Visoko

Coordinates: 43°59′N 18°10′E / 43.983°N 18.167°E / 43.983; 18.167
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Visoko
Високо
Visočica hill, Tabačka mosque, Church of St. Procopius, Franciscan monastery of St. Bonaventure, Old town of Visoki, Fojnička River at the confluence with River Bosna
, View from Vrela hill
UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
71300
Area code+387 32
Websitewww.visoko.gov.ba

Visoko (Serbian Cyrillic: Високо, pronounced [ʋǐsɔkɔː]) is a city[1] located in the Zenica-Doboj Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, the municipality had a population of 39,938 inhabitants with 11,205 living in Visoko town.[2] Located between Zenica and Sarajevo, Visoko lies where the river Fojnica joins the Bosna.

The Visoko region has evidence of long continuous occupation, with the first traces of life dating back to the 5th millennium BC.

southeastern Europe.[3]

It was an

Ottoman rule ended in 1878 when the Bosnian Vilayet was occupied by Austria-Hungary. On 11 November 1911, in the last years of Austro-Hungarian rule, it was almost completely burned down by an accidental fire.[8] Before the Bosnian War, Visoko was the largest exporter of textile and leather in socialist Yugoslavia[9][10] As of 2006, Visoko attracts tens of thousands of tourists every year,[11][12][13] mainly because of Semir Osmanagić's claims.[14]

Geography

The Visoko municipality covers 232 square kilometres with several characteristic, morphologically distinctive valleys formed by the foothills of the

Adriatic
coast.

Infrastructure

Visoko is directly connected to a

M17 road. It is connected to other places by the regional road R443 (Visoko - Kiseljak - Kreševo - Tarčin). It is located along the Šamac-Sarajevo railway
. Visokogas is a public company in charge of the supply of natural gas, which supplies majority of city itself and some surrounding local communities.

Demographics

Population of Visoko municipality
Census 2013 1991 1981 1971
Bosniaks 36,697 (91.88%) 34,373 (74.46%) 28,838 (70.50%) 25,683 (72.34%)
Serbs
286 (0.71%) 7,471 (16.18%) 6,831 (16.70%) 7,166 (20.18%)
Croats
576 (1.44%) 1,872 (4.05%) 1,879 (4.59%) 1,914 (5.39%)
Yugoslavs 0.00 (0.00%) 1,464 (3.17%) 2,783 (6.80%) 392 (1.10%)
Others 2,062 (5.16%) 980 (2.12%) 570 (1.39%) 348 (0.98%)
Total 39,938 46,160 40,901 35,503

History

Prehistoric era

The Visoko region shows evidence of long continuous occupation, with the first traces of life dating back to Paleolithic.

Balkans. These metropolitan areas were connected by Neretva and Bosna rivers. Since Visoko was situated on the Bosna River, it has gained a lot of economic traffic between the two larger cities. Neolithic emplacements were founded on the shores of the rivers in places known today as Arnautovići, Donje Moštre, Okolište, Zbilje, Ginje, and Dvor. Arnautovići and Okolište were identified as part of Kakanj culture
.

In September 2007 the

BC. Later on, neolithic cultures came in contact with other cultures like Baden. Around 3000 B.C.E. first signs of Chalcolithic culture appear which can be contributed to Vučedol culture of south Bosnian type, with findings in Donje Moštre and at the location of Old town of Visoki
.

Illyria and Roman empire

The Visoko area was inhabited by the

Roman empire established its rule in 9 AD and built roads and fortresses in places like Kralupi, Seoča and Mokronozi. Area of Visoko was part of Roman province Illyricum
.

Medieval Bosnia (958–1463)

Tvrtko I Kotromanić

Migration period saw introduction of new people to the Balkans - Slavs. Native Illyirian tribes through time became slavicized, but a lot of toponyms remained Illyirian in origin, like in example name of the river Bosna, which is namesake of country itself, but also a term for settlement which was used to reference the place called Bosna that existed in today's area of Visoko.[19] It is considered that this area in Visoko basin was nucleus of new medieval Bosnian state which emerged in around 1000 AD.[20] Only later on with construction of Old town of Visoki the term Bosna for the settlement would be rarely used.

Visoko is named after the

medieval
urban environments in Bosnia. Podvisoki was long time main trade center in medieval Bosnia.

Medieval remains of Church in Mile

The

Catholic Church
.

Other notable medieval settlements in the vicinity included Sebinje town, Čajan town in Gračanica – which protected the roads between Visoko and Bobovac – and the town of Bedem i Goduša.

Ottoman Empire (1463–1878)

Painting of Visoko depicting the Ottoman time of governing Bosnia

The area of Visoko was conquered by

sheriat
.

During his rule, up to 1477,

Islamic
oriental-style town with all the religious and cultural institutions.

Austro-Hungarian Empire (1878–1918)

Example of building built in pseudo-Moorish style during Austro-Hungarian rule.

The

Pseudo-Moorish
style. The Tabhana mosque was founded in Visoko center and the city itself was expanded further to the banks of the Fojnica River. The main street was developed towards the town of Jalija, located at the delta of and a bridge across the Bosna River.

The first buildings of this period included the train station from 1882, the court building from 1895, a church with a

oriental and Western
styles. Some houses from this time period still stand in the old district of the town.

Kingdom of Yugoslavia, NDH and WWII (1918–45)

After

Yugoslav Partisans
.

SFR Yugoslavia (1945–92)

Urban settlement Luke in Visoko, most densely populated part of the city.

After

exported good, with 80 million of that from KTK's leather industry. Due to the economic success of Visoko, Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito
came to Visoko to visit the factories and the town itself.

During this period, the town developed necessary institutions like a post office, police and fire stations, health care, hotels, supermarkets, sport stadiums, and halls. Culture bloomed with the founding of a theatre, museum, cinema and library. Education was also improved by building three new schools: a primary Safvet-beg Bašagić, two high schools with a gymnasium and mixed high school center, Hazim Šabanović. In 1983 Zlatko Ugljen received Aga Khan Award for Architecture for Šerefudin's White Mosque. The late 1980s and early 1990s were years of hasty urbanization and building of whole settlements like Luke which represents the most densely populated area of Visoko.

In 1953, Visoko's handball club,

Bosna
was created in 1953 by merging two existing clubs Jadran (founded 1923) and Radnički (founded 1934). Aero club Izet Kurtalić is also one of the successful clubs which won numerous gold and other medals in Yugoslavia.

Bosnian War (1992–95)

Street in Visoko.

On 6 April 1992, a state of emergency was proclaimed, with

local Serbs already armed and surrounding the town. Local residents began to arm themselves or were armed by the Bosniak SDA party. The quick reaction of the local population prevented the town's capture by seizing two local JNA barracks finally on 26 April, where newly formed local TO (territory defence) forces captured most of the arms in the barracks, which was a turning point at the start of the war
in the Visoko area.

The end of January embarked conflict between the

Army of Bosnia & Herzegovina (which succeed TO). On 27 January Visoko and neighbouring units prevented the blockade of Fojnica. On 2 November ARBiH units captured nearby HVO-held Vareš. The last days of 1994 brought a ceasefire between HVO and ARBiH, forming a united Federation and begin concentrating the fight on the much better-armed VRS
(Army of Republika Srpska).

On 15 June Visoko was center of preparations for breaking the blockage on nearby Sarajevo. The action was however executed but with no significant gains, only some portion of the territory was liberated but Sarajevo stayed besieged. This big manoeuvre helped ARBiH forces outside Sarajevo to capture whole several towns and villages.

Finally, the

Dayton agreement
removed all front lines who were all 4 years dangerously close to town itself but never changed considerably, and only changes were made by Visoko's forces by capturing nearby Zimča and other minor hills which only prevented town being surrounded which was accomplished. Visoko itself was heavily damaged; especially, economic resources and factories were purposely hit, damaged and destroyed. The damage to the economy was about $200 million. For four years of war Visoko area units lost 297 soldiers, 600 were wounded and disabled. 23 soldiers from Visoko area got highest ranking in ARBiH Zlatni Ljiljan (Golden Lily), and 19 members of police got Golden Police Star. Civilians also suffered, many of them wounded or killed, although, throughout the whole war, Visoko served as a center for refugees across Bosnia and Herzegovina, as it was considered well defended by their units, thus Visoko was a logistical center of Army BiH because it had industrial capacity and an improvised aerodrome.

Bosnian pyramids claims

Visočica is a hill overlooking the town of Visoko. In October 2005, Bosnian native and author Semir Osmanagić claimed that this hill and several surrounding hills concealed pyramids.[21]

Scientific investigations of the site show there is no pyramid.[22][23][24] Additionally, scientists have criticised the Bosnian authorities for supporting the pyramid claim saying, "This scheme is a cruel hoax on an unsuspecting public and has no place in the world of genuine science."[25]

Bosnian archaeologists have asked that the government cancel the digging permits given to Osmanagić and concentrate on work on the medieval town.[26]

Economy

Traditional Bosnian facility for processing leather
The building on the right side of the picture was the former center of the company Velepromet from the time of Socialist Yugoslavia

Visoko, experienced intensive modernization during the socialist era until 1991 with industrial exports accounting for a significant proportion of the town's economic activity. Official Yugoslav data from 1991 state that Visoko achieved over 1 million dollars worth of export. The town's economy was led by 20 sizable enterprises operating in the leather and textile industrial sectors led by KTK and Vitex.

Convertible mark). Still, even the heavy bombardment by artillery
and aircraft didn't stop Visoko's industry from producing goods for the army and civil population of Visoko and area.

Post-war economy still relies on leather industry as

coffee pot in the world. Visoko is traditionally known for its dried meat products like sujuk, and was made at least from the 1750s.[27][28] Best known product is "Visočka pečenica" which is permanent charcuterie product obtained from high quality parts of beef, dry salted only with kitchen salt and cold smoked and dried. Association of meat processors from Visoko was founded which goal is to create and geographically protect "Visočka pečenica" as a brand[29][30] with official application submitted on 29 January.[31]

Tourism

From 2006, tens of thousands[11][12] of tourists have visited Visoko because of Semir Osmanagić discredited Bosnian pyramid claims. The city invested around €250,000 (500,000 KM) for tourism in 2018[32]

Education

There is not much detailed data about

cosmogeny and ethics. There are four documents that directly or indirectly point to existence of the high academy in the Visoko area. Modern education started with introduction of Rüşdiye's — Ottoman parallel to European high schools of that time, built in 1870, closed after Austro-Hungarian annexation in 1879. Around 1881. new authorities established Municipal schools where classes were held in various houses. In 1910 first proper school was built by the Austro-Hungarian authorities, which still stands today. In 1900 Franciscan gymnasium
was relocated from Guča Gora to Visoko. As leather industry played big part in Visoko's economy, in 1929. Leather school was formed.

Society and culture

Concrete bridge built in 1928.

National monuments and architecture

Tabačka (Tabačica) mosque in Visoko, Bosnia, national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina

There are 6 National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Visoko:

Šerefudin's White Mosque is of great architectural importance to the city and area. The mosque's architect was Zlatko Ugljen. Its most notable award came in 1983, when it received the Aga Khan Award for Architecture.[39]

Museums

In Visoko there is a homeland museum which exhibits the cultural and historic heritage of the Visoko area, and Bosnia. Most of the exhibits are related to the

woodcarving
.

Health

Visoko has a

health centre with polyclinic
which was built in 1953. In 2006 polyclinic was modernized with modern laboratory and computer equipment.

Music

In nearby Mulići there is Sevdah Institute of Omer Pobrić, whose mission is to preserve Bosniak music, tradition, and sevdalinka.

Sport

Stadium Luke, home of NK Bosna Visoko, winner of the Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup in 1999.
RK Bosna Visoko playing at their home Mladost hall. Handball is the most popular sport in Visoko.

Organized sports began to emerge with the opening of confessional and state schools. In 1909, the Soko society was formed and supported many sports activities. The building of the sports center on 16 June 1934 let developing men and women play volleyball, football, and later

EHF Cup, to eventual champions RK Metković
Jumbo.

Football club NK Bosna Visoko was the winner of the Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup and the Supercup of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1999. In Yugoslavia, the club managed to enter the Second League in 1963. Aero club "Izet Kurtalić", formed in 1960, was the most successful team in the country, winning numerous domestic and international events.

From 28 February to 2 March 2008 Visoko's hall Mladost was host of Group 2 qualifiers for

Brasil
.

Club Leagues Venue Established
RK Bosna Visoko Premier handball league Hall "Mladost" 1953
NK Bosna Visoko Second League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Luke Stadium 1923 (Jadran), 1934 (Radnički); Merged in 1953

Notable people

Twin towns – sister cities

Visoko is twinned with:[41]

See also

  • Old town Visoki

Sources

  • Strategija razvoja općine Visoko
  • Ćošković, Pejo (2009), Kotromanići (in Croatian), Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža
  • Anđelić, Pavao (1984), Doba stare bosanske države, Visoko i okolina kroz historiju 1, Visoko 1984, 101-309, lat. (in Serbo-Croatian), Skupština Općine Visoko
  • Filipović, Milenko S. (2002), Visočka nahija (in Serbian), Mak,
  • Vego, Marko (1982), Postanak srednjovjekovne bosanske države (in Serbo-Croatian), Svjetlost
  • Anđelić, Pavao (1973), "Bobovac i Kraljeva Sutjeska, Sarajevo", Informatica Museologica (in Serbo-Croatian), 6 (29): 8–0
  • Kujundžić-Vejzagić, Muller; Rassmann, Schuler (2004), Okolište – iskopavanje i geofizička prospekcija centralnobosanskog tel-naselja iz prve polovine petog milenija prije n.e (in Bosnian), Centar za balkanološka ispitivanja, ANUBiH, Sarajevo
  • Kreševljaković, Hamdija (1934), Visoko (in Bosnian)

References

  1. ^ "Federacija BiH dobila sedam novih gradova". Klix.ba (in Bosnian). Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  2. ^ "Naseljena Mjesta 1991/2013" (in Bosnian). Statistical Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  3. ^ "Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika". old.kons.gov.ba. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  4. .
  5. ^ Pavao Anđelić (Doba stare bosanske države, Visoko i okolina kroz historiju 1, Visoko 1984, 105)
  6. ^ Pavao Anđelić, Srednji vijek – Doba stare bosanske države, "Visoko i okolina kroz historiju I, Visoko 1984, 160–162
  7. ^ Šabanović, "Dvije najstarije vakufname u Bosni", 35.
  8. ^ "Danas 117. godišnjica visočke jangije: Požar u kojem je izgorjela cijela čaršija". Avaz.ba (in Bosnian). 11 November 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  9. ^ "Strategija razvoja Općine Visoko" (PDF).
  10. .
  11. ^ a b "POZITIVAN PRIMJER | Visoko vrvi od turista, svi dobro znamo zašto, ali vlast to ne zanima". Avaz.ba (in Bosnian). 25 August 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  12. ^ a b PORTAL, Oslobođenje (5 August 2017). "Turistička ponuda Visokog dostupna na internet platformi". Oslobođenje d.o.o. (in Bosnian). Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  13. ^ "Bosnian 'pyramids', shunned by archaeologists, still draw tourists". euronews.com. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  14. ^ Crosby, Alan; Bilic, Ivana (9 September 2017). "Whether Real Or A Hoax, Bosnian 'Pyramids' Bringing Concrete Benefits To Town". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  15. .
  16. ^ .
  17. ^ O grobnici Vratnica, Gornji Skladovi, Visoko v. Mesihović, 2007 A, 788-791
  18. ^ „Dezidijati“: Identitetski konstrukt između antičkih i suvremenih percepcija, Danijel Džino, str. 81
  19. ^ Vego 1982, p. 77.
  20. ^ Filipović 2002, p. 203.
  21. ^ "European press review". BBC News. 26 October 2005. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
  22. ^ Pyramid No More, Sub Rosa, Issue 6, Oct 2006.
  23. ^ The great Bosnian pyramid scheme by Anthony Harding - British Archaeology, Issue 92, January/February 2007
  24. ^ John Bohannon, Mad About Pyramids, Science Magazine, 22 September 2006.
  25. ^ Declaration from the European Association of Archaeologists Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 11 December 2006
  26. ^ "Archaeologists find medieval artefacts on Mt. Visocica, disparage pyramid seeker". Archived from the original on 22 October 2008.
  27. ^ "Strategija razvoja Općine Visoko" (PDF).
  28. ^ "Dried beef from Visoko - new BiH brand?". Independent Balkan News Agency. 29 December 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  29. ISSN 1332-0025
    .
  30. .
  31. ^ "Službeni List- Pregled Dokumenta". www.sluzbenilist.ba. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  32. ^ "OPĆINA VISOKO U 2018. GODINI ULAŽE 500.000 km U RAZVOJ TURIZMA". visoko.gov.ba. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  33. ^ "Commission to preserve national monuments". old.kons.gov.ba. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  34. ^ "Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika". old.kons.gov.ba. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  35. ^ "Commission to preserve national monuments". old.kons.gov.ba. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  36. ^ "Commission to preserve national monuments". old.kons.gov.ba. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  37. ^ "Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika". old.kons.gov.ba. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  38. ^ "Commission to preserve national monuments". old.kons.gov.ba. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  39. ^ "Sherefudin's White Mosque | Aga Khan Development Network". www.akdn.org. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  40. ^ "Child six billion hopes for peace as population races on to next milestone". The Guardian. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  41. ^ "Sestrinski gradovi". visoko.gov.ba (in Bosnian). Visoko. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
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