Voiced bilabial nasal
Voiced bilabial nasal | |
---|---|
m | |
IPA Number | 114 |
Audio sample | |
help | |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | m |
Unicode (hex) | U+006D |
X-SAMPA | m |
Braille |
The voiced bilabial nasal is a type of consonantal sound which has been observed to occur in about 96% of spoken languages.[1] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨m⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is m
. The bilabial nasal occurs in English, and it is the sound represented by "m" in map and rum. Very few languages (e.g. Wyandot) are known to lack this sound. A small number of languages have been observed to lack independent nasal phonemes altogether, such as Quileute, Makah, and Central Rotokas.[2]
Features
Features of the voiced bilabial nasal:
- Its nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Varieties
IPA | Description |
---|---|
m | plain m |
mʲ | palatalised |
mˠ | velarised
|
mˤ | pharyngealized |
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
!Kung | m | [m] | 'eat' | ||
Adyghe | мазэ / māză | [maːza] | 'moon' | ||
Arabic |
Standard[3] | مطابخ / maṭābiḫ | [maˈtˤɑːbɪχ] | 'kitchens' | See Arabic phonology |
Armenian | Eastern[4] | մայր / mayr | ⓘ | 'mother' | |
Assyrian |
ܡܪܐ / mara | [maːra] | 'owner' | ||
Basque | maitatu | [majt̪at̪u] | 'to love' | ||
Bengali | মা / ma | [ma] | 'mother' | See Bengali phonology | |
Bulgarian | мъгла / mygla | [mɐɡla] | 'fog' | ||
Catalan[5] | meu | [ˈmeʊ̯] | 'mine' | See Catalan phonology | |
Cherokee | ᎠᎹ / ama | [ama˦] | 'water' | ||
Cantonese |
猫 / māau |
ⓘ | 'cat' | See Cantonese phonology | |
Chukchi | Mанэгран | [maneɣɻan] | 'tent' | ||
Chuvash | манăн / manën | 'my' | |||
Czech | muž | ⓘ | 'man' | See Czech phonology | |
Dutch[6] | mond | ⓘ | 'mouth' | See Dutch phonology | |
Dhivehi |
mas | [mas̪] | 'fish' | See Dhivehi phonology
| |
English | him | ⓘ | 'him' | See English phonology | |
Esperanto | tempo | ⓘ | 'time' | See Esperanto phonology | |
Filipino | manok | [maˈnok] | 'chicken' | See Filipino phonology
| |
Finnish | minä |
ⓘ | 'I' | See Finnish phonology | |
French[7] | manger | ⓘ | 'to eat' | See French phonology | |
Georgian[8] | სამი / sami |
[ˈsɑmi] | 'three' | ||
German | Maus | ⓘ | 'mouse' | See Standard German phonology | |
Greek[9] | μάζα / maza | ⓘ | 'clump' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
Gujarati | મોર / mór |
[moːɾ] | 'male peacock' | See Gujarati phonology | |
Hawaiian[10] | maka | [maka] | 'eye' | See Hawaiian phonology | |
Hindi | मधु / mëdhu |
[məd̪ʱuː] | 'honey' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology
| |
Hebrew |
אמא / ima | [ˈʔimäʔ] | 'mother' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
Hungarian | ma | ⓘ | 'today' | See Hungarian phonology | |
Indonesian[11] | masuk | [ˈmäsʊʔ] | 'enter' | ||
Italian[12] | mamma |
ⓘ | 'mommy' | See Italian phonology | |
Japanese[13] | 豆 / mame | [mäme̞] | 'bean' | See Japanese phonology | |
Kabardian | мазэ / mazè | [maːza] | 'moon' | ||
Kagayanen[14] | manang | [manaŋ] | 'older sister' | ||
Kazakh | кеме / keme | [keme] | 'ship' | See Kazakh phonology
| |
Khmer | ខ្មែរ / khmae | [kʰmae] | 'Khmer' | See Khmer phonology
| |
Korean | 마을 / maûl | [mɐɯl] | 'village' | See Korean phonology | |
Limburgish | moer | [muːʁ] | 'carrot' | Common. Example from the Weert dialect. | |
Lithuanian | mama | [ˈmɐmɐ] | 'mom' | ||
Macedonian | мајка / majka | [ˈmajka] | 'mother' | See Macedonian phonology | |
Malay | malam |
[mäläm] | 'night' | ||
Malayalam[15] |
കമ്മി / kammi | [kəmmi] | 'shortage' | ||
Maltese | ilma | [ilma] | 'water' | ||
Mandarin | 猫 / māo
|
ⓘ | 'cat' | See Mandarin phonology
| |
Marathi | मन / mën |
[mən] | 'mind' | See Marathi phonology | |
Mutsun | muruṭ | [muɾuʈ] | 'night' | ||
Nepali | आमा / āmā |
[ämä] | 'mother' | See Nepali phonology | |
Norwegian | mamma |
[ˈmɑmːɑ] | 'mom' | See Norwegian phonology | |
Ojibwe | ᐊᓈᒥᒻ / anaamim | [ənaːˈmɪm] | 'accuse' | See Ojibwe phonology | |
Odia | ମା / mä | [mä] | 'mother' | ||
Persian | مادر / madär |
[mɒdær] | 'mother' | See Persian phonology | |
Pirahã | baíxi | [ˈmàí̯ʔì] | 'parent' | allophone of /b/ | |
Polish[16] | masa | ⓘ | 'mass' | See Polish phonology | |
Portuguese[17] | mato | ⓘ | 'bush' | See Portuguese phonology | |
Punjabi | ਮੈਂ / mēm̐ | [mɛ̃ː] | 'I' | ||
Russian[18] | муж / muž | ⓘ | 'husband' | Contrasts with palatalized version. See Russian phonology | |
Sanskrit | अहम् / aham | [əhəm] | 'I' | See Sanskrit phonology
| |
Serbo-Croatian[19] | мој / moj | [môːj] | 'my' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
Slovak | muž |
[mu̞ʂ] | 'man' | ||
Slovene | miš | [mîʃ] | 'mouse' | ||
Spanish[20] | grumete | [ɡɾuˈme̞te̞] | 'cabin boy' | See Spanish phonology | |
Swahili | miti | [ˈmiti] | 'trees' | ||
Swedish | mask | [mask] | 'worm' | See Swedish phonology | |
Telugu | మబ్బు/mabu | [mabːu] | 'cloud' | Occurs as anuswara when followed by retroflex stops
| |
Thai | มอมแมม / mommäm | [mɔːm.mɛːm] | 'shabby' | See Thai phonology | |
Toki Pona | mani | [mani] | 'money' | ||
Tsez | мец / mec | [mɛ̝t͡s] | 'tongue' | ||
Turkish | benim | [be̞ˈn̟ɪm] | 'mine' | See Turkish phonology | |
Ukrainian[21] | молоко / moloko | [mɔɫɔˈkɔ] | 'milk' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
Urdu | مکان / mëkan |
[məkaːn] | 'house' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology
| |
Uyghur | مەن / män |
[mæn] | 'I' | ||
Uzbek | men | [men] | 'I' | ||
Vietnamese[22] | muối | [mwojˀ˧˥] | 'salt' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
Welsh | mam |
ⓘ | 'mother' | See Welsh phonology | |
West Frisian | mar | [mar] | 'lake' | See West Frisian phonology | |
Yi |
ꂷ / ma | [ma˧] | 'bamboo' | ||
Zapotec |
Tilquiapan[23] | man | [maŋ] | 'animal' |
Palatalized
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulgarian[24] | мя́сто/mästo | [mʲa̟sto] | 'place' | Contrasts with /m/. See Bulgarian phonology. | |
Irish | mé | [mʲeː] | 'I' | Contrasts with /mˠ/. See Irish phonology. | |
Kildin Saami[25] |
ме̄рр/mʹērr | [mʲerː] | 'sea' | Kildin Saami contrasts varieties of bilabial nasals in voicedness, length and palatalization.[25] | |
Latgalian[26] | miļti | [mʲilʲtʲi][27] | 'flour' | Contrasts with /m/.[26] See Latgalian phonology. | |
Lithuanian[28] | miglà | [mʲɪɡˈɫa] | 'mist' | Contrasts with /m/. See Lithuanian phonology | |
Marshallese[29] | emān | [ɛmʲænʲ] | 'four' | Contrasts with /mˠ/.[29] | |
Nenets | Tundra Nenets[30] |
мяˮ/ḿaq | [mʲɑ][31] | 'tent' | Contrasts with /m/.[30] |
Forest Nenets[30] |
[ example needed ]
| ||||
Russian | медь/měď | ⓘ | 'copper' | Contrasts with /m/. See Russian phonology. | |
Veps[32] | nem' | [nemʲ] | 'peninsula' | Contrasts with /m/.[32] |
Velarized
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gilbertese | mwe[33] | [mˠe] | 'sleep' | Contrasts with /m/ and /mː/. | |
Irish | má | [mˠɑː] | 'if' | Contrasts with /mʲ/. See Irish phonology. | |
Marshallese[29] | m̧winam̧ōn | [mˠinʲɑmˠʌnʲ] | 'caterpillar' | Contrasts with /mʲ/.[29] |
See also
- List of phonetics topics
Notes
- ^ "Segments - m". PHOIBLE. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
- Wikidata Q115902630.
- ^ Thelwall (1990:37)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:19)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Newton (1972:10)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:139)
- ^ Soderberg & Olson (2008:210)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Okada (1999:117)
- ^ Olson et al. (2010:206–207)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:165)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Padgett (2003:42)
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ Thompson (1959:458–461)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
- ^ Klagstad (1958:48)
- ^ a b Rießler (2022:222)
- ^ a b Nau (2011:12)
- ^ Nau (2011:14)
- ^ Pakerys (1995:?)
- ^ a b c d Choi (1992:14)
- ^ a b c Burkova (2022:680)
- ^ Burkova (2022:681)
- ^ a b Grünthal (2022:294)
- ^ Stephen & Groves (1978)
References
- Burkova, Svetlana (2022). "Nenets". The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford Guides to the World's Languages (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, S2CID 249411809
- Choi, John (1992). "Phonetic Underspecification and Target Interpolation: An Acoustic Study of Marshallese Vowel Allophony". Working Papers in Phonetics. 82. Los Angeles: UCLA. Retrieved April 23, 2022.
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, S2CID 249414876
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, S2CID 249404451
- Riho, Grünthal (2022). "Veps". The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford Guides to the World's Languages (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, S2CID 243772965
- Klagstad, Harold (1958). "The Phonemic System of Colloquial Standard Bulgarian". Slavic and East European Journal. 2 (1). American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages: 42–54. JSTOR 304696.
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259,
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114,
- Nau, Nicole (2011), A short grammar of Latgalian, Munich: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-86288-055-3
- Newton, Brian (1972), The generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology, Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, vol. 8, Cambridge University Press
- Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J. III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, S2CID 38504322
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, S2CID 13470826
- Rießler, Michael (2022). "Kildin Saami". The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford Guides to the World's Languages (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121,
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264,
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
- Pakerys, Antanas (1995). Lietuvių bendrinės kalbos fonetika (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Žara. OCLC 911717523.
- Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008), "Illustrations of the IPA:Indonesian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (2): 209–213,
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, S2CID 243640727
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, JSTOR 411232
- Trussel, Stephen; Groves, Gordon (1978). A Combined Kiribati-English Dictionary based on the works of Hiram Bingham, D.D. and Father Ernest Sabatier, M.S.C. (translated by Sr. M. Oliva) with additional scientific material from Luomala, Goo & Banner. University of Hawaii. Retrieved 2022-06-13.