Vivartavada
Vivartavada is an Advaita Vedanta theory of causation, postulated by post-Shankara Advaita advaitins,[1] regarding the universe as an "illusory transformation" of Brahman.[2]
Etymology
The
Meaning
All schools of Vedānta subscribe to the theory of
the world is merely an unreal manifestation (vivarta) of Brahman. Vivartavada states that although Brahman appears to undergo a transformation, in fact no real change takes place. The myriad of beings are unreal manifestation, as the only real being is Brahman, that ultimate reality which is unborn, unchanging, and entirely without parts.[3]
The Brahma Sutras, the ancient Vedantins, most sub-schools of Vedānta,[3][web 2] as well as Samkhya argue for parinamavada.[web 2] The "most visible advocates of Vivartavada," states Nicholson, are the Advaitins, the followers of Shankara.[3] "Although the world can be described as conventionally real," adds Nicholson, "the Advaitins claim that all of Brahman's effects must ultimately be acknowledged as unreal before the individual self can be liberated."[web 2]
Yet, scholars disagree on whether Adi Shankara and his Advaita system explain causality through
Rejection
Vijnanabhiksu portrays casual relation as having three terms: unchangeable locus cause, changeable locus cause and effect. The locus cause is inseparable from and does not inhere in the changeable cause and the effect.[7]
The Pratyabhijna philosophy of Somananda refutes the Arambhvada (the 'Realistic view' of the
Whereas
Notes
- ^ According to Hugh Nicholson, "the definitive study on the development of the concept of vivarta in Indian philosophy, and in Advaita Vedanta in particular, remains Hacker's Vivarta.[5] To Shankara, the word maya has hardly any terminological weight.[6]
- ^ Compare the misunderstanding of Yogacharas concept of vijñapti-mātra, 'representation-only', as 'consciousness-only'.
References
- ^ King 1999, p. 221.
- ^ King 1999, p. 220.
- ^ a b c d e Nicholson 2010, p. 27.
- ^ a b Mayeda 2006, pp. 25–27.
- ^ Hugh Nicholson 2011, pp. 266 note 20, 167–170.
- ^ Hugh Nicholson 2011, p. 266 note 21.
- Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History. Columbia University Press. p. 48.
- ^ Krishan Lal Kala (1985). The Literary Heritage of Kashmir. Mittal Publications. p. 278.
- ISBN 9788120809369.
- ^ Devarshi Ramanath Shastri, “Shuddhadvaita Darshan (Vol.2)”, Published by Mota Mandir, Bhoiwada, Mumbai, India, 1917.
- ^ “Brahmavād Saṅgraha”, Pub. Vaishnava Mitra Mandal Sarvajanik Nyasa, Indore, India, 2014.
Sources
- Printed sources
- Hugh Nicholson (2011). Comparative Theology and the Problem of Religious Rivalry. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-977286-5.
- King, Richard (1999), Indian philosophy: an introduction to Hindu and Buddhist thought, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-87840-756-1
- Mayeda, Sengaku (2006), "An Introduction to the Life and Thought of Sankara", in Mayeda, Sengaku (ed.), A Thousand Teachings: The Upadeśasāhasrī of Śaṅkara, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120827714
- Nicholson, Andrew J. (2010), Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History, Columbia University Press
- Web-sources
- ^ "Sanskrit dictionary". Spokensanskrit.de.
- ^ a b c d e f Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Bhedābheda Vedānta