Vladimir K. Zworykin

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Vladimir K. Zworykin
IRE Medal of Honor, 1951, IEEE Edison Medal
, 1952

Vladimir Kosma Zworykin

cathode ray tubes. He played a role in the practical development of television from the early thirties, including charge storage-type tubes, infrared image tubes and the electron microscope.[8]

Early life and education

Vladimir Zworykin was born in Murom, Russia, in 1888 or 1889, to the family of a prosperous merchants. He had a relatively calm upbringing, and he rarely saw his father except on religious holidays.

He studied at the

cathode ray tube as a receiver, and a mechanical device as a transmitter. Its demonstration in 1911, based on an improved design, was the world's first demonstration of TV of any kind.[5]

Career

Zworykin graduated in 1912. He then studied X-rays under professor

River Ob to the Arctic Ocean as part of an expedition led by Russian scientist Innokenty P. Tolmachev, eventually arriving in the US at the end of 1918. He returned to Omsk, then capital of Admiral Kolchak's government in 1919, via Vladivostok, then to the United States again on official duties from the Omsk government. These duties ended with the collapse of the White movement
in Siberia at the death of Kolchak. Zworykin then decided to remain permanently in the US.

Zworykin demonstrates electronic television (1929).

Once in the U.S., Zworykin found work at the

Pittsburgh
where he eventually had an opportunity to engage in television experiments.

Zworykin applied for a television patent in the US in 1923. He summarized the resulting invention in two patent applications. The first, entitled "Television Systems", was filed on December 29, 1923, and was followed by a second application in 1925 of essentially the same content, but with minor changes and the addition of a Paget-type

RGB raster screen for color transmission and reception.[9] He was awarded a patent for the 1925 application in 1928,[9] and two patents for the 1923 application that was divided in 1931,[10][11] although the equipment described was never successfully demonstrated.[12][13][5]: 51, 2  Zworykin described cathode ray tubes as both transmitter and receiver. The operation, whose basic thrust was to prevent the emission of electrons between scansion cycles, was reminiscent of A. A. Campbell Swinton's proposal published in Nature in June 1908.[14][15]

Drawing from Zworykin's 1923 patent application Television System.[10][11]

The demonstration given (sometime in late 1925 or early 1926) by Zworykin was far from a success with the Westinghouse management, even though it showed the possibilities inherent in a system based on the cathode ray tube. He was told by management to "devote his time to more practical endeavours," yet continued his efforts to perfect his system.

As attested by his doctoral dissertation of 1926, earning him a

PhD from the University of Pittsburgh, his experiments were directed at improving the output of photoelectric cells. There were, however, limits to how far one could go along these lines, and so, in 1929, Zworykin returned to vibrating mirrors and facsimile transmission, filing patents describing these. At this time, however, he was also experimenting with an improved cathode ray receiving tube, filing a patent application for this in November 1929, and introducing the new receiver that he named the "kinescope", reading a paper two days later at a convention of the Institute of Radio Engineers
.

Having developed the prototype of the receiver by December, Zworykin met

Radio Corporation of America (RCA) at its factories and laboratories in Camden, New Jersey
.

The move to the RCA's Camden laboratories occurred in the spring of 1930, and the difficult task of developing a transmitter could begin. There was an in-house evaluation in mid-1930, where the kinescope performed well (but with only 60 lines definition),[16] and the transmitter was still of a mechanical type. A "breakthrough" would come when the Zworykin team decided to develop a new type of cathode ray transmitter, one described in the French and British patents of 1928 priority by the Hungarian inventor Kálmán Tihanyi whom the company had approached in July 1930, after the publication of his patents in England and France. This was a curious design, one where the scanning electron beam would strike the photoelectric cell from the same side where the optical image was cast. Even more importantly, it was a system characterized by an operation based on an entirely new principle, the principle of the accumulation and storage of charges during the entire time between two scansions by the cathode-ray beam.

Zworykin and some of the historic camera tubes he developed

According to Albert Abramson,[where?] Zworykin's experiments started in April 1931, and after the achievement of the first promising experimental transmitters, on October 23, 1931, it was decided that the new camera tube would be named the iconoscope. Zworykin first presented his iconoscope to RCA in 1932.[17] He continued work on it, and "[t]he image iconoscope, presented in 1934, was a result of a collaboration between Zworykin and RCA's licensee Telefunken. ... In 1935 the Reichspost started the public broadcastings using this tube and applying a 180 lines system."[17]

RCA filed an interference suit against rival television scientist

U.S. Patent Office rendered a decision in 1934 awarding priority of the invention of the image dissector to Farnsworth. RCA lost a subsequent appeal, but litigation over a variety of issues continued for several years with Sarnoff finally agreeing to pay Farnsworth royalties.[18][19] Zworykin received a patent in 1928 for a color transmission version of his 1923 patent application;[9] he also divided his original application in 1931, receiving a patent in 1935,[10] while a second one was eventually issued in 1938[11] by the Court of Appeals on a non-Farnsworth-related interference case,[20] and over the objection of the Patent Office.[21]

Later life

Zworykin married for a second time in 1951. His wife was Katherine Polevitzky (1888-1985), a Russian-born professor of bacteriology at the University of Pennsylvania. It was the second marriage for both. The ceremony was in Burlington, New Jersey.[22] A photographic record of his marriage and worldwide tour can be viewed online.[23] He retired in 1954.

New frontiers in

International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering. The Federation continues to honor outstanding research engineering with a Zworykin Award, the prize being travelling funds to the award's presentation at a World Congress.[24]

Death

Zworykin died on July 29, 1982, in Princeton, New Jersey.[7] His wife Katherine died on February 18, 1985.[25]

Honors

Vladimir Zworykin's patent diagram of an iconoscope, 1931,[26] with an apparatus similar to the camera part.[10][11]

Throughout his steady rise in rank, Zworykin remained involved in the many important developments of RCA and received several outstanding honours, including, in 1934, the

Morris Liebmann Memorial Prize from the Institute of Radio Engineers.[27]

In 1941, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[28]

He was awarded the

The Franklin Institute in 1947.[29]

He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1948.[30]

He was named honorary vice president of RCA in 1954.[4]

In 1966, the National Academy of Sciences, of which he was a member,[31] awarded him the National Medal of Science for his contributions to the instruments of science, engineering, and television and for his stimulation of the application of engineering to medicine.[4]

In 1967, Zworykin received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[32]

He was founder-president of the International Federation for Medical Electronics and Biological Engineering, a recipient of the

Faraday Medal from Great Britain (1965), and a member of the U.S. National Hall of Fame from 1977.[4]

He received the first

Eduard Rhein Ring of Honor from the German Eduard Rhein Foundation in 1980.[33]

From 1952 to 1986, the IEEE made awards to worthy engineers in the name of Vladimir K. Zworykin. More recently the Zworykin Award has been bestowed by the

International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering.[34]

The most complete list of Zworykin's awards can be found online at historyTV.net .[35]

Legacy

Zworykin was inducted into the

New Jersey Inventor's Hall of Fame and the National Inventors Hall of Fame. Additionally, Tektronix in Beaverton, Oregon
has named a street on its campus after Zworykin.

In 1995 University of Illinois Press published Zworykin, Pioneer of Television by Albert Abramson.

In 2010 Leonid Parfyonov produced a documentary film "Zvorykin-Muromets"[36] about Zworykin.

Zworykin is listed in the Russian-American Chamber of Fame of Congress of Russian Americans, which is dedicated to Russian immigrants who made outstanding contributions to American science or culture.[37][38][39]

See also

  • List of people known as "father" or "mother" of something
  • John Logie Baird
  • Kalman Tihanyi

Notes

  1. ^ a b Zworykin himself stated his birth date inconsistently (even after accounting for Old Style and New Style dates) as various days of June or July, 1888 or 1889.[5]: 212  Other sources show various similar birth dates.[6][7][4][2]
  2. ^ Russian: Влади́мир Козьми́ч Зворы́кин, romanized: Vladimir Koz'mich Zvorykin;[1] or with the patronymic as Kosmich; or Кузьмич, Kuz'mich.[2] Zworykin anglicized his name to Vladimir Kosma Zworykin,[3][4] replacing the patronymic with the name Kosma as a middle name, and using the nonstandard transliteration Zworykin.[2]

References

  1. ^ Владимир Козьмич Зворыкин (Plaque outside school). Murom, Russia: Murom School No. 16.
  2. ^ a b c "Зворыкин Владимир Кузьмич". Большая Советская Энциклопедия (Great Soviet Encyclopedia) (in Russian) (3rd ed.). 1972. Зворыкин (Zworykin) Владимир Кузьмич (р.30.7.1889, Муром, ныне Владимирской области)...
  3. hdl:2027/wu.89074766767 – via HathiTrust
    .
  4. ^ a b c d e "Vladimir Kosma Zworykin (American engineer and inventor)". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1982-07-29. Retrieved 2013-12-07.
  5. ^
    ISBN 0-252-02104-5
    .
  6. ^ The birth year is 1888 according to the metrical book [ru] (similar to a parish register) of Sretenskaya Church of the town of Murom (later placed in the archive of Murom ZAGS). The metrical book was brought into attention by V. Ya. Chernushev. The birth date of Zworykin was revised by K. M. Velembovskaya, journal "Новая и новейшая история" (Modern and Contemporary History) № 5 2009.
  7. ^ a b c Thomas, Robert McG. Jr. (August 1, 1982). "Vladimir Zworykin, Television Pioneer, Dies at 92". The New York Times. sec. 1, p. 32. Retrieved November 2, 2022. Dr. Vladimir Kosma Zworykin, a Russian-born scientist whose achievements were pivotal to the development of television, died Thursday [i.e., July 29, 1982] at the Princeton (N.J.) Medical Center. He was 92 years old and lived in Princeton. ... Dr. Zworykin was born July 30, 1889, in the small town of Murom on the Oka River...
  8. ^ IEEE Global History Network (2011). "Vladimir Zworykin Oral History". IEEE History Center. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  9. ^ a b c Zworykin, Vladimir (November 13, 1928) [filed 1925]. "Television System". Patent No. 1,691,324. United States Patent Office. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
  10. ^ a b c d Zworykin, Vladimir K., Television System. Patent No. 2022450, U.S. Patent Office. Filed 1923-12-29, issued November 26, 1935. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
  11. ^ a b c d Zworykin, Vladimir K., Television System. Patent No. 2141059, U.S. Patent Office. Filed 1923-12-29, issued December 20, 1938. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
  12. ISBN 1-928791-30-1
    .
  13. ISBN 0-89950-284-9
    .
  14. ^ A. A. CAMPBELL SWINTON (1908) Distant Electric Vision (first paragraph)
  15. ^ A. A. CAMPBELL SWINTON (1908) Distant Electric Vision (pdf)
  16. ^ a b "Story of Television, The". 1956. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  17. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7923-2191-0
    . Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  18. ^ Postman, Neil (March 29, 1999). "The Time 100: Scientists & Thinkers: Philo Farnsworth". Time. Archived from the original on May 31, 2000. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
  19. ISBN 978-0-85296-914-4
    .
  20. ^ "Wins Basic Patent in Television Field," The New York Times, December 22, 1938, p. 38:6. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
  21. ^ Schatzkin, Paul (1977, 2001), "Who Invented What -- and When??", The Farnsworth Chronicles. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
  22. ^ "Married". Time. November 26, 1951. Archived from the original on August 6, 2009. Retrieved 2008-04-27. Vladimir Zworykin, 62, Russian-born, Russian-trained physicist, the "father of television," who developed the iconoscope (eye) of the TV camera in 1923, now laments: "We never dreamed of Howdy Doody on Television — we always thought television would find its highest value in science and industry"; and Katherine Polevitzky, 62, Russian-born professor of bacteriology at the University of Pennsylvania; both for the second time; in Burlington, New Jersey.
  23. ^ Restelli, Steve. "1951 Dr.Zworykin Television Inventor Weds Dr. Katherine Polevitzky". framemaster.tripod.com.
  24. ^ International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering
  25. ^ "Katherine Zworykin". Fold3.
  26. ^ US2021907A, Zworykin, Vladimir K., "Method of and apparatus for producing images of objects", issued 1935-11-26 
  27. IEEE
    . Retrieved March 14, 2011.
  28. ^ "Vladimir Kosma Zworykin". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  29. ^ "Franklin Laureate Database - Howard N. Potts Medal Laureates". Franklin Institute. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
  30. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  31. ^ "Vladimir K. Zworykin". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  32. American Academy of Achievement
    .
  33. ^ "The Eduard Rhein Ring of Honor Recipients". Eduard Rhein Foundation. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2011.
  34. International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering
    . Retrieved May 31, 2011.
  35. ^ Restelli, Steve. "VLADIMIR K. ZWORYKIN: DIPLOMAS, CERTIFICATES, HONORS". framemaster.tripod.com.
  36. ^ "Zvorykin-Muromets". IMDb.
  37. ^ "The place of Russian emigration in US science and technology". 15 December 2016.
  38. ISBN 9781434364586
    . Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  39. ^ "Hall of Fame". 20 June 2015.

Further reading

External links

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