Vladimir, Russia
Vladimir
Владимир | |
---|---|
City[1] | |
Postal code(s)[10] | 600000, 600001, 600003, 600005–600009, 600014–600018, 600020–600028, 600031–600033, 600035–600038, 600700, 600950, 600960, 600970, 600980, 600999, 992800 |
Dialing code(s) | +7 4922 |
OKTMO ID | 17701000001 |
City Day | The first Sunday of September |
Website | www |
Vladimir (
History
Vladimir was
).Foundation
The founding date of Vladimir is disputed between 990 and 1108. In the Novgorod First Chronicle, Vladimir is mentioned under the year 1108, and during the Soviet period, this year was decreed to be its foundation year with the view that attributes the founding of the city, and its name, to Vladimir Monomakh, who inherited the region as part of the Rostov-Suzdal Principality in 1093.[13] It is named there as Volodimer.[14] The chronicles also describe how inhabitants from neighbouring towns, namely Suzdal and Rostov, alluded to Vladimir as a young town.[15] Accordingly, the 850th anniversary of the city foundation was celebrated in 1958, with many monuments from the celebrations adorning the city; this enabled Nikita Khrushchev, who recently took power in the Soviet Union, to link his administration with early Russian history.
In the 1990s, a new opinion developed that the city was instead founded in 990 by Vladimir the Great, with local historians supporting the alternative foundation date and citing various chronicle sources.[16][17] Scholars reinterpreted certain passages in the Hypatian Codex, which mentions that the region was visited by Vladimir the Great, the "father" of Russian Orthodoxy, in 990, so as to move the city foundation date to that year. The Charter of Vladimir, the basic law of the city passed in 2005, explicitly mentions 990 as the date of the city's foundation.[18][19] The city administration officially recognizes 990 as the foundation date.[20]
Vladimir-Suzdal
The city's most historically significant events occurred after the turn of the 12th century. Serving its original purpose as a defensive outpost for the
Under Dolgoruky's son,
Scores of Russian, German, and Georgian masons worked on Vladimir's white stone cathedrals, monastery, towers, and palaces. Unlike any other northern buildings, their exterior was elaborately carved with high relief stone sculptures. Only three of these edifices stand today: the Dormition Cathedral, the Cathedral of Saint Demetrius, and the Golden Gate. They are included among the White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. During Andrey's reign, a royal palace in
Vladimir was besieged by the
Grand Principality of Moscow
After the Mongols, Vladimir never fully recovered. The most important Rus' prince (usually the Prince of Moscow, but sometimes a Tver or another principality) was styled the Grand Prince of Vladimir, but the title had become an honorific symbol of majesty. From 1299 to 1325, the city was seat of the metropolitans of Kiev and All Rus', until Metropolitan Peter moved the See to Moscow in 1325.
The Grand Princes of Vladimir were originally crowned in Vladimir's Assumption Cathedral, but when Moscow superseded Vladimir in the 14th century as the seat of the Grand Prince, the Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin became the site of their coronation. The Moscow cathedral was loosely copied by the Italian architect Aristotele Fioravanti from Vladimir's original.
After the rise of Moscow, Grand Princes of Moscow continued to build several new churches in Vladimir. Notable examples include the Annunciation Church at Snovitsy (ca. 1501), three kilometers northwest of the city, and a church in the
Imperial Russia
Remains of the prince-saint Alexander Nevsky were kept in the ancient Nativity Abbey of Vladimir until 1703, when Peter the Great had them transferred to the Monastery (now Lavra) of Alexander Nevsky in St. Petersburg. The Nativity Church (built from 1191 to 1196) collapsed several years later, after workmen tried to fashion more windows in its walls in an effort to brighten the interior.
The city was the center of Vladimir Province , part of Moscow Governorate from its establishment by Peter the Great in 1708. Vladimir was separated from Moscow Governorate and made the center of a new Vladimir Viceroyalty by a ukase of Catherine the Great in 1778. In 1796, Paul I's administrative reform transformed the viceroyalty into the Vladimir Governorate in the same borders.
In the years 1838–1840,
In December 1858 the city began to operate
On November 29, 1898, Vladimir provincial scientific archival commission was established.
Soviet Union
After the establishment of Soviet power, many streets were renamed in Vladimir; most of the parish churches were closed and condemned to be demolished.
In the first decades of Soviet rule industrialization occurred in Vladimir. On January 14, 1929, the Vladimir Governorate was abolished and the city became part of the newly formed
On August 14, 1944, Vladimir became the administrative center of a new Vladimir Oblast carved from Ivanovo Oblast. In 1950 from the basis of the teachers' institute the Vladimir Pedagogical Institute was created. On November 5, 1952, the first trolleybus line began to operate in the city.
In 1958 the Vladimir–Suzdal Museum and Reserve was created, composed of a group of unique architectural monuments of Russian defense and church architecture. The monuments are located in three cities—Vladimir, Suzdal and Gus-Khrustalny—as well as villages of Bogolyubovo and Kideksha.
Architecture of the Soviet period is present in structures such as building complexes and polytechnic colleges, the
Administrative and municipal status
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1897 | 28,479 | — |
1926 | 37,004 | +29.9% |
1939 | 66,797 | +80.5% |
1959 | 153,895 | +130.4% |
1970 | 234,087 | +52.1% |
1979 | 296,371 | +26.6% |
1989 | 349,702 | +18.0% |
2002 | 315,954 | −9.7% |
2010 | 345,373 | +9.3% |
2021 | 349,951 | +1.3% |
Source: Census data |
Vladimir is the
Economy and military
Vladimir is home to several electrical and chemical factories, several food processing plants and two large thermal power stations. Tourism related to the historical sites is a major contributor to the city's economy.
The headquarters of the
Transportation
Since 1861, there has been a
Vladimir bus service links the city to all the district centers of Vladimir Oblast, as well as Moscow, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, Yaroslavl and other cities.
At least 20 pairs of long-distance trains pass daily through Vladimir station, giving Vladimir year-round direct rail links to Moscow (
Vladimir also possesses a developed suburban rail system. It was the only city in Russia with concurrent commuter trains two Russian cities with subways.[citation needed] The city is served by the Semyazino Airport 5 km west of the city center.
Gallery
-
Vladimir railway station, August 2008
-
Trolleybus ZiU-9
-
Trolza-5275 low-entry trolleybus
-
A trolleybus route #1
-
A bus route #26
-
The bus terminal in Vladimir
Population
Population: 349,951 (2021 Census);[11] 345,373 (2010 Russian census);[6] 315,954 (2002 Census);[24] 349,702 (1989 Soviet census).[25]
Climate
Vladimir experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with long, cold winters and short, warm summers.
Climate data for Vladimir (1991–2020, extremes 1902–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 7.1 (44.8) |
9.5 (49.1) |
17.8 (64.0) |
27.8 (82.0) |
34.0 (93.2) |
35.2 (95.4) |
37.1 (98.8) |
36.5 (97.7) |
29.5 (85.1) |
25.0 (77.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
12.0 (53.6) |
37.1 (98.8) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −5.5 (22.1) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
1.8 (35.2) |
11.1 (52.0) |
19.1 (66.4) |
22.2 (72.0) |
24.6 (76.3) |
22.6 (72.7) |
16.3 (61.3) |
8.2 (46.8) |
0.3 (32.5) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
9.4 (48.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −8.3 (17.1) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
5.8 (42.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
16.6 (61.9) |
19.0 (66.2) |
16.9 (62.4) |
11.4 (52.5) |
4.9 (40.8) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
5.1 (41.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −10.9 (12.4) |
−10.6 (12.9) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
1.4 (34.5) |
7.7 (45.9) |
11.7 (53.1) |
14.1 (57.4) |
12.3 (54.1) |
7.7 (45.9) |
2.4 (36.3) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
1.5 (34.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −39.7 (−39.5) |
−36.1 (−33.0) |
−30.0 (−22.0) |
−16.1 (3.0) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
3.9 (39.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
−18.9 (−2.0) |
−27.2 (−17.0) |
−43.0 (−45.4) |
−43.0 (−45.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 40 (1.6) |
33 (1.3) |
29 (1.1) |
36 (1.4) |
46 (1.8) |
71 (2.8) |
65 (2.6) |
54 (2.1) |
50 (2.0) |
55 (2.2) |
45 (1.8) |
39 (1.5) |
563 (22.2) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 28 (11) |
41 (16) |
35 (14) |
5 (2.0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
6 (2.4) |
17 (6.7) |
41 (16) |
Average rainy days | 5 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 10 | 5 | 135 |
Average snowy days | 26 | 23 | 16 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 18 | 25 | 122 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
86 | 82 | 76 | 71 | 67 | 73 | 76 | 79 | 82 | 85 | 88 | 87 | 79 |
Source: Pogoda.ru.net[26] |
Sightseeing
Modern-day Vladimir is a part of the Golden Ring of ancient Russian cities and a popular tourist destination. Its three chief monuments, White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal, inscribed by UNESCO on the World Heritage List, are the following:
- The magnificent five-domed Daniil Chyorny in 1408. In 1810, a lofty bell-tower was added in Neoclassicalstyle.
- The helmet-domed Friedrich Barbarossa's masons, and carvers sent by Queen Tamar of Georgia.
- The Golden Gate, originally a tower over the city's main gate, was built in 1158–1164. The gate acquired its present form after having been reconstructed in the late 18th century, to prevent the dilapidated structure from tumbling down.
Other remarkable monuments of pre-Mongol
-
View of Vladimir
-
Public park in Vladimir
-
Assumption Cathedral
-
Cathedral of Saint Demetrius
-
Golden Gate
Education
Vladimir is the site of the following education establishments:
- Vladimir State University
- Vladimir branch of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
- Vladimir branch of Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
- Vladimir branch of the Russian University of Cooperation
- Vladimir Law Institute under the Ministry of Justice
- Vladimir Business Institute
- Vladimir Aviation Mechanics College
- Vladimir Pedagogical College
- Vladimir Polytechnic College
- Vladimir Basic Medical College
- Vladimir Construction College
- Vladimir Regional College of Music
- Vladimir Economy and Technology College
- Vladimir College of Technology
- Vladimir Industrial College
- Vladimir Chemical and Mechanical College
- College of Innovative Technologies and Entrepreneurship at Vladimir State University
Vladimir is also home to the Federal Centre for Animal Health and Welfare.
Sports
The city
Vladimir VC (previously known as Skat and Dinamo Vladimir) represents the city in Volleyball Major League B – Zone Europe. Vladimir is also home to Polaris-Vladimir ice hockey club, which competes in regional hockey competitions and Russian minor leagues, and Luch, which has both male and female table-tennis teams.
Twin towns – sister cities
- Anghiari, Italy
- Antalya, Turkey
- Babruysk, Belarus
- Baoji, China
- Bloomington, United States
- Bukhara, Uzbekistan
- Campobasso, Italy
- Canterbury, England, United Kingdom
- Chongqing, China
- Erlangen, Germany
- Gagra, Georgia
- Haikou, China
- Kardzhali, Bulgaria
- Karlovo, Bulgaria
- Kerava, Finland
- Khujand, Tajikistan
- Leninsky (Minsk), Belarus
- Normal, United States
- Saintes, France
- Sarasota, United States
- Skive, Denmark
- Vawkavysk, Belarus
- Former twin towns, terminated in 2022 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine
- Jelenia Góra, Poland[28]
- Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic[29]
Notable people
- Valentin Afonin, association football player
- Yuri Lodigin, association football player
- Nikolai Andrianov, gymnast
- Vladimir Artemov, gymnast
- Aleksey Batalov, actor
- Mikhail Lazarev, admiral
- Yuri Levitan, radio announcer
- Anna Loginova, fashion model
- Alexey Prokurorov, cross-country skier
- Yuri Ryazanov, gymnast
- Vasily Shulgin, politician
- Mikhail Speransky, statesman
- Aleksandr Stoletov, physicist
- Nikolai Stoletov, general
- Sergei Taneyev, composer
- Dmitri Vyazmikin, association football player
- Venedikt Yerofeyev, writer
- Denis Yevsikov, association football player
- Nikolay Zhukovsky, scientist
References
Notes
- ^ Resolution #433
- ^ a b c d e f Law #130-OZ
- ^ a b Charter of Vladimir, Article 23
- ^ Official website of Vladimir. Shokhin Andrey Stanislavovich, Head of the City of Vladimir (in Russian)
- ^ Управление Федеральной службы государственной регистрации, кадастра и картографии по Владимирской области. Доклад о состоянии и использовании земель Владимирской области в 2011 году. Город Владимир, форма 22[dead link] (in Russian)
- ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ a b c Law #189-OZ
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ Vladimir-on-Klyazma at the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary.
- ^ Воронин Н. Н. Из ранней истории Владимира и его округи. // Советская археология. — 1959. — № 4. — С. 74—81.
- ^ Larin, S. (January 1, 1958). Gorod Vladimir [1108-1958]: istoriko-ėkonomicheskiĭ ocherk (in Russian). Владимирское книжное изд-во.
- ^ Новгородская первая летопись старшего и младшего изводов. — М.—Л.: Академия наук СССР, 1950. — С. 467.
- ^ К вопросу о дате основания г. Владимира. / Ред. С. В. Шевченко. — Владимир: Местное время, 1992.
- ^ Из письма академика Лихачёва Дмитрия Сергеевича. Институт русской литературы (Пушкинский Дом).
- ^ Charter of Vladimir, Article 3.
- ^ "ИСТОРИЧЕСКАЯ СПРАВКА". vladimir-city.ru.
- ^ Письмо администрации города Владимира № 01-01-419 от 26 мая 2016 г.
- ^ Janet Martin, Medieval Russia: 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995), 100.
- ^ "History of Russian rail lines | Russian Railways". eng.rzd.ru. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
- ^ Train Station in Vladimir (in Russian)
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ "Weather and Climate - Vladimir Climate" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ "От Усти-на-Лабе до Карлово: зачем Владимиру города-побратимы?". provladimir.ru (in Russian). Pro Vladimir. August 6, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
- ^ "Zrywamy współpracę z rosyjskim Vladimirem" (in Polish). Retrieved March 27, 2022.
- ^ "Partnerská města" (in Czech). City of Ústí nad Labem. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
Sources
- Администрация Владимирской области. Постановление №433 от 13 июня 2007 г. «О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», в ред. Постановления №169 от 5 марта 2015 г. «О внесении изменения в Постановление Губернатора области от 13.06.2007 №433 "О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Владимирские ведомости", №114, 20 июня 2007 г. (Administration of Vladimir Oblast. Resolution #433 of June 13, 2007 On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Formations and Units of Vladimir Oblast, as amended by the Resolution #169 of March 5, 2015 On Amending Resolution #433 of the Oblast Governor of June 13, 2007 "On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Formations and Units of Vladimir Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
- Законодательное Собрание Владимирской области. Закон №130-ОЗ от 10 декабря 2001 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Владимирской области и о порядке его изменения», в ред. Закона №22-ОЗ от 18 марта 2014 г. «О признании утратившими силу части 1 статьи 15 Закона Владимирской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Владимирской области и о порядке его изменения" и пункта 3 статьи 1 Закона Владимирской области "О внесении изменений в Закон Владимирской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Владимирской области и о порядке его изменения"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования (13 декабря 2001 г.). Опубликован: "Владимирские ведомости", №232, 13 декабря 2001 г. (Legislative Assembly of Vladimir Oblast. Law #130-OZ of December 10, 2001 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vladimir Oblast and on Procedures for Its Change, as amended by the Law #22-OZ of March 18, 2014 On Abrogating Part 1 of Article 15 of the Law of Vladimir Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vladimir Oblast and on Procedures for Its Change" and Item 3 of Article 1 of the Law of Vladimir Oblast "On Amending the Law of Vladimir Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vladimir Oblast and on Procedures for Its Change". Effective as of the day of the official publication (December 13, 2001).).
- Законодательное Собрание Владимирской области. Закон №189-ОЗ от 26 ноября 2004 г. «О наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования город Владимир Владимирской области», в ред. Закона №108-ОЗ от 10 августа 2009 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Владимирской области "О наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования город Владимир Владимирской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования (1 декабря 2004 г.). Опубликован: "Владимирские ведомости", №333, 1 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Vladimir Oblast. Law #189-OZ of November 26, 2004 On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladimir of Vladimir Oblast, as amended by the Law #108-OZ of August 10, 2009 On Amending the Law of Vladimir Oblast "On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladimir of Vladimir Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication (December 1, 2004).).
- Владимирский городской Совет народных депутатов. Решение №231 от 29 июня 2005 г. «Устав муниципального образования город Владимир», в ред. Решения №157 от 26 августа 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования город Владимир». Вступил в силу 4 августа 2005 г. (за исключением отдельных положений, вступающих в силу в иные сроки). Опубликован: "Владимирские ведомости", №251–252, 4 августа 2005 г. (Vladimir City Council of People's Deputies. Decision #231 of June 29, 2005 Charter of the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladimir, as amended by the Decision #157 of August 26, 2015 On Amending the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladimir. Effective as of August 4, 2005 (except for certain clauses which take effect on different dates).).
Further reading
- Trudy Ring, ed. (1995). "Vladimir". International Dictionary of Historic Places: Northern Europe. FitzroyDearborn. ISBN 978-1-136-63944-9. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
- Craft Brumfield, William (2004). A History of Russian Architecture. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-98394-3.
External links
- Tourism portal of the Vladimir region, Russia
- Official website of Vladimir Archived March 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 169. .
- Tourist information on Vladimir
- The American Home in Vladimir