty is welcome to Scotland!". The King, in good humour, bowed graciously at this unplanned intrusion as his carriage moved off. A procession including lowland regiments and Highland clan regiments with pipe bands
escorted the King's open carriage the 3 miles (5 km) up to Edinburgh past cheering Scots crowding every possible viewpoint eager to show a welcome to their monarch. At a theatrical "medieval" gateway the King was presented with the keys to the city and "the hearts and persons" of its people.

Much of the pageantry for the visit would be medieval rather than Highland, but the exotic outfits of the "gathering of the Gael" were to attract most attention. The next day was one that the King spent away from the public at Dalkeith. Edinburgh was full of visitors for the occasion, and that evening they walked round enjoying "illuminations" with illustrated tributes hung on public buildings, businesses and houses, "Everywhere crowded to excess, but in civility and quiet", before being escorted to their rest around midnight by bands of boys carrying flaming torches to light their way.

On Saturday afternoon, 17 August, the King attended a short

levee at Holyrood Palace, where the great and good queued to be greeted by George in his Highland outfit complete with pink pantaloons
to conceal his bloated legs, described as "buff coloured trowsers like flesh to imitate his Royal knees". When someone complained that the kilt had been too short for modesty, Lady Hamilton-Dalrymple wittily responded "Since he is to be among us for so short a time, the more we see of him the better."

The King would not be seen again by the public until Monday afternoon when a medium-sized crowd caught a brief glimpse of him as he went into Holyroodhouse to hear long repetitive addresses from the Church of Scotland, the Scottish Episcopal Church, universities, burghs, counties and the Highland Society, and give his short formal responses.

The King's Drawing Room

Whig
supporting townsfolk until a rescue party of her clansmen was "summoned by the fiery cross" and released them without coming to blows. The story of "The Raid to Elgin" had amused the king, and he remarked "Truly she is an object fit to raise the chivalry of a clan", echoing Scott's romanticism. He spent the next day at Dalkeith, and that evening Scott dined with him.

The King waves his hat from the castle battlements.

Heavy rain returned on Thursday 22 August as a Grand Procession went from

bunting and densely packed cheering crowds obscured by their umbrellas. At the castle, the king climbed out onto the battlements
of the Half Moon Battery to wave his cocked hat to continuing "huzzas" from the crowd for fifteen minutes, reportedly saying "Good God! What a fine sight. I had no conception there was such a fine scene in the world; and to find it in my own dominions; and the people are as beautiful and as extraordinary as the scene." and "Rain? I feel no rain. Never mind, I must cheer the people." He had not been used to this kind of reception.

On Friday, 23 August, a review of 3,000 volunteer

Portobello sands. The king was also to honour the Clans including a contingent from the Celtic Society of Edinburgh. Though disappointingly his review ended before reaching them, the Highlanders took part in the Grand March Past then were cheered by the crowds as they marched back to Edinburgh. That evening, George appeared at the Peers' Grand Ball wearing a field marshal's uniform as earlier in the day rather than the anticipated kilt. The Peers’ Ball was a formal occasion with court dress worn predominantly, though some gentlemen chose either Highland attire or military uniform. The ladies were mostly in white dresses.[12] The Ball started with the anthem as soon as the King entered the Ballroom, followed by a reel and then a country dance.[13][14] Lady Anne Scott together with her sister Isabel, daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch, "danced the reels famously’’.[15] Another reel was performed at the bottom of the ballroom by a set consisted of two older gentlemen, one of whom was a Highlander, and both "jumped and capered so and made all sorts of such strange antics" which "his Majesty seems to witness with much pleasure."[12][15] The music was played by the Assembly Rooms band led by Nathaniel Gow. The performance of the reels gave the King the most delight. More dancing took place in the Second Ballroom where fashionable at the time European dances were performed such as Quadrilles and Waltzes.[15] Contemporaries complained that the Assembly Rooms were too hot and crowded for dancing and described the Ball as being "not in fact a dancing Ball".[14] The Assembly Rooms had been theatrically transformed by William Henry Murray
, and the occasion was hailed as a triumph for him.

Saturday morning was marked by a small ceremony and procession including a

Clan MacGregor Regalia Guard, as the Honours of Scotland were returned from Holyroodhouse up the Royal Mile to the Castle. That evening the King attended a tumultuous civic banquet in the great Hall of Parliament House
which Murray had splendidly decorated.

The King arrives at Hopetoun House.

Next day the King went in state to the

St. Giles' Cathedral. On the Monday he made a private visit to the Holyrood Palace apartments of his ancestor Mary, Queen of Scots, then in the evening attended the Caledonian Hunt Ball in a Guards uniform. For the Caledonian Hunt Society Ball, the male members of the Society wore specially prepared uniforms. "The dresses of the ladies were more varied and fanciful than at the Peers’ Ball. Blue was much worn; and, as on the previous occasion, there was a great profusion of feathers."[16] The King arrived about 9:30 pm, entering the Ballroom with something like a candle-lit procession. The King was excited by the reels and strathspeys. Once more his wish was met, that while he was in Scotland all music would be "purely national and characteristic".[16] The dancing again commenced with a reel; which took place in the circle that surrounded the space in front of the throne. In this space two reels at a time were danced without any stop, all the while the King stayed, which was two hours.[15] Mudie wrote that "the first reel danced was to the air of Brechin Castle. His Majesty was particularly pleased with the second set and clapped his hands in token of his approbation. A number of quadrilles were danced in the second ballroom. About half an hour after his Majesty retired, country dances commenced, which were kept up with great spirit, by the more vigorous of the company, until nearly seven o’clock in the morning."[16]

On the Tuesday, 27 August, George made his last and least formal public appearance, showing his evident pleasure at a theatre performance of Scott's Rob Roy adapted and produced by William Henry Murray.

George's visit closed on Thursday 29 August with a brief visit to Hopetoun House 12 miles (19 km) west of Edinburgh. Elaborate arrangements had been made and crowds waited for him in the rain. On departing Hopetoun House, The King conferred the honour of knighthood[17] on Captain Adam Ferguson, Deputy keeper of the Scottish regalia, and Henry Raeburn, the selected representative of Scotlands fine arts. He then joined his ship at nearby South Queensferry and departed.

Outcome

While the only kilted appearance the King had made was ruthlessly caricatured, creating a memorable image of "our fat friend" being hoisted onto a horse, the effect of the event wryly described as "one and twenty daft days" was an increase in goodwill and a new-found Scottish national identity uniting Highlander and Lowlander in sharing the iconic symbolism of kilts and tartans. The pride of the clan chieftains in their heritage was reinvigorated, but there was no check in the progress of the Highland Clearances.

Additionally, the next

Prince Albert Edward, was the first heir apparent to make use of that title since the Union of the Crowns
. The use of that title in Scotland has continued ever since.

Following their service providing personal bodyguards during the visit, the King appointed the Royal Company of Archers as the Sovereign's Bodyguard in Scotland.

Further reading

  • Prebble, John (2000). The King's Jaunt: George IV in Scotland, August 1822'One and Twenty Daft Days'.
    ISBN 1-84158-068-6
    .
  • Robert Mudie, Oliver Boyd, 4th ed., December 1822. A Historical Account of His Majesty's Visit To Scotland

Other sources

  • Cooper, Henry (producer) (1960). George IV's Edinburgh (documentary film). Campbell Harper Films. Retrieved 30 November 2023 – via National Library of Scotland.

References

  1. ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  2. ^ SPIN Archived 8 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine [Walter Scott]: "Hints Adressed to the Inhabitants of Edinburgh, and others, in Prospect of His Majesty’s visit. By an Old Citizen." Source: Printed pamphlet, Edinburgh: William Blackwood, Waugh and Innes, and John Robertson, 1822
  3. ^ "When A Christmas Carol , one of Dickens’ finest works, was published in 1843, it featured Ebenezer Scrooge, a "mean man" erroneously based on Ebenezer Scroggie." "He won the catering contract for the visit of George IV to Edinburgh in 1822... " Archived 13 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine, The Scotsman, 24 December 2004
  4. ^ Pelling, Rowan (7 February 2014). "Mr Punch is still knocking them dead after 350 years". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  5. ISBN 9781500122010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  6. ^ Alexander Carse Paintings Archived 1 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 12 October 2013
  7. ^ Lockhart, John G. (1837). "Memoirs Of Sir Walter Scott. Lockhart Vol 3 p.117". Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  8. ^ George IV by E A Smith 1999 p200.
  9. ^ Lockhart, John Gibson (1845). "Memoirs of Sir Walter Scott Lockhart. vol 1. p 480". Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  10. OCLC 629063
    .
  11. ^ The Caledonian Mercury 22 August 1822 p.2
  12. ^ a b "Peer's Ball". Caledonian Mercury. 24 August 1822. p. 3. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  13. ^ Mudie, Robert (1822). A Historical Account of His Majesty's Visit to Scotland. Edinburgh: Published by Oliver & Boyd. pp. 225–256.
  14. ^ a b Grant, Jane & Mary Frances (1865). Letters Written Chiefly by Jane and Mary Frances Grant, Daughters of Sir John Peter Grant of Rothiemurchus, during a Visit to Edinburgh in August, 1822, on the Occasion of George IV's Visit. W. KING, Printer, 36 Upper Ormond - quay, Dublin.
  15. ^ a b c d Shmakova, Alena (13 September 2022). "Historical accounts of the balls given for George IV in Edinburgh in August 1822" (PDF). Early Dance Circle.
  16. ^ a b c Mudie, Robert (1822). A Historical Account of His Majesty's Visit to Scotland. Edinburgh: Published by Oliver & Boyd, High Street. pp. 255–257.
  17. ^ Lockhart, John G. (1837). "Memoirs of the life of Sir Walter Scott Vol 3 page 130". Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visit_of_George_IV_to_Scotland&oldid=1217797022"