Voiced alveolar fricative

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.

  • The symbol for the alveolar sibilant is ⟨z⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z. The IPA letter ⟨z⟩ is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic (⟨z̪⟩ and ⟨z̠⟩ respectively).
  • The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ɹ̝⟩.
Voiced coronal fricatives
Dental Denti-
alveolar 		Alveolar Post-alveolar
Retracted Retroflex Palato-
alveolar 		Alveolo-
palatal
Sibilant plain z̪ z̟ z͇ z̠
ʐ
ʒ
ʑ
Non-sibilant ð
ð͇
ɻ̝
tapped
ɾ̞
Coronal sibilants
IPA
symbol 		meaning
place
of articulation 		passive
(mouth) 		⟨z̪⟩ dental
⟨z̟⟩
advanced
(denti-alveolar
)
⟨z͇⟩ alveolar
⟨z̠⟩
retracted
(postalveolar
)
active
(tongue) 		⟨z̺⟩ apical
⟨z̻⟩
laminal
⟨ʐ⟩
retroflex
secondary ⟨zʲ⟩ palatalized coronal
⟨ʑ⟩
alveolo-palatal
⟨ʒ⟩
palato-alveolar
⟨zʷ⟩
labialized
coronal
⟨zˠ⟩
velarized
coronal
⟨zˤ⟩
pharyngealized
coronal
voice-onset time
 ⟨zʱ⟩ breathy coronal

Voiced alveolar sibilant

Voiced alveolar fricative
z
IPA Number
133
Audio sample
help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)z
Unicode (hex)U+007A
X-SAMPAz
Braille⠵ (braille pattern dots-1356)
Voiced laminal dentalized alveolar sibilant
z̪
Voiced laminal predorsal alveolar sibilant
z̟
Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant
z̠
zᶾ
Encoding
Entity (decimal)z​̺
Unicode (hex)U+007A U+033A

The voiced alveolar sibilant is common across

Western Asia
.

Features

Occurrence

Dentalized laminal alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Armenian Eastern[2] զարդ [z̪ɑɾt̪ʰ]ⓘ 'decoration'
Azerbaijani[3] zoğ [z̪ɔʁ] 'sprout'
Belarusian[4] база [ˈbäz̪ä] 'base' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
Bulgarian[5] езеро [ˈɛz̪ɛro] 'lake' Contrasts with palatalized form.
Czech[6] zima [ˈz̪ɪmä] 'winter' See Czech phonology
English Multicultural London[7] zoo [z̪ʏˑy̯] 'zoo' See English phonology
French[8][9] zèbre [z̪ɛbʁ] 'zebra' See French phonology
Hungarian[10] zálog [ˈz̪äːl̪oɡ] 'pledge' See Hungarian phonology
Kashubian[11] [
example needed
]
Kazakh[12] заң/zañ [z̪ɑŋ] 'law'
Kyrgyz[13]
заң
Latvian[14]
zars
 [z̪ärs̪] 'branch' See Latvian phonology
Macedonian[15] зошто [ˈz̪ɔʃt̪ɔ] 'why' See Macedonian phonology
Mirandese daprendizaige [d̪əpɾẽd̪iˈz̪ajʒ(ɯ̽)] 'learning' Contrasts seven
Ibero-Romance
contrasts.
Polish[1][16] zero [ˈz̪ɛrɔ]ⓘ 'zero' See Polish phonology
Portuguese Most speakers Estados Unidos [isˈt̪ad̪uz̪‿ʉˈnid͡zᶶ(ˢ)] 'United States' See Portuguese phonology
Romanian[17] zar [z̪är] 'dice' See Romanian phonology
Russian[18] заезжать / zaezžat' [z̪əɪˈʑʑætʲ]ⓘ 'to pick up' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[19][20] зајам / zajam [z̪ǎːjäm] 'loan' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak
zima
 [ˈz̪imä] 'winter'
Slovene[21]
zima
 [ˈz̪ìːmá] 'winter'
Turkish[8][22] göz [ɟø̞̈z̪] 'eye' See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[23] зуб [z̪ub] 'tooth' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[24] koza [ˈkɔz̪ä] 'goat'
Uzbek[25] zafar 'victory'
Vietnamese Hanoi[26] da [z̪äː] 'skin' See Vietnamese phonology

Non-retracted alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe зы [ˈzə]ⓘ 'one'
Albanian zjarr [zjar] 'fire'
Arabic
 Standard[27] زائِر [ˈzaːʔir] 'visitor' See Arabic phonology
Assamese জলকীয়া [zɔlɔkija] 'chili'
Assyrian
 ܙܢ̱ܓܐ zìga [ziɡa] 'bell'
Bengali নামাজ [namaz] 'Salah' Mostly in loanwords and often replaced by [dʒ]. See Bengali phonology
Breton iliz [iliz] 'church'
Chechen зурма / zurma [zuɾma] 'music'
Dutch[28][29] zaad [z̻aːt̻] 'seed' Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction in the Netherlands.[28][29] See Dutch phonology
Emilian Bolognese raṡån [raːz̺ʌŋ] 'reason' Palatalized apical; may be [ʐ] or [ʒ] instead.
English zoo [zuː]ⓘ 'zoo' Absent from some Scottish and Asian dialects. See English phonology
Esperanto kuzo [ˈkuzo] 'cousin' See Esperanto phonology
Georgian[30]
ზარი
 [ˈzɑɾi] 'bell'
Greek Athens dialect[31] ζάλη / záli [ˈz̻ali] 'dizziness' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew
זאב
 [zeˈʔev] 'wolf' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani Hindi
ज़मीन
 		[zəmiːn] 'land' May be replaced in Hindi by [dʒ]. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu
زمین
Japanese[32] 全部 / zenbu [zembɯ] 'everything' See Japanese phonology
Kabardian зы [ˈzə]ⓘ 'one'
Kalaw Lagaw Ya zilamiz [zilʌmiz] 'go'
Kashmiri
زانُن
 [zaːnun] 'to know'
Khmer បែលហ្ស៊ិក / bêlhsĭk [ɓaelzɨk] noun: 'Belgium', 'Belgian(s)'
adjective: 'Belgian'		 See
Khmer phonology
Konda[33][34] sunz [sunz] 'to sleep'
Malay
beza
 [bezə] 'difference'
Maltese żelu [zelu] 'zeal'
Marathi जर [zər] 'if' See Marathi phonology.
Occitan Limousin jòune [ˈzɒwne] 'young' See Occitan phonology
Persian روز [ɾuːz] 'day'
Portuguese[35] casa [ˈkazɐ] 'house' See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi Gurmukhi ਹਜ਼ਾਰ [həˈzaːr] 'thousand' May be replaced by [dʒ] in Gurmukhi (Indian) varieties.
Shahmukhi ہزار
Spanish Andalusian comunismo [ko̞muˈnizmo̞] 'Communism' Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants, when it is not debuccalized to [h ~ ɦ]. Present in dialects which realize /s/ as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before /d/ it is dental [z̪].
Latin American
Filipino
Swahili lazima [lɑzimɑ] 'must'
Tamil Jaffna Tamil கடுதாசி [kɐɖuðaːzi] 'letter' Was only reported for 1 speaker in the sample but he pronounced it regularly.[36]
West Frisian[37] sizze [ˈsɪzə] 'to say' It never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology
Yi ꍂ / ssy [zɹ̩˧] 'generation'
Yiddish
 זון / zien [zin] 'son'
Zapotec
 Tilquiapan[38] guanaz [ɡʷanaz] 'went to grab'

Retracted alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Catalan[39][40] zel [ˈz̺ɛɫ] 'zeal' Apical. See Catalan phonology
Galician mesmo [ˈme̞z̺mo̞] 'same' Apical. Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before /d/ it is pronounced dentally [z̪].
Greek[41] μάζα / máza [ˈmɐz̠ɐ] 'mass' See Modern Greek phonology
Italian Central Italy[42]
caso
 [ˈkäːz̠o] 'case' Present in
Le Marche south of the Potenza.[42]
Northern Italy[43][44] Apical.[45] Present in many areas north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line.[46][47] See Italian phonology
Sicily[42] Present south and west of a line drawn from Syracuse to Cefalù.[42]
Low German[48] [
example needed
]
Maldivian zaraafaa [z̺aˈraːfaː] 'giraffe'
Mirandese eisistir [e̞jz̺is̺ˈtiɾ] 'to exist' Apical. Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve all seven mediaeval
s̺
/, -⟨s⟩- /z̺/
Occitan
Gascon
 casèrna [kaz̺ɛrno] 'barracks' See Occitan phonology
Languedocien
 véser [bez̺e] 'to see'
Piedmontese amis [aˈmiz̠] 'friend' Apical. See
Piemontese phonology
Portuguese Coastal Northern European [
example needed
]		 Merges with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese phonology
Inland Northern European [
example needed
]		 Apical. Contrasts with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese phonology
Spanish Andean mismo [ˈmiz̺mo̞] 'same' Apical. Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before /d/ it is pronounced dentally [z̪]. See Spanish phonology
Castilian
Paisa Region

Variable

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
German Standard[49] sauber [ˈzäʊ̯bɐ] 'clean' Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.[49] See Standard German phonology
Italian Standard[50]
caso
 [ˈkäːzo] 'case' Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[50] See Italian phonology
Ticino[45] Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[51] Both variants may be labiodentalized.[45] See Italian phonology

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
ð̠
ð͇
ɹ̝
d̞
Audio sample
help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ð​̠
Unicode (hex)U+00F0 U+0320
Voiced alveolar tapped fricative
ɾ̞
ɹ̝̆
IPA Number
124 430
Audio sample
help

The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the

retracted
or alveolarized [ð], respectively), ⟨ɹ̝⟩ (constricted [ɹ]), or ⟨d̞⟩ (lowered [d]).

Few languages also have the voiced alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. It can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show that full occlusion does not occur. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.[52]

Features

  • Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
  • Its
    alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal
    .
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The
    intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
    , as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Aragonese Chistabino[53] aire [ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞] 'air' Tapped; common realization of /ɾ/.[53]
Czech[54]
čtyři
 [ˈt͡ʃtɪɹ̝ɪ] 'four' May be a
tap fricative instead.[55] It contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. See Czech phonology
Dahalo[56] [káð̠i] 'work' Apical; only weakly fricated. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /d̠/, and may be an approximant [
d] instead.[57]
Dutch[58] voor [vöːɹ̝] 'for' One of many possible realizations of /r/; distribution unclear. See Dutch phonology
Emilian
 Bolognese chèṡ [ˈkɛːð̠] 'case' Laminal
English Scouse[59] maid [meɪð̠] 'maid' Allophone of /d/. See English phonology
South African[60][61] round [ɹ̝æʊ̯nd] 'round' Apical,
South African English phonology
Icelandic[62][63] bróðir [ˈprou̯ð̠ir] 'brother' Usually apical,
approximant. See Icelandic phonology
Italian Sicily[64]
terra
 [ˈt̪ɛɹ̝ä] 'earth' Apical; corresponds to /rr/ in standard Italian.[64] See Italian phonology
Manx mooar [muːɹ̝] 'big' Common word-final realization of /r/.
Spanish[65] Aragonese aire [ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞] 'air' Tapped; possible realization of /ɾ/.[65] See Spanish phonology
Swedish Central Standard[66][67] vandrare [²vän̪ːd̪ɹ̝äɹɛ] 'wanderer' Allophone of /r/ around the Stockholm area. See Swedish phonology
Tacana[68] [
example needed
]		 Tapped.[68]
Turkish[69] rüya [ˈɾ̞yːjɑ] 'dream' Tapped; word-initial allophone of /ɾ/.[69] See Turkish phonology

Voiced lateral-median fricative

Voiced alveolar lateral–median fricative
ʫ
ð̠ˡ
ɮ͡ð̠
ɮ͡z
Voiceless dental lateral–median fricative
ʫ̪
ðˡ
ɮ̪͡ð

The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.

Features

  • Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
  • Its
    alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal
    .
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
  • The
    intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
    , as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic[70][71][72]
Rijal Almaʽa
 ضبع [ðˡˤabʕ] 'hyena'
Mehri[73] ذوفر [ðˡˤoːfar] 'plait'

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
  2. ^ Kozintseva (1995), p. 7.
  3. ^ Axundov (1983), pp. 115, 136, 139–142.
  4. ^ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  5. ^ Klagstad (1958), p. 46.
  6. ^ Palková (1994), p. 228.
  7. ^ "english speech services | Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE". 31 December 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  8. ^ a b Adams (1975), p. 288.
  9. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1999), p. 79.
  10. ^ Szende (1999), p. 104.
  11. ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  12. ^ Kara (2002), p. 10.
  13. ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
  14. ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
  15. ^ Lunt (1952), p. 1.
  16. ^ Rocławski (1976), pp. 149.
  17. ^ Ovidiu Drăghici. "Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.[permanent dead link]
  18. ^ Chew (2003), p. 67.
  19. ^ Kordić (2006), p. 5.
  20. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  21. ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
  22. ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 154.
  23. Bibcode:2008arXiv0802.4198B. (PDF ram-verlag.eu
    )
  24. ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 22, 38, 39.
  25. ^ Sjoberg (1963), p. 11.
  26. ^ Thompson (1987), pp. 5 and 7.
  27. ^ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
  28. ^ a b Gussenhoven (1999), p. 75.
  29. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 190.
  30. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  31. ^ Adams (1975), p. 283.
  32. ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  33. ^ Emeneau (1970).
  34. ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 70.
  35. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  36. JSTOR 24650188
    .
  37. ^ Sipma (1913), p. 16.
  38. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  39. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  40. ^ Torreblanca (1988), p. 347.
  41. ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 12.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g Adams (1975), p. 286.
  43. ^ Adams (1975), pp. 285–286.
  44. ^ Canepari (1992), p. 71-72.
  45. ^ a b c Canepari (1992), p. 72.
  46. ^ Canepari (1992), p. 71.
  47. ^ Adams (1975), p. 285.
  48. ^ Adams (1975), p. 289.
  49. ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 50.
  50. ^ a b Canepari (1992), p. 68.
  51. ^ Canepari (1992), pp. 68 and 72.
  52. ^ Laver (1994), p. 263.
  53. ^ a b Mott (2007), pp. 104, 112.
  54. ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 228–230 and 233.
  55. ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 226.
  56. ^ Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
  57. ^ Maddieson et al. (1993:28, 34)
  58. ^ Collins & Mees (2003:199). Authors do not say where exactly it is used.
  59. ^ Watson (2007), pp. 352–353.
  60. ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 236.
  61. ^ a b Ogden (2009), p. 92.
  62. ^ a b Pétursson (1971:?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:145)
  63. ^ a b Grønnum (2005:139)
  64. ^ a b Canepari (1992), pp. 64–65.
  65. ^ a b Mott (2007), p. 112.
  66. ^ Engstrand (1999), pp. 141.
  67. ^ Engstrand (2004), p. 167.
  68. ^ a b "UPSID r[F". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  69. ^ a b Yavuz & Balcı (2011), p. 25.
  70. ^ Heselwood (2013) Phonetic transcription in theory and practice, p 122–123
  71. ^ Janet Watson (January 2011). "Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri". academia.edu.
  72. ^ Watson, Janet (January 2013). "Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubu'ah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence". Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beiträge zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift für Werner Arnold.
  73. ^ Janet Watson (January 2011). "Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri". academia.edu.

References

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voiced_alveolar_fricative&oldid=1209829216"