Vitis riparia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For a similar species also called frost grape, see Vitis vulpina.

Vitis riparia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Vitales
Family: Vitaceae
Genus: Vitis
Species:
V. riparia
Binomial name
Vitis riparia

Vitis riparia Michx, with

canopy of the tallest trees. It produces dark fruit that are appealing to both birds and people, and has been used extensively in commercial viticulture as grafted rootstock and in hybrid grape
breeding programs.

Riverbank grape is a translation of the scientific name Vitis riparia; rīpārius means "of riverbanks" in Latin,[3] deriving from rīpa "riverbank".

Description

Mature vines have loose, fissured bark, and may attain several inches in diameter. Leaves are alternate, often with opposite tendrils or inflorescences, coarsely toothed, 5–25 cm (2.0–9.8 in) long and 5–20 cm (2.0–7.9 in) broad, sometimes with sparse hairs on the underside of veins.

V. riparia is functionally

perfect flowers, large clusters, large berries, and sweet fruit are among the known variations. However, some observers consider such variations as evidence of natural hybridization with other species of grapes
.

Habitat

Vitis riparia has the largest geographical range of any of the North American Vitis species. It is present across nearly the entire eastern half of North America, from southern Quebec, to Piedmont, Alabama, and the Carolinas but absent of the coastal plains and the westerner parts of North America of the

great plains. Variants of the species have been observed as far north as Riding Mountain National Park in Manitoba, Canada and as far west as Montana, Nebraska, and North Dakota
.

In the wild, the vine thrives along exposed areas with good sun exposure and adequate soil moisture, such as riverbanks, forest clearings, fence lines and along road sides. The species has adapted to a variety of soil chemistries.

Frost grapes (Southeast Michigan)
Frost grapes, immature grapes, and leaves (Late summer, Southeast Michigan)

Cold hardiness and disease resistance

Some V. riparia vines have been known to withstand temperatures as low as −57 °C (−71 °F).

black rot, and the roots resistant to phylloxera
. The berries, however, are often sensitive to mildew and black rot if the vine is exposed to prolonged wet and humid conditions.

Uses

Perhaps the most significant agricultural usage of V. riparia is as grafted rootstock for Vitis vinifera. Important advantages of the use of V. riparia (and hybrids between it and other Vitis species) include resistance to phylloxera and adaptation to variant soil types.

Due to the extensive

hybrid grapes are notable examples of these attempts. V. riparia has been used extensively for over a hundred years to create hardy hybrids. Many V. riparia hybrids are currently being used and investigated by plant breeders and in breeding programs such as those conducted by the University of Minnesota's horticulture program in an effort to make a commercially viable wine grape that can survive the northern climate of the Upper Midwest. Examples of commercially important cultivars with significant V. Riparia ancestry include Baco noir, Marechal Foch, Triomphe d'Alsace and Frontenac
.

While V. riparia shares many important characteristics with its cousin,

herbaceous
aromas in wine produced from it have made it unusable on its own for commercial viticulture.

These grapes are sometimes used to make flavorful homemade

jams, and wine.[6]

Gallery

  • Vitis riparia
  • Botanical garden in Berlin, Germany.
    Botanical garden in Berlin, Germany.
  • Vitis riparia in Germany
    Vitis riparia in Germany
  • Ontario, Canada
    Ontario, Canada
  • Vitis riparia leaf
    Vitis riparia leaf
  • Riparia gloire de Montpellier (rootstock)
    Riparia gloire de Montpellier (rootstock)

References

  1. ^ "Vitis riparia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  2. ^ "Vitis riparia". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  3. ^ a b Burnham, Robyn J. (2014). "Vitis riparia". CLIMBERS: Censusing Lianas in Mesic Biomes of Eastern Regions. University of Michigan College of Literature, Sciences and the Arts.
  4. ^ Moore, Michael O. (2016). "Vitis riparia". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 12. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  5. ^ Rombough, Lon. The Grape Grower Chelsea Green Publishing, 2002. p. 218.
  6. OCLC 244766414
    .
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