Vlorë

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the city in Albania. For other uses, see Vlorë.
Vlorë
Municipality and city
From top to bottom, left to right: Promenade of Vlorë, Muradie Mosque, Old house on the Dhimiter Konomi Street, Old Town of Vlorë, Independence Monument and Lungomare.
UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
9400
Area code+355 (0) 33
SeaportPort of Vlorë
Motorways
Highways
Vehicle registrationVL
Websitevlora.gov.al

Vlorë (

Republic of Albania and seat of Vlorë County and Vlorë Municipality. Located in southwestern Albania, Vlorë sprawls on the Bay of Vlorë and is surrounded by the foothills of the Ceraunian Mountains along the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea Coasts. It experiences a Mediterranean climate, which is affected by the Ceraunian Mountains and the proximity to the Mediterranean Sea
.

The coastal area of Vlorë was one of those

Venetians and Ottomans
.

Between the 18th and 19th centuries, the

Albanian Renaissance. Vlorë played an instrumental role in Albanian Independence as an epicenter for the founders of modern Albania, who signed the Declaration of Independence on 28 November 1912 at the Assembly of Vlorë
.

Vlorë is one of the most significant cities of southern Albania and the region of Labëria which is traditionally noted for its culture, traditions and folklore. Vlorë is served by the Port of Vlorë, the SH8 highway, and the A2 motorway, collectively representing part of the Adriatic–Ionian Corridor and the Pan-European Corridor VIII.

Name

The city took its name from

romanized: Aulṓn, meaning "channel, glen" that resembles an aulos instrument. It is a typical toponym in the Greek world.[10] The name of the city was first recorded in the 2nd century AD, by two Ancient Greek authors, Lucian and Ptolemy, the latter calling it "town and sea-port", which confirms that it was founded much earlier. However, Aulon has not been mentioned by earlier Ancient Greek and Roman authors, who on the other hand recorded the nearby town and seaport of Oricum. But in later sources Oricum is less encountered, while the toponym Aulon is more frequently mentioned.[11]

Vlorë developed from the ancient Aulon-a through the evolution of the

Geg Albanian the toponym is pronounced Vlonë, indicating that it has been in use among northern Albanians before the appearance of rhotacism in Tosk Albanian.[11] Also the accent pattern of the name observes Albanian accent rules.[13]
The name itself of the inhabitants (sing. vlonjat, pl. vlonjatë) has not undergone the rhotacism affecting the toponym (if it had, it would look something like vlorat or vlorjat).

The medieval and modern Greek name is Avlónas (Αυλώνας Aulṓnas

Old Serbian sources as Avlona or Vavlona, the latter containing the Slavic preposition v "in".[11] In Aromanian, the city is known as Avlona.[17]

History

Timeline of Vlorë
Historical affiliations

 Illyrians (Taulantii),
 

Ancient Greeks

 Roman Empire, 226 BCE–286
 Byzantine Empire, 286-c. 705
 South Slavs, c. 705–784
 Byzantine Empire, 784–1204
 Despotate of Epirus, 1204-1346
 Principality of Valona, 1346–1417
League of Lezhë 1443-1478
Ottoman Empire, 1417–1691
Republic of Venice, 1691–1698
Ottoman Empire, 1698–1912
Independent Albania, 1912–1914
Principality of Albania, 1915–1917
Italian protectorate over Albania, 1917–1920
Principality of Albania, 1920–1925
Albanian Republic, 1925–1928
Albanian Kingdom, 1928–1939
Kingdom of Albania, 1939–1943
Albanian Kingdom, 1943–1944
Democratic Government of Albania, 1944–1946
People's Socialist Republic of Albania, 1946–1992
 Albania, 1992–present

Early history

The coastal area of Vlorë was one of those Illyrian sites that had experienced pre-urban activity beginning from the 11th–10th centuries BCE.[18] During the period of Euboean colonization of the area (early 8th century BC) the bay of Vlorë was associated with several Heroic traditions and the foundation of several settlements there,[19] as the toponym Aulon suggest which is also known in local Eubean toponimity.[20]

Due to its strategic position on the

medieval period.[23] It has been suggested that a transfer of the ancient city from the site of Triport to the site of modern Vlorë occurred. The center of the modern city features walls dating from the 4th to the 10th centuries CE, as well as a wall, a quadrangular tower and ruins of a huse with ceramics dating back to the 3rd–4th centuries and to the 6th-7th centuries CE.[24]

The archaeological site of Triport has been identified with ancient

Euboean colony, but also by a dedication on a monument erected in Olympia, both accounts reporting that Apollonia conquered the city around 450 BCE. Aulon, from which Vlorë took its name, was mentioned for the first time by Ptolemy (2nd century CE) among the towns of the Illyrian Taulantii.[26] Carl Patsch proposed the first location of Aulon in Triport being then transferred to the current location of Vlora, and Pierre Cabanes proposed the location of Thronion in Triport; those identifications are not in contradiction with each other.[27] Other geographical documents, such as the Tabula Peutingeriana and Hierocles' Synecdemus, also mention Aulon. The city served as an important port of the Roman Empire, when it was part of Epirus Nova.[28][29]

Aulon (Avlona) became an episcopal see in the 5th century. Among the known bishops are Nazarius in 458 and Soter in 553 (Daniele Farlati, Illyricum sacrum, VII, 397–401). The diocese at that time belonged to the papal Pentarchy. In 733, it was annexed with the eastern Illyricum, to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and yet it is not mentioned in any Notitiae Episcopatuum of that Church. The bishopric had probably been suppressed for though the Bulgarians had been in possession of this country for some time, Avlona is not mentioned in the "Notitiae episcopatuum" of the Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid.

During the Roman period, a Latin see was established and Eubel (Hierarchia catholica medii aevi, I, 124) mentions several of its bishops.[28]

View of Vlorë.
The Port of Vlorë in 1688 by Vincenzo Coronelli.
Drawings of the fortifications of Vlorë fortresses and Kaninë fortress.

Aulon, no longer being a residential bishopric, is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see, a suffragan bishop of Durrës, being distinguished from a Greek titular see called Aulon by the use for it of the adjective Aulonitanus, while the adjective regarding the Aulon in Euboea (Ionian Greece) is Aulonensis.[30] The diocese was nominally restored as Latin titular bishopric Aulon, or Valona in Curiate Italian; from 1925 it was (als) named Aulona in Latin and/or Italian, since 1933 it's only Aulon in Latin, Aulona in Italian. It was a bishopric from the fifth century until Bulgarian rule.

Middle Ages

See also: Sanjak of Avlona and Principality of Valona

In the 11th and 12th century, Vlorë played an instrumental role in the conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and Norman Kingdom of Sicily.[15] Following Norman occupation, they ruled for only four years and established a Latin church episcopal see in Vlorë.[15][31] In 1321 the city being under Byzantine control was attacked by a Venetian fleet under Giovanni Michiel as a result costing the lives of many of its Greek inhabitants.[32] Vlorë served as capital of the Principality of Valona, initially a Serbian vassal state and later, independent Christian state from 1346 to 1417.[33][34]

The

Archdiocese of Durrës. During the early period of Ottoman rule, Vlorë became an international port centered on a high volume of trade between western Europe and the Ottoman state.[37]

Map of Simon Pinargenti Valona in 1573.

In 1426, the Ottomans supported the settlement of a

brocades, and mohair from the Ottoman cities of Istanbul and Bursa.[35] The Vlorë Jewish community took an active role in the welfare of other Jews such as managing to attain the release of war related captives present in Durrës in 1596.[35] After the Battle of Lepanto (1571) and the deterioration of security along the Ottoman controlled Adriatic and Ionian coasts, the numbers of Jews within Vlorë decreased.[35]

Drawing of Kanina Castle and Vlora Castle.

Albanian Renaissance

Ismail Qemali is regarded as the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and founding father of the modern Albanian nation.

Between the 18th and 19th centuries, cultural developments, widely attributed to

Albanian Renaissance with Vlorë becoming an epicenter of the movement in 1912. In 1833, Vlorë was captured by Albanian rebels forcing the Ottoman government to abolish taxes and comply to rebel requests.[38]
In 1851 it suffered severely from an earthquake.[15] The Jewish community of Yanina renewed the Jewish community of Vlorë in the nineteenth century.[35]

On November 28, 1912,

invaded by Italy in 1914, during the World War I. The city remained occupied by Italian forces until an Albanian rebellion forced the Italians out of Albania in 1920. Italy invaded Vlorë again in 1939. The city remained under Italian occupation until Italy surrendered to the allies in 1943. Subsequently, Nazi Germany occupied the city until 1944. The city was liberated in 1944 by communist forces under Enver Hoxha
.

Communist Albania

During the

Sazan Island became the site of a German and Italian submarine base and naval installations; these installations were heavily bombed by the Allies
.

After World War II, with Albania ruled by a

intelligence and secret police service.[41]

In 1997, Vlorë was the center of the 1997 Albanian civil unrest after the collapse of several fraudulent investment schemes that led to the downfall of the Sali Berisha administration.

Geography

View of the promenade of Vlorë and the Ceraunian Mountains in the hinterlands.

Vlorë is situated on the

Valonia oak, the mass name for acorn
cups obtained in the neighboring oak forests and used by tanners, derives its name from Valona, the ancient name of Vlorë.

Climate

According to the

hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) zone with an average annual temperature of 16.9 °C (62.4 °F).[43] Summers in Vlorë are dry and hot while winters experience moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather.[44] The warmest month is August with an average temperature rising to 26.8 °C (80.2 °F). By contrast, the coldest month is January with an average temperature falling to 7.9 °C (46.2 °F).[43] Vlorë has a sunny climate with an average of 2,745.2 hours of sunshine annually, making it one of the sunniest areas in the Eastern Mediterranean.[45][46][47] July is the sunniest month of the year with an average of about 12 hours of sunshine a day.[43] By contrast, the average hours of sunshine are less than 7 hours per day in January.[43]

During the 1961–1990 period, on average per year, there were 82 days with more than 1 mm (0.039 in) of rainfall, 26 days with thunders, five days with hail, and one day of snowfall.[45]

Climate data for Vlorë
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.2
(55.8) 		13.9
(57.0) 		15.9
(60.6) 		19.0
(66.2) 		23.2
(73.8) 		27.0
(80.6) 		29.7
(85.5) 		29.8
(85.6) 		27.0
(80.6) 		22.8
(73.0) 		18.2
(64.8) 		14.5
(58.1) 		21.2
(70.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10
(50) 		10
(50) 		12
(54) 		15
(59) 		19
(66) 		22
(72) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		22
(72) 		19
(66) 		15
(59) 		12
(54) 		17
(63)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.8
(40.6) 		5.3
(41.5) 		6.6
(43.9) 		9.6
(49.3) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.6
(61.9) 		18.4
(65.1) 		18.3
(64.9) 		15.9
(60.6) 		12.5
(54.5) 		9.5
(49.1) 		6.3
(43.3) 		11.4
(52.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 113.5
(4.47) 		86.3
(3.40) 		90.4
(3.56) 		65.3
(2.57) 		56.8
(2.24) 		19.1
(0.75) 		12.4
(0.49) 		21.1
(0.83) 		69.2
(2.72) 		124.1
(4.89) 		138.4
(5.45) 		145.0
(5.71) 		941.6
(37.08)
Average precipitation days 13 12 14 11 9 6 3 3 5 10 17 17 120
Mean monthly sunshine hours 133.3 147.9 173.6 225.0 272.8 318.0 368.9 344.1 279.0 210.8 117.0 99.2 2,689.6
Mean daily sunshine hours 4 5 5 7 8 10 11 11 9 6 3 3 7
Mean daily daylight hours 9 10 11 13 14 15 14 13 12 11 9 9 12
Source 1:
NOAA[45]
Source 2: [44][48]

Economy

View of a ship in the Port of Vlorë

The city of Vlorë remains a major seaport and commercial centre, with a significant

Albanian Navy. It has grown in importance as an agricultural center with a very large-scale planting of olive and fruit trees, and as a center of the food processing, oil, and bitumen export industries. Historically, the surrounding district was mainly agricultural and pastoral, producing oats, maize, cotton, olive oil, cattle, sheep, skins, hides, and butter.[15]
These commodities are exported.

Vlorë is a vibrant coastal city with a well-developed and modern housing infrastructure. The city offers a variety of residential areas ranging from the coast and going inland. Vlorë is divided into three economic zones.[49] The Free Economic Zone TEDA Vlorë has a strategic location, some 151 kilometres (94 miles) away from the capital Tirana. The Land and Environmental Information is located in a flat, saline land, partially covered by Soda Forest. The area is suitable for industrial and environmentally friendly development. The Industrial development inside the zone eligible activities that can be developed in TEDA are: industrial, processing, commercial, goods storage, light industry, electronics, auto parts manufacturing, and port related activities. The Labor market: Official data from 2014 reported the employable labor force in Vlora at 125,954, of which 84,836 are currently employed. 35% of the labor force in Vlora has a high school degree, while 17% has a university degree.

According to the

Southeastern Europe in rankings conducted by the World Bank Group.[50] ahead of the capital of Albania, Tirana, and also Belgrade, Serbia and Sarajevo, in Bosnia and Herzegovina
.

Tourism which has always been a driving force for the city's economy has become a major industry in recent years, with many hotels, recreational centers, and vast beaches. The city has a good view over the

Himara, Qeparo, and Borsh. In 2019, Vlorë was cited in Financial Times' 'Five destinations to watch' article that listed new and exciting holiday destinations from around the world.[51]

In April 2024, it was reported that Jared Kushner, son-in-law and former aide to US President Donald Trump, planned to build a resort in the city as part of plans of his company, Affinity Partners, to invest in the Balkans.[52]

Infrastructure

Transport

SH8 highway in southern Vlorë leading to Orikum
.

Vlorë lies on the north–south transportation corridor of Albania and is served by a network of motorways and highways connecting the city to other parts of Albania. The preceding

A2 motorway parallelly runs along the SH8 from Fier to Vlorë and terminates after entering the city in the north. Upon completion, the bypass of Vlorë will link the A2 motorway through the suburbs of Vlorë with the SH8 highway.[53][54]

Vlorë is served by the Port of Vlorë, the second busiest port in Albania, located in the northern part of the city's coast.

The

railway company, Albrail, started operation of freight trains from Fier to Vlorë in 2018.[58]

The

Vjosa-Narta Protected Landscape in the north of Vlorë, which was met with widespread criticism.[61] The construction was officially launched on 28 November 2021, and has a completion target date of April 2024.[62][63] The airport also has plans to include a marina and an agritourism site.[citation needed
]

Education

Vlora is home to the second largest university in Albania. The

University of Vlora was founded in 1994 as a technological university
. It retains a focus on technology, but has expanded in the areas of economics and finance, education, medicine, and law.

There are three journals based in the University of Vlora. There is also a scientific journal published quarterly in Albanian: Buletini Shkencor i Universitetit te Vlorës. Since 2008 it is home to the Academicus International Scientific Journal,[64] a peer-reviewed scientific publication in the English language founded by Arta Musaraj.[65]

Besides the state university there are two private universities, namely

Universiteti Pavarësia Vlorë and Akademia e Studimeve të Aplikuara "Reald", which started as primary school and high school, and since 2011 operates also as a university.[66]

Demography

Population history of Vlorë in selected periods
Year 1923[67] 1927[67] 1938[67] 1989[42] 2001[42] 2011[6]
Pop.5,9426,2109,94871,66277,65279,513
±% p.a.—    +1.11%+4.38%+3.95%+0.67%+0.24%
Source: [67]

As per the Institute of Statistics estimate from the 2011 census, there were 79,513 people residing in Vlorë and 104,827 in the municipality of Vlorë, constituting the third most populous city and fifth most populous municipality of Albania.[1][6] The estimated population density of Vlorë Municipality was at 169.9 inhabitants per square kilometre.[1] The population of Vlorë had increased from 71,662 in 1989 to 79,513 in 2011, while a decline of the population of Vlorë Municipality from 114,497 to 104,827 was highlighted.[42]

The constitution defines Albania as a secular country with no

belief and conscience and prohibits discrimination on grounds of religious beliefs or practice.[68][69] Vlorë is religiously diverse and possesses many places of worship catering to its religious population, who are traditionally adherents of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. During the 19th and early 20th century, Albanian-speaking Muslims were the majority population of Vlorë while there was a small number of Greek-speaking families, Albanian Orthodox, Jews, and an even smaller number of Catholics.[70] In 1994 the ethnic Greek community of the city numbered 8,000 people.[71] A Greek school was operating in the city in 1741.[72]

Culture

Monument of Independence on the Flag's Square.

Vlorë is geographically and culturally encompassed in the historical region of

Albanian polyphonic music, which has been proclaimed by UNESCO a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.[74] Most of the Albanian inhabitants of Vlorë speak the Lab dialect of southern Tosk Albanian that differs from other Albanian dialects.[75]

Historical center of Vlorë at the Justin Godart Street.

Vlorë is home to many cultural and historical sites that also relate to the founding of Albania. The Monument of Independence is located on the Flag's Square and commemorates the Albanian independence from the Ottoman Empire.[76] Museum of Independence is housed in a 19th-century building, where the founding fathers of Albania signed the Declaration of Independence.[77] Its balcony is considered a symbol of freedom, victory and resilience of the Albanians to prevent the occupation of their motherland.[77]

Located in a 19th-century mansion, the Ethnographic Museum close to the Museum of Independence displays the ethnographic heritage of Vlorë and its surrounding region.[77] The History Museum at the Perlat Rexhepi Street is another museum exhibiting among others artefacts from the nearby archaeological sites of the Illyrians and Ancient Greeks.[77] A museum dedicated to the historical Jewish population of Vlorë is planned to open in the historical center of Vlorë.[78][79]

Among the most outstanding religious sites in Vlorë are the

Lagoon of Narta as well as the archaeological sites of Amantia and Oricum.[76]

The oldest and most popular first division team based in Vlorë is the football club

KS Flamurtari Vlorë. Flamurtari plays at Flamurtari Stadium
in the center of Vlorë near the Independence Square.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Albania

Vlorë is twinned with:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The municipality of Vlorë consists of the administrative units of Novoselë, Orikum, Qendër Vlorë, Shushicë and Vlorë.[1][4][5] The population of the municipality results from the sum of the listed administrative units in the former as of the 2011 Albanian census.[1][6]
  2. ^ The estimation for the administrative unit of Vlorë is to be taken into consideration.[6]
  3. ^ Vlorë is also known as Vlonë (pronounced [ˈvlonə]; definite: Vlona) in Gheg Albanian.[9]
  4. ^ "town that is the second seaport of Albania. It was strategically important during the Roman period and in the 11th to the 12th-century wars between Normans and the Byzantine Empire" (EB editors 2016).

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  10. ISBN 978-9609582148
    . ηκαν το αρχ. δίαυλος «πέρασμα, δίοδος» και το νεότ. πύραυλος. Η κοιλάδα που μοιάζει με αυλό λέγεται αυλών (αυλώνας). από όπου το συχνό τοπωνύμιο Αυλών | Αυλώνα, ... Αυλώνας (ο) πόλη και λιμάνι τής Ν. Αλβανίας
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    . Eretrians settled around the bay of Avlona (Aulona).... There was also a place called Aulon in the Eretrias... and another .... Khalkis.
  21. ISBN 978-1-78570-232-7
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  41. ISBN 978-1-85065-279-3
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Bibliography

Further reading

External links

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