Vlastimil Koubek

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Vlastimil Koubek
Born(1927-03-17)March 17, 1927
L'Enfant Plaza Hotel, Franklin Tower
ProjectsRosslyn, Virginia;
Washington Harbor;
Camden Yards Sports Complex

Vlastimil Koubek (March 17, 1927 – February 15, 2003) was an American

L'Enfant Plaza Hotel in Washington, D.C. In 1985, Washingtonian magazine called him one of 20 people "who in the past 20 years had the greatest impact on the way we live and who forever altered the look of Washington."[5][6] In 1988, The Washington Post newspaper said his Willard Hotel renovation was one of 28 projects in the area that made a signal contribution to the "feel" and look of Washington, D.C.[7]

Early life

Vlastimil Koubek was born in Brno, Czechoslovakia, and received his degree in architecture from the Faculty of Architecture at Czech Technical University.[8] After graduation, he worked for several Czech architecture firms, designing office buildings.[8]

Because he and his father held strong

Communist coup d'état of February 1948.[8] He tried but failed to cross the border into the American Zone of Occupation of Allied-occupied Germany.[8][9] A second attempt in July succeeded.[8][9] In October 1948, Koubek emigrated to the United Kingdom,[8] where he worked in a brickyard, as a draftsman for the city of Gloucester and county of Gloucestershire, a draftsman for the Ministry of Works, and announcer for the Czech-language news service of the BBC.[8][9] He met his future wife, Eva, in a bookstore in London.[10] Eva was born in Prague, the daughter of a Czech Army officer.[8][10] Her brother, whom she later rescued, was imprisoned in a concentration camp in Nazi Germany during World War II.[10]

The couple emigrated to the United States via Ellis Island on February 8, 1952, and initially lived in

United States citizens, moved to Washington, D.C, and raised a daughter, Jana.[8][10] He briefly worked for the D.C.-based Edward Weihe architectural firm.[8][9]

Career

Rosslyn, Virginia, in 2007. Koubek was responsible for the master site plan which led to its high-rise developments.

Koubek passed his architectural exam and established Koubek Architects in 1957.[5][12] One of his first commissions to be built was Southern Maryland Medical Center (now Southern Maryland Hospital Center) in Clinton, Maryland.[13] His first major commission in the area was for 1701 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, a 13-story building with a facade of gold-anodized aluminum and white marble. But the United States Commission of Fine Arts, which had design approval authority over private buildings next to federal buildings in the city, objected to this facade.[14] Koubek submitted a revised design that used larger, octagonal window designs of marble with recessed ribs of bronze aluminum; this was accepted[15] and highly praised by influential architect Frederick Gutheim as pushing District architectural design "forward 10 years."[16] A similar design was created for the facade of One Farragut Square South, which began construction in November 1960.[17] A more Modernist glass-wall building was planned in October 1961 for 1666 Connecticut Avenue NW (the southwest corner of Connecticut Avenue NW and R Street NW).[18]

Rosslyn

Koubek was instrumental in helping to redevelop Rosslyn, Virginia, an unincorporated area of

Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. In 1960, Rosslyn was a seedy area of bars, pawnshops, small industry, and used car lots.[19][20] But land values in Rosslyn had risen,[19] and to take advantage of the building boom they believed was coming, Arlington County county planners required site plans that emphasized tall, free-standing buildings. In 1961, Koubek drafted a site plan for the 80-acre (32 ha) site around the proposed Ames Center (an area that represented about half the total acreage in the Rosslyn area).[21] Koubek also was the architect for the Ames Center itself, a complex which included a 13-story office building, bank, church, and civic auditorium located at 1820 N. Fort Myer Drive.[22]

The construction of the Ames Center and approval of a site plan for the area around it led to the wholesale economic and architectural redevelopment of Rosslyn,[23] Koubek also developed the site plan for the area bounded by Wilson Boulevard, North Arlington Ridge Road, 19th Street North, and North Kent Street.[21] This included the London House and Normandy House apartment complexes. Although it also proposed constructing two apartment complexes in the center of the area,[21] three office buildings were built. London House opened in January 1965.[24]

Other works in the 1960s

Numerous commissions came his way throughout the 1960s. His Jefferson Building (1225 19th Street NW), built in 1963, was an eight-story glass-and-marble clad structure that was the first

Baltimore, Maryland, an 18-story apartment building with a rooftop pool and ground-floor retail area in the historic Mount Vernon neighborhood.[31]

In March 1963, he created a design for 1050 31st Street NW, a spare, Federalist-style red brick building—the first such non-Modernist structure he designed.[32] He had initially proposed in 1961 a building with an all-glass first floor and exposed stone upper floors, but the Commission of Fine Arts rejected his design as too modern.[33] After redesigning his building along Federalist lines, the Commission approved the design. However, the D.C. zoning board refused to approve it because of the changes. The zoning board also was unhappy with the way Koubek intended to conceal the elevator and air conditioning equipment on the roof.[33] After redesigning the rooftop, the building began construction in March 1963. The first major office building to be constructed on the Georgetown waterfront in 50 years,[34]

Koubek's 1325 Massachusetts Avenue NW

Construction began in April 1963 on his Brawner Building (888 17th Street NW), a 12-story office building on Farragut Square that incorporated dark bronze panels and solarized windows much as his 1234 19th Street building had.

National Gay and Lesbian Task Force in 2011.) Another major office building, 1200 17th Street, NW (at the time, the headquarters of the American Psychological Association), opened in October 1965.[40] It was a neo-Brutalist structure featuring repetitive polished concrete panels and deeply recessed rectangular windows and one of the first high-rise office buildings on the downtown business district portion of Connecticut Avenue. That same year his 18-story Ross Building (now known as Wytestone Plaza) in Richmond, Virginia opened[5]—the first high-rise built in the city since 1928, and the first glass-curtain wall building constructed in the city. Koubek was also lead architect for and an investor in a syndicate ("Reservation Eleven Associates") which designed a new United States Department of Labor (DOL) building at 2nd Street NW and Constitution Avenue NW in 1966.[41] The group proposed an arrangement in which it would construct the building, lease it to the federal government for 30 years, and then donate it to the government. Congress, cutting back on construction funds and interested in the build/lease/donate proposal, refused to appropriate funds for the DOL structure. Eventually, however, Koubek's syndicate lost the commission. A new DOL building (jointly designed by the firms of Brooks, Barr, Graeber & White and Pitts, Mebane, Phelps & White) was completed in 1974.[42]

The Air Line Pilots Association Building, 1625 Massachusetts Avenue NW.

Koubek's D.C. area output slowed in the late 1960s. In February 1967, the

Motion Picture Association of America at 1601 I Street NW, described as a "bronze-tinted glass box on stilts enclosed by a bold screen of tan concrete".[46] Another critic later called it "elegant" and as good as the work of I. M. Pei.[47] Construction began in February 1968 on his building for One Dupont Circle NW, an eight-story office building with vertical concrete ribs over glass walls.[48]

Meanwhile, Koubek was at work designing Bayfront Plaza, a $50 million "scaled-down Rockefeller Center" complex of hotels, apartment buildings, retail shops, and piers on the waterfront of St. Petersburg, Florida.[9][49] Proposed in 1966, the project was significantly delayed by lawsuits from local citizens. Costs began to climb, interest rates on the proposed development loans soared, and the project was canceled in 1969.[50] Koubek sued lawyer Hubert Caulfield and businessman Martin Roess, who led the legal challenges against Bayfront Plaza, for $7 million, claiming legal harassment and abuse of the judicial process.[51] The Supreme Court of Florida eventually ruled in favor of the developers, but it was too late.[52] The parties settled out of court in 1972 for an undisclosed sum, and Koubek said he was pleased with the settlement.[51][52] A 23-story office building planned for downtown Roanoke, Virginia, in 1969 was never built.[53]

Friendship Village, Maryland, in January.[54] Koubek assisted former First Lady Mamie Eisenhower and developer William Zeckendorf in breaking ground in February for the West Building (475 L'Enfant Plaza SW; now United States Postal Service headquarters), at 640,000 square feet (59,000 m2) the largest private office building at the time in Washington.[55][56] Eight months later, his headquarters at 1133 15th Street NW for Fannie Mae (the secondary mortgage market packaging corporation) opened.[57]

Works from the 1970s

Vlastimil Koubek's USF&G Building (now the Transamerica Tower), as of 2012 still the tallest building in Baltimore and its most prominent landmark.

Additional commissions from important clients as well as notable buildings continued in the 1970s. Construction on the Koubek-designed 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2), $23 million

National Bank of Washington, one of the city's oldest and most storied banks, commissioned a new operations center (4340 Connecticut Avenue NW) from Koubek.[55][68] In May 1975, Koubek joined a consortium of prominent local architects to design the Washington Harbor complex of buildings on the Georgetown waterfront.[69] The three-block-long, eight-building complex, which contained luxury condominiums, office space, restaurants, luxury retail space, a boardwalk, and plaza, was the first large-scale redevelopment of Georgetown's waterfront in the city's history.[69] By the end of 1975, The New York Times was reporting that Koubek's firm had designed roughly half the office buildings built in the District of Columbia since the 1950s.[47]

The Willard renovation

The Annex at the Willard Hotel, with concept by Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates and implementation by Vlastimil Koubek.

In 1974, Koubek was hired to help renovate the long-shuttered, historic Willard Hotel. The original hotel (consisting of six townhouses joined together) was built in 1816, renovated, and enlarged by leaseholder Henry Willard in 1847. The current 12-story structure was erected in 1901. Due to mismanagement and competition from more modern hotels, the Willard closed in 1968. With the redevelopment of Pennsylvania Avenue in the 1960s and 1970s, the Willard was threatened repeatedly with demolition. In May 1974, the National Trust for Historic Preservation paid Koubek $25,000 to study saving the hotel, either as a hotel, as a mixed-use structure, or as an office building.[70] The Willard's owners, Charles Benenson and Robert Arnow, had earlier commissioned Koubek to design a modern office building for the site, which would have required demolition of the structure.[70]

Ultimately, the New York City architecture firm of Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates was hired to lead the hotel's rehabilitation and expansion. After this firm pulled out of the project, Koubek executed their concept, overseeing work until the hotel's reopening in 1986.[71][72][73] Declaring the design worthy of "genuine architectural distinction," The Washington Post architectural critic Benjamin Forgey noted that Koubek was responsible for adding the giant ocular windows in the office complex, the marble office entryway with its marble canopy and columns, and the restructuring of the diagonal courtyard between the original hotel and the office additions.[72] Forgey concluded that "...a lot of the details, such as the exquisite storefronts or the sequence of pilasters, entablatures and cornices in the same elongated courtyard, are a treat to the eye."[72] Critic Paul Goldberger, writing for The New York Times in 1986, declared the renovation ingenious.[73] In 1988, the Washington Chapter of the American Institute of Architects gave its 1988 Award for Excellence to Koubek for the Willard Hotel design and renovation.[3]

Other 1970s projects

The historic Car Barn building, renovated by Koubek in 1979–1980

In February 1976, Koubek contributed a third high-rise office building to Farragut Square, this one a brick-and-solarized glass structure with a glass-and-aluminum penthouse at 818 Connecticut Avenue NW.

Farragut West Washington Metro station, ninth-floor balcony with non-structural columns, interior atrium, and ground-level set-back retail concourse—opened in November.[76] Originally just a single office building on a corner for a city block, it expanded to occupy nearly the entire block with the addition of two almost identical towers in 1979 and 1980.[77] (The atrium was upgraded and a fountain added in 1992.)[78] Two blocks to the west, in April 1977, Koubek also designed a fairly nondescript office building at 1990 K Street NW.[79]

Koubek also helped co-design Metropolitan Square, a 12-story hotel and office building complex that occupies the entire block between F and G Streets NW and 14th and 15th Streets NW (due east across the street from the

Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and charged them with designing ground-floor retail entrances and two upper floors which would reflect but not mimic the Beaux-Arts style of the retained facades which building a more modern structure behind them.[84]
Construction on the new building began in 1980.

Koubek's 635 Massachusetts Avenue NW, formerly home to National Public Radio, was demolished in 2013.

In late 1977, Koubek also completed the

Washington College of Law in 1994 after a lengthy legal battle and turned into classrooms and professors' offices.)[94]

Works of the 1980s

The Westin Hotel at 2401 M Street NW, designed by Koubek.

The 1980s saw the last of Koubek's major projects. In August 1980, ground was broken on the 18-story

Judiciary Square Metro station.[104] He designed The Westin Hotel (2401 M Street NW) in 1985, a structure which successfully used a greenhouse-like lobby space to "mingle outside with inside".[105] He also designed Shockoe Slip (formerly Shockoe Plaza), a seven-building complex at E. Cary and Governor Streets in Richmond, Virginia.[106]

Final works

Although by 1990, Koubek Architects was the 12th largest architectural firm in the D.C.-Baltimore area,[107] Koubek personally worked on only a few projects in the 1990s. With John V. Yanik AIA as Associate Architect For Design, Koubek was the Architect of Record for converting the 1919 gymnasium at The Catholic University of America into "The Edward M. Crough Center For Architectural Studies." In 1990, The Washington Chapter of The American Institute of Architects presented a Merit Award to the Center and the Architects "For extraordinary Achievement in Architecture."[108][109][110] Although he was not the lead architect on the project, he did the working drawings for the AARP Building at 601 E Street NW.[111] He also did the working drawings for the massive, block-long new headquarters for the International Finance Corporation at 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in 1997.[112]

1414 Water Street (the "Water Tower"), one of Koubek's last projects.

Some of his last projects were the renovations to the 13-story, Beaux-Arts Hamilton Crowne Plaza in 1992 (1001 14th Street NW),[113] the 29-story, post-Modernist 100 Harborview Drive condominiums in Baltimore in 1993,[114] and Baltimore's 33-story, post-Modernist Water Tower (414 Water Street) condominiums in 2000 (in association with Sasaki Associates).[115]

Other activities

In addition to his architectural work, Koubek performed civic service as well. He and his wife, Eva, were both highly active in the Czech émigré community in the United States and especially the Washington, D.C., area.[10][11][116] In 1990, Czechoslovakian President Václav Havel appointed Koubek to a 15-member international board of consultants.[117] In 1969, President Richard Nixon appointed Koubek to serve on an architectural advisory panel to the General Services Administration.[5] In 1984, Koubek served as a consultant to the United States Department of State, inspecting security arrangements at United States Foreign Service housing in Europe and Asia.[5]

Koubek was a nationally known authority on how to draft construction documents for commercial buildings.[5] He became a multi-millionaire through his architectural work and investments.[11][118]

Later years and death

Although Koubek designed more than 100 apartment buildings, condominiums, hotels, office buildings, and shopping malls during his long career, he did only a handful of private residences.[119] He actively continued his architectural career and office until January 2003. By the time of his death, he had designed buildings representing a combined investment of more than $2 billion.[4]

Vlastimil Koubek's marriage to Eva Koubek ended in divorce.[5] He married Peggy Koubek in 1984.[4][5] Vlastimil Koubek died of cancer on February 15, 2003, at his home in Arlington, Virginia.[5]

Design philosophy

Koubek's architectural philosophy has been described as cosmetic and practical. Because the height of buildings in D.C. was limited to 130 feet (40 m) by law and the cost of land was so high, buildings in the city were built to the maximum size possible.[47][120] "There is nothing left for the architect to do except apply the cosmetics," Koubek said.[47] Koubek limited his "cosmetics" to the needs and budgets of his clients, often falling back on the design aesthetics of Marcel Breuer, I. M. Pei, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[47] His work was described as restrained, and an unnamed D.C. city planning official once described Koubek's work as "last year's Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill."[47]

Koubek defended his work from criticisms that it was boxlike, sterile, repetitive, and dull.[120] "Good architecture ... has to fit the fabric of the city and be functional inside and make economic sense. The most wonderful building in the world is not going to get built if it will not make money."[120] Others defended his work as well. Oliver T. Carr, chairman of the giant real estate developer CarrAmerica, said, "He was good. He was different from so many architects of that time. His buildings had clean architectural lines, and yet they were functional and practical and offered good work space. For that period of time, he was a perfect fit."[4]

Koubek did not like mixing older, smaller buildings with his designs. "There is no place for big buildings next to little buildings," he told The Washington Post in 1979.[120] He was also critical of Federalist architecture. He once scathingly noted, "I think that on Georgetown architecture I'd rather not comment at all. You may quote me on that. I wish you would."[33]

Legacy

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vlastimil Koubek.

The Koubek Auditorium in the Edward M. Crough Center for Architectural Studies at Catholic University of America is named for Koubek in honor of his many contributions to architectural design.[55][121]

Among Koubek's most notable buildings are:

  • American Automobile Association (former headquarters in Fairfax, Virginia)[5]
  • International Finance Corporation headquarters[5]
  • International Square[5]
  • L'Enfant Plaza Hotel[5]
  • Motion Picture Association of America headquarters[47]
  • USF&G Building (now the Transamerica Tower)[4]
  • World Bank Annex[122]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Willmann, John B. "It's Happening In Real Estate." The Washington Post. March 22, 1969.
  2. ^ a b "Owner Turns Up His Nose at Prospect Of Tearing Down Odor-Tainted House." The Washington Post. June 11, 1988.
  3. ^ a b "D.C. Area Ranks 4th in Office Space." The Washington Post. October 29, 1988; Forgey, Benjamin. "Looking Over Local Heroes." The Washington Post. November 5, 1988.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gunts, Edward. "Designer Believed: Koubek's Vision Brought Tower to Inner Harbor." Baltimore Sun. February 24, 2003.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Architect Vlastimil Koubek Dies at 75." The Washington Post. February 18, 2003.
  6. ^ Conconi, Chuck. "Personalities." The Washington Post. September 25, 1985.
  7. ^ Lewis, Roger K. "Critics Pick 28 Projects That Contribute to Area's 'Built Environment'." The Washington Post. March 12, 1988.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Whitney, Elizabeth. "Koubek: Escape to Success.", St. Petersburg Times. December 31, 1967.]
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Willmann, John B. "It's Happening in Real Estate." The Washington Post. February 3, 1968.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g "In Memoriam," Zprávy SVU. #1, 2003, p. 7.
  11. ^ a b c Donihi, Rosemary. "Emigre Nobility: 'We All Cling Together'." The New York Times. February 14, 1971.
  12. ^ "9 Become Registered Architects." The Washington Post. August 10, 1957.
  13. ^ "Southern Maryland Medical Center." The Washington Post. February 21, 1959.
  14. ^ Eisen, Jack. "Glassy Building Gives Arts Board a Pane." The Washington Post. April 21, 1960.
  15. ^ Hailey, Albon B. "New Olmsted Building Plans Approved." The Washington Post. May 19, 1960.
  16. ^ Gutheim, Frederick. "Gutheim Declares Revised Design Puts District Forward 10 Years." The Washington Post. May 19, 1960.
  17. ^ "12-Story Building for District." The Washington Post. November 12, 1960.
  18. ^ Willmann, John B. "Multi-Million Program Of Building Set in '61." The Washington Post. December 23, 1960; "Building Planned." The Washington Post. October 7, 1961.
  19. ^ a b Andelson, 2000, p. 161.
  20. ^ Carrier, 1999, p. 24.
  21. ^ a b c Willmann, John B. "Rosslyn's Rebirth As 'Hottest Area' Attracts Builders." The Washington Post. October 20, 1962.
  22. ^ "Rosslyn Is Selected as Site For Large Methodist Church." The Washington Post. March 17, 1962.
  23. ^ Donahue, William T. "SP #1 Minor Site Plan Amendment Request for a Comprehensive Sign Plan." County Board of Arlington, Virginia. September 16, 1999.
  24. ^ "Luxury on the River." The Washington Post. January 16, 1965.
  25. ^ "Jefferson Building Under Way." The Washington Post. January 12, 1963.
  26. ^ Dresden, Donald. "The Palm: A Capital Copy of a New York Favorite." The Washington Post. January 14, 1973.
  27. ^ "MBG Plans 8-Story Building." The Washington Post. March 16, 1963.
  28. ^ "Five Buildings Planned." The Washington Post. March 30, 1963.
  29. ^ Willmann, John B. "High-Rising Office Expected to Revive Silver Spring Section." The Washington Post. April 13, 1963.
  30. ^ "Nearing Completion." The Washington Post. May 11, 1963.
  31. ^ "Under Way." The Washington Post. May 2, 1964.
  32. ^ "New Georgetown Building." The Washington Post. March 31, 1963.
  33. ^ a b c Schuette, Paul A. "Building Plan Becomes Career." The Washington Post. June 21, 1962.
  34. ^ "New Georgetown Building." The Washington Post. October 19, 1963.
  35. ^ Willmann, John B. "Office Buildings Are Encircling Farragut Square." The Washington Post. April 20, 1963.
  36. ^ "Area's Tallest Office Building." The Washington Post. January 24, 1964.
  37. ^ Allie S. Freed was an automobile salesman who became a housing developer during the Great Depression. He was President Franklin D. Roosevelt's director of the Committee for Economic Recovery and Social Progress. Freed developed the Buckingham housing complex in 1938 after discussing housing needs with President Roosevelt. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) considered it a model of housing redevelopment, and it was only the second FHA-approved subsidized rental housing project in the D.C. area. See: Willmann, John B. "Things Are Happening at Buckingham." The Washington Post. August 22, 1964.
  38. ^ "New Apartment on R St." The Washington Post. October 17, 1964.
  39. ^ "New Office for Thomas Circle." The Washington Post. April 17, 1965.
  40. ^ "Psychological Association Headquarters." The Washington Post. October 16, 1965.
  41. ^ "Funds for New FBI, Labor Buildings Killed by House Appropriations Unit." The Washington Post. May 6, 1966.
  42. ^ "Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site." National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior. May 29, 2007.
  43. ^ "BNA Building." The Washington Post. February 25, 1967.
  44. ^ "Benjamin Franklin." The Washington Post. October 28, 1967.
  45. ^ Hilzenrath, David S. "Building In Defiance of the Bust." The Washington Post. December 31, 1990; "Franklin Tower." Washington Times. January 17, 2000.
  46. ^ Von Eckardt, Wolf. "MPA's New Quarters: A Glass Box on Stilts." The Washington Post. December 9, 1967.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g Goldberger, Paul. "Washington Buildings: Low Profile and Boxlike Design." The New York Times. December 29, 1975.
  48. ^ "One Dupont Circle." The Washington Post. February 3, 1968.
  49. ^ Durant, John. "A Rebuilt St. Petersburg." The New York Times. November 6, 1966.
  50. ^ "Downtown Dreamers." St. Petersburg Times. May 29, 1991.
  51. ^ a b Masters, Kay. "Bayfront Plaza Lawsuit Settled." St. Petersburg Evening Independent. November 3, 1972.
  52. ^ a b "Bayfront Plaza Lawsuit Is Settled Out of Court." St. Petersburg Times. November 4, 1972.
  53. ^ "23-Story Building Planned for Roanoke." The Washington Post. January 9, 1969.
  54. ^ "Willoughby Completed." The Washington Post. January 11, 1969.
  55. ^ a b c d e f "Crough Center Marks 20th Anniversary." CUA Magazine. Fall 2009.
  56. ^ "New L'Enfant Plaza Unit Underway." The Washington Post. February 19, 1969; "New Building to Be Largest." The Washington Post. May 17, 1969.
  57. ^ "FNMA Building to Be Dedicated." The Washington Post. October 11, 1969.
  58. ^ Jones, William H. "New Hotel Planned." The Washington Post. June 23, 1971; Hodges and Hodges, 1980, p. 38; Williams, 2005, p. 120; Moeller and Weeks, 2006, p. 59; Scott and Lee, 1993, p. 237; Kousoulas and Kousoulas, 1995, p. 213.
  59. ^ "Ground Broken." The Washington Post. July 4, 1970.
  60. ^ "'Slip Forming' Technique Introduced in Baltimore." The Washington Post. May 1, 1971.
  61. ^ "Renovations at 100 Light Street to Be Unveiled." Baltimore Sun. June 9, 2010.
  62. ^ "New Building Is Started At 2021 K St." The Washington Post. November 28, 1970; "Topped Out." The Washington Post. September 18, 1971.
  63. ^ "The Future of Friendship Heights." The Washington Post. July 9, 1971.
  64. ^ Jones, William H. "Friendship Heights Battle." The Washington Post. May 28, 1972.
  65. ^ "AAA Plans Move to Suburban Virginia Site." The Washington Post. March 13, 1971.
  66. ^ "ALPA Building." The Washington Post. November 6, 1971.
  67. ^ "1900 M." The Washington Post. March 2, 1974.
  68. ^ "Operations Headquarters." The Washington Post. March 25, 1975.
  69. ^ a b Willmann, John B. "Three Notable Preservations." The Washington Post. May 24, 1975.
  70. ^ a b Conroy, Sarah Booth. "Studying the Fate of the Willard." The Washington Post. May 18, 1974.
  71. ^ Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior. August 31, 2007.
  72. ^ a b c Forgey, Benjamin. "Willard Hotel: Well Worth the Wait." The Washington Post. August 9, 1986.
  73. ^ a b Goldberger, Paul. "On Pennsylvania Avenue, A Restoration With Wit." The New York Times. September 22, 1986.
  74. ^ "New Building." The Washington Post. February 7, 1976.
  75. ^ "Leasing." The Washington Post. June 19, 1976.
  76. ^ Jones, William H. "Office, Retail Complex Set at 19th & K." The Washington Post. December 17, 1974; "International Square." The Washington Post. November 13, 1976.
  77. ^ Jones, William H. "First Building Set to Open in Big Downtown Complex." The Washington Post. May 6, 1977; "Razing." The Washington Post. March 15, 1980.
  78. ^ Bosco, Pearl. "International Square: A Classic in Concrete." Buildings. November 1, 1992.
  79. ^ Willmann, John B. "Short Takes On Real Estate." The Washington Post. April 30, 1977; "Double-Deck Mall for Downtown." The Washington Post. June 23, 1978.
  80. ^ McCombs, Paul and Oman, Anne H. "$40 Million Mall Is Planned." The Washington Post. November 12, 1977.
  81. ^ Oman, Anne H. "Downtown Mall: Talks Begin on Status of Landmarks." The Washington Post. April 13, 1978; "Court Order Temporarily Halts Demolition of Albee-Keith Facade." The Washington Post. April 24, 1979; Wheeler, Linda. "Solomon-Like Court Order Is Slicing District's Historic Keith-Albee Building." The Washington Post. June 15, 1979; Oman, Anne H. "Developer Has New Plan For Historic Buildings." The Washington Post. August 2, 1979.
  82. ^ Eisen, Jack. "Developer Denied Right to Demolish Historic Building." The Washington Post. December 22, 1979; Bowman, LaBarbara. "Fight to Save Tavern Site Moves to Hill." The Washington Post. December 1, 1982; Perl, Peter. "Panel Approves Rhodes Demolition, Calls for Delay Pending Vote in Fall." The Washington Post. May 11, 1983; Kamen, Al. "Judge Orders Demolition Delayed On Pennsylvania Avenue Buildings." The Washington Post. August 30, 1983; Pichirallo, Joe. "Rhodes Tavern Initiative Carries 91 Percent of City's 137 Precincts." The Washington Post. November 10, 1983; Sargent, Edward D. "Barry Names 7 to Rhodes Tavern Panel." The Washington Post. June 8, 1984; Bruske, Ed. "Court Ruling Blocks Demolition of Rhodes Tavern." The Washington Post. June 30, 1984; Barker, Karlyn. "Appeal to Save Rhodes Tavern Turned Down." The Washington Post. September 7, 1984; Barker, Karlyn. "Demolition Of Rhodes Tavern Starts." The Washington Post. September 11, 1984.
  83. ^ Citizens Committee to Save Historic Rhodes Tavern Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
  84. ^ Bredemeier, Kenneth. "Plan for High-Rise Where Tavern Stood To Mix Old and New." The Washington Post. September 12, 1984.
  85. ^ "Camden Yards Master Plan Due." Baltimore Sun. December 11, 1977.
  86. ^ "Addition Started At Bank's Center." The Washington Post. September 23, 1978.
  87. ^ O'Connell, Jonathan. "Boston Properties Buys NPR Headquarters." Washington Business Journal. September 30, 2008.
  88. ^ Page, Walter; Bevans, Connor. "Demand for the modern leads to knocking down older office buildings". The Washington Post, July 28, 2013.
  89. ^ Oman, Anne H. "Trolley Barn Housing Complex Approved." The Washington Post. March 29, 1979.
  90. ^ Evelyn, Dickson, and Ackerman, 2008, p. 32.
  91. ^ Willmann, John B. "Local AMA to Build New Headquarters." The Washington Post. June 21, 1979.
  92. ^ Willmann, John B. "Office, Retail Center Begun On Apex Site." The Washington Post. July 4, 1979.
  93. ^ Lewis, Roger K. "Jumble of Old and New at AU Ruins Campus Face Lift." The Washington Post. October 17, 1998.
  94. ^ Nuckols, Melanie. "Permits Now Only Obstacle to Construction at Spring Valley Center." Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine American University Eagle. September 4, 1994.
  95. ^ Willmann, John B. "Hyatt Hotel-Office Beginning Construction in South Arlington." The Washington Post. August 13, 1980.
  96. ^ Willmann, John B. "Pentagon City Development Blossoms After 10-Year Wait." The Washington Post. July 16, 1981.
  97. ^ "Offices and Hotel to Be Built on 2-Acre Hill Site." The Washington Post. January 25, 1982.
  98. ^ "Teachers' Union Moves to Hill." The Washington Post. August 30, 1982.
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Bibliography

  • Andelson, Robert V. Land-Value Taxation Around the World. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 2000.
  • Carrier, Thomas J. Historic Georgetown: A Walking Tour. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 1999.
  • Evelyn, Douglas E.; Dickson, Paul; and Ackerman, S.J. On This Spot: Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C. Sterling, Va.: Capital Books, 2008.
  • Hodges, Allan A. and Hodges, Carol A. Washington on Foot: 23 Walking Tours of Washington, D.C., Old Town Alexandria, Virginia, and Historic Annapolis, Maryland. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1980.
  • Kousoulas, Claudia D. and Kousoulas, George W. Contemporary Architecture in Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.: Preservation Press, 1995.
  • Moeller, Gerard M. AIA Guide to the Architecture of Washington, D.C. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.
  • Scott, Pamela and Lee, Antoinette Josephine. Buildings of the District of Columbia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • Williams, Paul Kelsey. Southwest Washington, D.C. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 2005.
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