Vittorio Emanuele Orlando
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando | |
---|---|
Ex officio)[1] | |
Member of the Constituent Assembly | |
In office 25 June 1946 – 31 January 1948 | |
Constituency | Italy at-large |
Member of the Chamber of Deputies | |
In office 5 April 1897 – 21 January 1929 | |
Constituency | Partinico |
Personal details | |
Born | |
Alma mater | University of Palermo |
Profession | Jurist, teacher, politician |
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (19 May 1860 – 1 December 1952) was an Italian statesman, who served as the
Early life and career
Orlando was born in Palermo, Sicily. His father, a landed gentleman, delayed venturing out to register his son's birth for fear of Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand, who had just stormed into Sicily on the first leg of their march to build an Italian nation.[4]
Orlando taught law at the University of Palermo and was recognized as an eminent jurist.
Prime Minister
A liberal, Orlando served in various roles as a minister. In 1903, he served as Minister of Education under Prime Minister Giolitti. In 1907, he was appointed Minister of Justice, a role he retained until 1909. He was re-appointed to the same ministry in November 1914 in the government of Antonio Salandra until his appointment as Minister of the Interior in June 1916 under Paolo Boselli.
After the Italian military disaster in
With the Austro-Hungarian offensive stopped by Diaz at the
Paris Peace Conference
Orlando was one of the
Their differences proved to be disastrous during the negotiations. Orlando was prepared to renounce territorial claims for Dalmatia to annex
Orlando dramatically left the conference early on April 24, 1919.[14] He returned briefly the following month, but was forced to resign just days before the signing of the resultant Treaty of Versailles. The fact he was not a signatory to the treaty became a point of pride for him later in his life.[15] French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau dubbed him "The Weeper," and Orlando himself recalled proudly: "When ... I knew they would not give us what we were entitled to ... I writhed on the floor. I knocked my head against the wall. I cried. I wanted to die."[4]
His political position was seriously undermined by his failure to secure Italian interests at the Paris Peace Conference. Orlando resigned on 23 June 1919, following his inability to acquire
Fascism and final years
When Benito Mussolini seized power in 1922, Orlando initially tactically supported him, but broke with him over the murder of Giacomo Matteotti in 1924. After that, he abandoned politics and resigned from the Chamber of Deputies in 1925,[16] until 1935, when Mussolini's march into Ethiopia stirred Orlando's nationalism. He reappeared briefly in the political spotlight when he wrote Mussolini a supportive letter.[4]
In 1944, he made something of a political comeback. With the
Controversies
Orlando was a controversial figure. Some authors criticize the blunt way he represented Italy at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, in contrast to his more diplomatic foreign minister Sidney Sonnino. Other authors say that Orlando was connected to the Mafia and mafiosi from beginning to end of his long parliamentary career,[17] but no court ever investigated the issue. A Mafia pentito and state witness, Tommaso Buscetta, claimed that Orlando was himself actually a member of the Mafia, a man of honour.[18] In Partinico, he was supported by the Mafia boss Frank Coppola, who had been deported back to Italy from the US.[19]
In 1925, Orlando stated in the Italian senate that he was proud of being mafioso and intended it to mean a "man of honor" but making no admission of links to organized crime, saying that "if by the word 'mafia' we understand a sense of honour pitched in the highest key; a refusal to tolerate anyone's prominence or overbearing behaviour; ... a generosity of spirit which, while it meets strength head on, is indulgent to the weak; loyalty to friends ... If such feelings and such behaviour are what people mean by 'the mafia', ... then we are actually speaking of the special characteristics of the Sicilian soul: and I declare that I am a mafioso, and proud to be one."[20][21]
He maintained a strong rivalry with the prominent statesman and party colleague
Works
- Della riforma elettorale, Milano, 1881
- La riforma elettorale. Milano: Hoepli. 1883.
- Le fratellanze artigiane in Italia, Firenze, 1884
- Della resistenza politica individuale e collettiva, Torino, 1885
- Principi di diritto costituzionale, Firenze, 1889
- Principi di diritto amministrativo, Firenze, 1890
- Principii di diritto amministrativo. Firenze: G. Barbera. 1915.
- Teoria giuridica delle guarentigie della libertà, Torino, 1890
- Primo trattato completo di diritto amministrativo italiano. Vol. 1. Milano: Società Editrice Libraria. 1900.
- Primo trattato completo di diritto amministrativo italiano. Vol. 2. Milano: Società Editrice Libraria. 1915.
- Primo trattato completo di diritto amministrativo italiano. Vol. 2. Milano: Società Editrice Libraria. 1935.
- Primo trattato completo di diritto amministrativo italiano. Vol. 3. Milano: Società Editrice Libraria. 1907.
- Primo trattato completo di diritto amministrativo italiano. Vol. 4. Milano: Società Editrice Libraria. 1904.
- Primo trattato completo di diritto amministrativo italiano. Vol. 4. Milano: Società Editrice Libraria. 1905.
- Primo trattato completo di diritto amministrativo italiano. Vol. 5. Milano: Società Editrice Libraria. 1930.
- Primo trattato completo di diritto amministrativo italiano. Vol. 6. Milano: Società Editrice Libraria. 1930.
- Primo trattato completo di diritto amministrativo italiano. Vol. 10. Milano: Società Editrice Libraria. 1930.
- Primo trattato completo di diritto amministrativo italiano. Vol. 10. Milano: Società Editrice Libraria. 1932.
- La giustizia amministrativa, Milano, 1901
- Le régime parlamentaire en Italie, Parigi, 1907
- Lo Stato e la realtà, Milano, 1911
- Discorsi per la guerra, Roma, 1919
- Crispi, Palermo, 1923
- Discorsi per la guerra e per la pace, Foligno, 1923
- Diritto pubblico generale e diritto pubblico positivo, Milano, 1924
- Recenti indirizzi circa i rapporti fra diritto e Stato, Tivoli, 1926
- L'opera storica di Michele Amari, Milano, 1928
- Su alcuni miei rapporti di governo con la Santa Sede, Napoli, 1929
- Immunità parlamentari e organi sovrani, Tivoli, 1933
- Diritto pubblico generale, Milano, 1940
- Scritti vari di diritto pubblico e scienza politica, Milano, 1940
- Discorsi parlamentari, Bologna, 2002
References
- ^ As a member of the Constituent Assembly he was automatically nominated senator.
- ^ (in Italian) Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, Incarichi di governo, Parlamento italiano (Accessed May 8, 2016)
- ^ (in Italian) Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, Organi parlamentari, Parlamento italiano (Accessed May 8, 2016)
- ^ a b c d Last of the Big Four, obituary of Orlando in Time, December 8, 1952
- ^ a b c Tucker, Encyclopedia Of World War I, pp. 865-66
- ^ Servadio, Mafioso, p. 71
- ^ Marshall, S. L. A. The American Heritage History of World War I. New York. Page 215.
- ^ Wilcox, Vanda. "Italy in the Era of the Great War." Brill. April 2018. Page 204-205.
- ^ Vanda, page 205
- ^ Vanda, page 206
- ^ MacMillan, Paris 1919, p. xxviii
- ^ MacMillan, Paris 1919, p. 274
- ^ Lauren, Power And Prejudice, p.92
- ^ Signor Orlando Returns to Rome: The Financial Times (London, England),Friday, April 25, 1919; pg. 3; Edition 9525.
- ^ MacMillan, Paris 1919, p. 302
- ^ Orlando Out, Time Magazine, August 17, 1925
- ^ Arlacchi, Mafia Business, p. 43
- ^ Dickie, Cosa Nostra, p. 184
- ^ Servadio, Mafioso, p. 252
- ^ Arlacchi, Mafia Business, p. 181
- ^ Dickie, Cosa Nostra, p. 183
- ^ Andreotti & Delleani, Visti da vicino, p.46
- ^ Fruttero & Gramellini, La Patria, bene o male
Further reading
- Albrecht-Carrié, René. "New Light on Italian Problems in 1919" Journal of Modern History 13#4 (1941), pp. 493–516 online
- Arlacchi, Pino (1988). Mafia Business. The Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-285197-7
- Di Scala, Spencer. Vittorio Orlando: Italy. (Haus Publishing, 2010).
- Dickie, John (2004). Cosa Nostra. A history of the Sicilian Mafia, London: Coronet, ISBN 0-340-82435-2
- Lauren, Paul G. (1988). Power And Prejudice: The Politics And Diplomacy Of Racial Discrimination, Boulder (CO): Westview Press, ISBN 0-8133-0678-7
- Macmillan, Margaret (2002). Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World, New York: Random House, ISBN 0-375-76052-0
- Procacci, Giovanna. "Italy: From Interventionism to Fascism, 1917-1919." Journal of contemporary history 3.4 (1968): 153-176.
- Servadio, Gaia (1976). Mafioso. A history of the Mafia from its origins to the present day, London: Secker & Warburg, ISBN 0-440-55104-8
- Tucker, Spencer C. & Priscilla Mary Roberts (eds.), (2005). Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History, Santa Barbara (CA): ABC-CLIO
In Italian
- ISBN 88-17850934
- ISBN 978-8852017421