Vlastimil Koubek
Vlastimil Koubek | |
---|---|
Born | L'Enfant Plaza Hotel, Franklin Tower | March 17, 1927
Projects | Rosslyn, Virginia; Washington Harbor; Camden Yards Sports Complex |
Vlastimil Koubek (March 17, 1927 – February 15, 2003) was an American
Early life
Vlastimil Koubek was born in Brno, Czechoslovakia, and received his degree in architecture from the Faculty of Architecture at Czech Technical University.[8] After graduation, he worked for several Czech architecture firms, designing office buildings.[8]
Because he and his father held strong
The couple emigrated to the United States via Ellis Island on February 8, 1952, and initially lived in
Career
Koubek passed his architectural exam and established Koubek Architects in 1957.[5][12] One of his first commissions to be built was Southern Maryland Medical Center (now Southern Maryland Hospital Center) in Clinton, Maryland.[13] His first major commission in the area was for 1701 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, a 13-story building with a facade of gold-anodized aluminum and white marble. But the United States Commission of Fine Arts, which had design approval authority over private buildings next to federal buildings in the city, objected to this facade.[14] Koubek submitted a revised design that used larger, octagonal window designs of marble with recessed ribs of bronze aluminum; this was accepted[15] and highly praised by influential architect Frederick Gutheim as pushing District architectural design "forward 10 years."[16] A similar design was created for the facade of One Farragut Square South, which began construction in November 1960.[17] A more Modernist glass-wall building was planned in October 1961 for 1666 Connecticut Avenue NW (the southwest corner of Connecticut Avenue NW and R Street NW).[18]
Rosslyn
Koubek was instrumental in helping to redevelop Rosslyn, Virginia, an unincorporated area of
The construction of the Ames Center and approval of a site plan for the area around it led to the wholesale economic and architectural redevelopment of Rosslyn,[23] Koubek also developed the site plan for the area bounded by Wilson Boulevard, North Arlington Ridge Road, 19th Street North, and North Kent Street.[21] This included the London House and Normandy House apartment complexes. Although it also proposed constructing two apartment complexes in the center of the area,[21] three office buildings were built. London House opened in January 1965.[24]
Other works in the 1960s
Numerous commissions came his way throughout the 1960s. His Jefferson Building (1225 19th Street NW), built in 1963, was an eight-story glass-and-marble clad structure that was the first
In March 1963, he created a design for 1050 31st Street NW, a spare, Federalist-style red brick building—the first such non-Modernist structure he designed.[32] He had initially proposed in 1961 a building with an all-glass first floor and exposed stone upper floors, but the Commission of Fine Arts rejected his design as too modern.[33] After redesigning his building along Federalist lines, the Commission approved the design. However, the D.C. zoning board refused to approve it because of the changes. The zoning board also was unhappy with the way Koubek intended to conceal the elevator and air conditioning equipment on the roof.[33] After redesigning the rooftop, the building began construction in March 1963. The first major office building to be constructed on the Georgetown waterfront in 50 years,[34]
Construction began in April 1963 on his Brawner Building (888 17th Street NW), a 12-story office building on Farragut Square that incorporated dark bronze panels and solarized windows much as his 1234 19th Street building had.
Koubek's D.C. area output slowed in the late 1960s. In February 1967, the
Meanwhile, Koubek was at work designing Bayfront Plaza, a $50 million "scaled-down Rockefeller Center" complex of hotels, apartment buildings, retail shops, and piers on the waterfront of St. Petersburg, Florida.[9][49] Proposed in 1966, the project was significantly delayed by lawsuits from local citizens. Costs began to climb, interest rates on the proposed development loans soared, and the project was canceled in 1969.[50] Koubek sued lawyer Hubert Caulfield and businessman Martin Roess, who led the legal challenges against Bayfront Plaza, for $7 million, claiming legal harassment and abuse of the judicial process.[51] The Supreme Court of Florida eventually ruled in favor of the developers, but it was too late.[52] The parties settled out of court in 1972 for an undisclosed sum, and Koubek said he was pleased with the settlement.[51][52] A 23-story office building planned for downtown Roanoke, Virginia, in 1969 was never built.[53]
Works from the 1970s
Additional commissions from important clients as well as notable buildings continued in the 1970s. Construction on the Koubek-designed 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2), $23 million
The Willard renovation
In 1974, Koubek was hired to help renovate the long-shuttered, historic Willard Hotel. The original hotel (consisting of six townhouses joined together) was built in 1816, renovated, and enlarged by leaseholder Henry Willard in 1847. The current 12-story structure was erected in 1901. Due to mismanagement and competition from more modern hotels, the Willard closed in 1968. With the redevelopment of Pennsylvania Avenue in the 1960s and 1970s, the Willard was threatened repeatedly with demolition. In May 1974, the National Trust for Historic Preservation paid Koubek $25,000 to study saving the hotel, either as a hotel, as a mixed-use structure, or as an office building.[70] The Willard's owners, Charles Benenson and Robert Arnow, had earlier commissioned Koubek to design a modern office building for the site, which would have required demolition of the structure.[70]
Ultimately, the New York City architecture firm of Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates was hired to lead the hotel's rehabilitation and expansion. After this firm pulled out of the project, Koubek executed their concept, overseeing work until the hotel's reopening in 1986.[71][72][73] Declaring the design worthy of "genuine architectural distinction," The Washington Post architectural critic Benjamin Forgey noted that Koubek was responsible for adding the giant ocular windows in the office complex, the marble office entryway with its marble canopy and columns, and the restructuring of the diagonal courtyard between the original hotel and the office additions.[72] Forgey concluded that "...a lot of the details, such as the exquisite storefronts or the sequence of pilasters, entablatures and cornices in the same elongated courtyard, are a treat to the eye."[72] Critic Paul Goldberger, writing for The New York Times in 1986, declared the renovation ingenious.[73] In 1988, the Washington Chapter of the American Institute of Architects gave its 1988 Award for Excellence to Koubek for the Willard Hotel design and renovation.[3]
Other 1970s projects
In February 1976, Koubek contributed a third high-rise office building to Farragut Square, this one a brick-and-solarized glass structure with a glass-and-aluminum penthouse at 818 Connecticut Avenue NW.
Koubek also helped co-design Metropolitan Square, a 12-story hotel and office building complex that occupies the entire block between F and G Streets NW and 14th and 15th Streets NW (due east across the street from the
In late 1977, Koubek also completed the
Works of the 1980s
The 1980s saw the last of Koubek's major projects. In August 1980, ground was broken on the 18-story
Final works
Although by 1990, Koubek Architects was the 12th largest architectural firm in the D.C.-Baltimore area,[107] Koubek personally worked on only a few projects in the 1990s. With John V. Yanik AIA as Associate Architect For Design, Koubek was the Architect of Record for converting the 1919 gymnasium at The Catholic University of America into "The Edward M. Crough Center For Architectural Studies." In 1990, The Washington Chapter of The American Institute of Architects presented a Merit Award to the Center and the Architects "For extraordinary Achievement in Architecture."[108][109][110] Although he was not the lead architect on the project, he did the working drawings for the AARP Building at 601 E Street NW.[111] He also did the working drawings for the massive, block-long new headquarters for the International Finance Corporation at 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in 1997.[112]
Some of his last projects were the renovations to the 13-story, Beaux-Arts Hamilton Crowne Plaza in 1992 (1001 14th Street NW),[113] the 29-story, post-Modernist 100 Harborview Drive condominiums in Baltimore in 1993,[114] and Baltimore's 33-story, post-Modernist Water Tower (414 Water Street) condominiums in 2000 (in association with Sasaki Associates).[115]
Other activities
In addition to his architectural work, Koubek performed civic service as well. He and his wife, Eva, were both highly active in the Czech émigré community in the United States and especially the Washington, D.C., area.[10][11][116] In 1990, Czechoslovakian President Václav Havel appointed Koubek to a 15-member international board of consultants.[117] In 1969, President Richard Nixon appointed Koubek to serve on an architectural advisory panel to the General Services Administration.[5] In 1984, Koubek served as a consultant to the United States Department of State, inspecting security arrangements at United States Foreign Service housing in Europe and Asia.[5]
Koubek was a nationally known authority on how to draft construction documents for commercial buildings.[5] He became a multi-millionaire through his architectural work and investments.[11][118]
Later years and death
Although Koubek designed more than 100 apartment buildings, condominiums, hotels, office buildings, and shopping malls during his long career, he did only a handful of private residences.[119] He actively continued his architectural career and office until January 2003. By the time of his death, he had designed buildings representing a combined investment of more than $2 billion.[4]
Vlastimil Koubek's marriage to Eva Koubek ended in divorce.[5] He married Peggy Koubek in 1984.[4][5] Vlastimil Koubek died of cancer on February 15, 2003, at his home in Arlington, Virginia.[5]
Design philosophy
Koubek's architectural philosophy has been described as cosmetic and practical. Because the height of buildings in D.C. was limited to 130 feet (40 m) by law and the cost of land was so high, buildings in the city were built to the maximum size possible.[47][120] "There is nothing left for the architect to do except apply the cosmetics," Koubek said.[47] Koubek limited his "cosmetics" to the needs and budgets of his clients, often falling back on the design aesthetics of Marcel Breuer, I. M. Pei, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[47] His work was described as restrained, and an unnamed D.C. city planning official once described Koubek's work as "last year's Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill."[47]
Koubek defended his work from criticisms that it was boxlike, sterile, repetitive, and dull.[120] "Good architecture ... has to fit the fabric of the city and be functional inside and make economic sense. The most wonderful building in the world is not going to get built if it will not make money."[120] Others defended his work as well. Oliver T. Carr, chairman of the giant real estate developer CarrAmerica, said, "He was good. He was different from so many architects of that time. His buildings had clean architectural lines, and yet they were functional and practical and offered good work space. For that period of time, he was a perfect fit."[4]
Koubek did not like mixing older, smaller buildings with his designs. "There is no place for big buildings next to little buildings," he told The Washington Post in 1979.[120] He was also critical of Federalist architecture. He once scathingly noted, "I think that on Georgetown architecture I'd rather not comment at all. You may quote me on that. I wish you would."[33]
Legacy
The Koubek Auditorium in the Edward M. Crough Center for Architectural Studies at Catholic University of America is named for Koubek in honor of his many contributions to architectural design.[55][121]
Among Koubek's most notable buildings are:
- American Automobile Association (former headquarters in Fairfax, Virginia)[5]
- International Finance Corporation headquarters[5]
- International Square[5]
- L'Enfant Plaza Hotel[5]
- Motion Picture Association of America headquarters[47]
- USF&G Building (now the Transamerica Tower)[4]
- World Bank Annex[122]
Footnotes
- ^ Willmann, John B. "It's Happening In Real Estate." The Washington Post. March 22, 1969.
- ^ a b "Owner Turns Up His Nose at Prospect Of Tearing Down Odor-Tainted House." The Washington Post. June 11, 1988.
- ^ a b "D.C. Area Ranks 4th in Office Space." The Washington Post. October 29, 1988; Forgey, Benjamin. "Looking Over Local Heroes." The Washington Post. November 5, 1988.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Gunts, Edward. "Designer Believed: Koubek's Vision Brought Tower to Inner Harbor." Baltimore Sun. February 24, 2003.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Architect Vlastimil Koubek Dies at 75." The Washington Post. February 18, 2003.
- ^ Conconi, Chuck. "Personalities." The Washington Post. September 25, 1985.
- ^ Lewis, Roger K. "Critics Pick 28 Projects That Contribute to Area's 'Built Environment'." The Washington Post. March 12, 1988.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Whitney, Elizabeth. "Koubek: Escape to Success.", St. Petersburg Times. December 31, 1967.]
- ^ a b c d e f g h Willmann, John B. "It's Happening in Real Estate." The Washington Post. February 3, 1968.
- ^ a b c d e f g "In Memoriam," Zprávy SVU. #1, 2003, p. 7.
- ^ a b c Donihi, Rosemary. "Emigre Nobility: 'We All Cling Together'." The New York Times. February 14, 1971.
- ^ "9 Become Registered Architects." The Washington Post. August 10, 1957.
- ^ "Southern Maryland Medical Center." The Washington Post. February 21, 1959.
- ^ Eisen, Jack. "Glassy Building Gives Arts Board a Pane." The Washington Post. April 21, 1960.
- ^ Hailey, Albon B. "New Olmsted Building Plans Approved." The Washington Post. May 19, 1960.
- ^ Gutheim, Frederick. "Gutheim Declares Revised Design Puts District Forward 10 Years." The Washington Post. May 19, 1960.
- ^ "12-Story Building for District." The Washington Post. November 12, 1960.
- ^ Willmann, John B. "Multi-Million Program Of Building Set in '61." The Washington Post. December 23, 1960; "Building Planned." The Washington Post. October 7, 1961.
- ^ a b Andelson, 2000, p. 161.
- ^ Carrier, 1999, p. 24.
- ^ a b c Willmann, John B. "Rosslyn's Rebirth As 'Hottest Area' Attracts Builders." The Washington Post. October 20, 1962.
- ^ "Rosslyn Is Selected as Site For Large Methodist Church." The Washington Post. March 17, 1962.
- ^ Donahue, William T. "SP #1 Minor Site Plan Amendment Request for a Comprehensive Sign Plan." County Board of Arlington, Virginia. September 16, 1999.
- ^ "Luxury on the River." The Washington Post. January 16, 1965.
- ^ "Jefferson Building Under Way." The Washington Post. January 12, 1963.
- ^ Dresden, Donald. "The Palm: A Capital Copy of a New York Favorite." The Washington Post. January 14, 1973.
- ^ "MBG Plans 8-Story Building." The Washington Post. March 16, 1963.
- ^ "Five Buildings Planned." The Washington Post. March 30, 1963.
- ^ Willmann, John B. "High-Rising Office Expected to Revive Silver Spring Section." The Washington Post. April 13, 1963.
- ^ "Nearing Completion." The Washington Post. May 11, 1963.
- ^ "Under Way." The Washington Post. May 2, 1964.
- ^ "New Georgetown Building." The Washington Post. March 31, 1963.
- ^ a b c Schuette, Paul A. "Building Plan Becomes Career." The Washington Post. June 21, 1962.
- ^ "New Georgetown Building." The Washington Post. October 19, 1963.
- ^ Willmann, John B. "Office Buildings Are Encircling Farragut Square." The Washington Post. April 20, 1963.
- ^ "Area's Tallest Office Building." The Washington Post. January 24, 1964.
- ^ Allie S. Freed was an automobile salesman who became a housing developer during the Great Depression. He was President Franklin D. Roosevelt's director of the Committee for Economic Recovery and Social Progress. Freed developed the Buckingham housing complex in 1938 after discussing housing needs with President Roosevelt. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) considered it a model of housing redevelopment, and it was only the second FHA-approved subsidized rental housing project in the D.C. area. See: Willmann, John B. "Things Are Happening at Buckingham." The Washington Post. August 22, 1964.
- ^ "New Apartment on R St." The Washington Post. October 17, 1964.
- ^ "New Office for Thomas Circle." The Washington Post. April 17, 1965.
- ^ "Psychological Association Headquarters." The Washington Post. October 16, 1965.
- ^ "Funds for New FBI, Labor Buildings Killed by House Appropriations Unit." The Washington Post. May 6, 1966.
- ^ "Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site." National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior. May 29, 2007.
- ^ "BNA Building." The Washington Post. February 25, 1967.
- ^ "Benjamin Franklin." The Washington Post. October 28, 1967.
- ^ Hilzenrath, David S. "Building In Defiance of the Bust." The Washington Post. December 31, 1990; "Franklin Tower." Washington Times. January 17, 2000.
- ^ Von Eckardt, Wolf. "MPA's New Quarters: A Glass Box on Stilts." The Washington Post. December 9, 1967.
- ^ a b c d e f g Goldberger, Paul. "Washington Buildings: Low Profile and Boxlike Design." The New York Times. December 29, 1975.
- ^ "One Dupont Circle." The Washington Post. February 3, 1968.
- ^ Durant, John. "A Rebuilt St. Petersburg." The New York Times. November 6, 1966.
- ^ "Downtown Dreamers." St. Petersburg Times. May 29, 1991.
- ^ a b Masters, Kay. "Bayfront Plaza Lawsuit Settled." St. Petersburg Evening Independent. November 3, 1972.
- ^ a b "Bayfront Plaza Lawsuit Is Settled Out of Court." St. Petersburg Times. November 4, 1972.
- ^ "23-Story Building Planned for Roanoke." The Washington Post. January 9, 1969.
- ^ "Willoughby Completed." The Washington Post. January 11, 1969.
- ^ a b c d e f "Crough Center Marks 20th Anniversary." CUA Magazine. Fall 2009.
- ^ "New L'Enfant Plaza Unit Underway." The Washington Post. February 19, 1969; "New Building to Be Largest." The Washington Post. May 17, 1969.
- ^ "FNMA Building to Be Dedicated." The Washington Post. October 11, 1969.
- ^ Jones, William H. "New Hotel Planned." The Washington Post. June 23, 1971; Hodges and Hodges, 1980, p. 38; Williams, 2005, p. 120; Moeller and Weeks, 2006, p. 59; Scott and Lee, 1993, p. 237; Kousoulas and Kousoulas, 1995, p. 213.
- ^ "Ground Broken." The Washington Post. July 4, 1970.
- ^ "'Slip Forming' Technique Introduced in Baltimore." The Washington Post. May 1, 1971.
- ^ "Renovations at 100 Light Street to Be Unveiled." Baltimore Sun. June 9, 2010.
- ^ "New Building Is Started At 2021 K St." The Washington Post. November 28, 1970; "Topped Out." The Washington Post. September 18, 1971.
- ^ "The Future of Friendship Heights." The Washington Post. July 9, 1971.
- ^ Jones, William H. "Friendship Heights Battle." The Washington Post. May 28, 1972.
- ^ "AAA Plans Move to Suburban Virginia Site." The Washington Post. March 13, 1971.
- ^ "ALPA Building." The Washington Post. November 6, 1971.
- ^ "1900 M." The Washington Post. March 2, 1974.
- ^ "Operations Headquarters." The Washington Post. March 25, 1975.
- ^ a b Willmann, John B. "Three Notable Preservations." The Washington Post. May 24, 1975.
- ^ a b Conroy, Sarah Booth. "Studying the Fate of the Willard." The Washington Post. May 18, 1974.
- ^ Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior. August 31, 2007.
- ^ a b c Forgey, Benjamin. "Willard Hotel: Well Worth the Wait." The Washington Post. August 9, 1986.
- ^ a b Goldberger, Paul. "On Pennsylvania Avenue, A Restoration With Wit." The New York Times. September 22, 1986.
- ^ "New Building." The Washington Post. February 7, 1976.
- ^ "Leasing." The Washington Post. June 19, 1976.
- ^ Jones, William H. "Office, Retail Complex Set at 19th & K." The Washington Post. December 17, 1974; "International Square." The Washington Post. November 13, 1976.
- ^ Jones, William H. "First Building Set to Open in Big Downtown Complex." The Washington Post. May 6, 1977; "Razing." The Washington Post. March 15, 1980.
- ^ Bosco, Pearl. "International Square: A Classic in Concrete." Buildings. November 1, 1992.
- ^ Willmann, John B. "Short Takes On Real Estate." The Washington Post. April 30, 1977; "Double-Deck Mall for Downtown." The Washington Post. June 23, 1978.
- ^ McCombs, Paul and Oman, Anne H. "$40 Million Mall Is Planned." The Washington Post. November 12, 1977.
- ^ Oman, Anne H. "Downtown Mall: Talks Begin on Status of Landmarks." The Washington Post. April 13, 1978; "Court Order Temporarily Halts Demolition of Albee-Keith Facade." The Washington Post. April 24, 1979; Wheeler, Linda. "Solomon-Like Court Order Is Slicing District's Historic Keith-Albee Building." The Washington Post. June 15, 1979; Oman, Anne H. "Developer Has New Plan For Historic Buildings." The Washington Post. August 2, 1979.
- ^ Eisen, Jack. "Developer Denied Right to Demolish Historic Building." The Washington Post. December 22, 1979; Bowman, LaBarbara. "Fight to Save Tavern Site Moves to Hill." The Washington Post. December 1, 1982; Perl, Peter. "Panel Approves Rhodes Demolition, Calls for Delay Pending Vote in Fall." The Washington Post. May 11, 1983; Kamen, Al. "Judge Orders Demolition Delayed On Pennsylvania Avenue Buildings." The Washington Post. August 30, 1983; Pichirallo, Joe. "Rhodes Tavern Initiative Carries 91 Percent of City's 137 Precincts." The Washington Post. November 10, 1983; Sargent, Edward D. "Barry Names 7 to Rhodes Tavern Panel." The Washington Post. June 8, 1984; Bruske, Ed. "Court Ruling Blocks Demolition of Rhodes Tavern." The Washington Post. June 30, 1984; Barker, Karlyn. "Appeal to Save Rhodes Tavern Turned Down." The Washington Post. September 7, 1984; Barker, Karlyn. "Demolition Of Rhodes Tavern Starts." The Washington Post. September 11, 1984.
- ^ Citizens Committee to Save Historic Rhodes Tavern Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
- ^ Bredemeier, Kenneth. "Plan for High-Rise Where Tavern Stood To Mix Old and New." The Washington Post. September 12, 1984.
- ^ "Camden Yards Master Plan Due." Baltimore Sun. December 11, 1977.
- ^ "Addition Started At Bank's Center." The Washington Post. September 23, 1978.
- ^ O'Connell, Jonathan. "Boston Properties Buys NPR Headquarters." Washington Business Journal. September 30, 2008.
- ^ Page, Walter; Bevans, Connor. "Demand for the modern leads to knocking down older office buildings". The Washington Post, July 28, 2013.
- ^ Oman, Anne H. "Trolley Barn Housing Complex Approved." The Washington Post. March 29, 1979.
- ^ Evelyn, Dickson, and Ackerman, 2008, p. 32.
- ^ Willmann, John B. "Local AMA to Build New Headquarters." The Washington Post. June 21, 1979.
- ^ Willmann, John B. "Office, Retail Center Begun On Apex Site." The Washington Post. July 4, 1979.
- ^ Lewis, Roger K. "Jumble of Old and New at AU Ruins Campus Face Lift." The Washington Post. October 17, 1998.
- ^ Nuckols, Melanie. "Permits Now Only Obstacle to Construction at Spring Valley Center." Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine American University Eagle. September 4, 1994.
- ^ Willmann, John B. "Hyatt Hotel-Office Beginning Construction in South Arlington." The Washington Post. August 13, 1980.
- ^ Willmann, John B. "Pentagon City Development Blossoms After 10-Year Wait." The Washington Post. July 16, 1981.
- ^ "Offices and Hotel to Be Built on 2-Acre Hill Site." The Washington Post. January 25, 1982.
- ^ "Teachers' Union Moves to Hill." The Washington Post. August 30, 1982.
- ^ Pyatt, Jr., Rudolph A. "Sheraton in Venture to Build Office-Hotel Complex on Hill." The Washington Post. December 2, 1982.
- ^ "Region's Largest Insurance Companies." The Washington Post. May 7, 1984.
- ^ Madigan, Sean. "ULLICO Buy Shows Force Is With Jemal." Washington Business Journal. February 10, 2003.
- ^ a b Forgey, Benjamin. "Just as Good as Old." The Washington Post. November 24, 1984.
- ^ "In Business." The Washington Post. June 11, 1988.
- ^ Simpson, Anne. "District Weighs Plan For Judiciary Square." The Washington Post. March 10, 1986; Griffin, Sandy. "One Judiciary Square Building Over Subway." The Washington Post. December 19, 1988.
- ^ Forgey, Benjamin (1988-02-26). "Now, Playing in the Lobby". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
- ^ "Merchants Object to Size of Shockoe Plaza Project." Richmond Times-Dispatch. April 15, 1988.
- ^ McQuaid, Kevin. L. "Largest Architectural Firms in the Baltimore/Washington Area." Baltimore Business Journal. September 24, 1990.
- ^ Moeller, Martin (October 1990). "Winning Entries". DC/AIA News: 5.
- ^ Forgey, Benjamin (November 3, 1990). "Architect Awards". The Washington Post. p. D10.
- ^ Blake, Peter (May 1991). "Old Gym into New School". Interior Design: 196–199.
- ^ Forgey, Benjamin. "Out of the Past, Into the Future." The Washington Post. July 20, 1991; Lewis, Roger K. "AARP Building Out of Place and Time." The Washington Post. November 14, 1992.
- ^ Forgey, Benjamin. "Fortress Washington: Solid but Spare." The Washington Post. June 21, 1997.
- ^ "A Well-Suited Site Downtown." Washington Times. August 2, 1992.
- ^ "Architects Have Gone Back to the Drawing Board." Baltimore Sun. December 26, 1993.
- ^ Cohn, Meredith. "Harbor View Offices Planned." Baltimore Sun. August 19, 2000.
- ^ "Mrs. Koubek to Head Czechoslovak Benefit." The Washington Post. December 21, 1966.
- ^ Conconi, Chuck. "Personalities." The Washington Post. February 21, 1990.
- ^ Beale, Betty. "Roosevelt Sons Set Aside Differences For Centennial." Birmingham Times Daily. October 20, 1984.
- ^ Siegal, Ann Cameron. "Tysons Is Close, But Nature Is Closer." The Washington Post. April 17, 2010.
- ^ a b c d Wheeler, Linda. "New Washington Emerges on Downtown K Street." The Washington Post. November 23, 1979.
- ^ Forgey, Benjamin. "CU's Gym-Dandy Transformation." The Washington Post. October 21, 1989.
- ^ Forgey, Benjamin. "The West End's New Face." The Washington Post. May 30, 1987.
Bibliography
- Andelson, Robert V. Land-Value Taxation Around the World. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 2000.
- Carrier, Thomas J. Historic Georgetown: A Walking Tour. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 1999.
- Evelyn, Douglas E.; Dickson, Paul; and Ackerman, S.J. On This Spot: Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C. Sterling, Va.: Capital Books, 2008.
- Hodges, Allan A. and Hodges, Carol A. Washington on Foot: 23 Walking Tours of Washington, D.C., Old Town Alexandria, Virginia, and Historic Annapolis, Maryland. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1980.
- Kousoulas, Claudia D. and Kousoulas, George W. Contemporary Architecture in Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.: Preservation Press, 1995.
- Moeller, Gerard M. AIA Guide to the Architecture of Washington, D.C. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.
- Scott, Pamela and Lee, Antoinette Josephine. Buildings of the District of Columbia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
- Williams, Paul Kelsey. Southwest Washington, D.C. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 2005.