Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate
Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate | |
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dð | |
d̪ð | |
d̟ð | |
Audio sample | |
help |
The voiced dental non-sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨d͡ð⟩, ⟨d͜ð⟩, ⟨d̪͡ð⟩, and ⟨d̟͡ð⟩.
The sound is a frequent allophone of /ð/.
Features
Features of the voiced dental non-sibilant affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal. Note that most stops and liquids described as dental are actually denti-alveolar.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
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Burmese[1] | အညာသား | [ʔəɲàd̪͡ðá] | 'grand' | Common realization of /ð/.[1] | |
English | Dublin[2] | they | [d̪͡ðeɪ̯] | 'they' | Corresponds to [ d̪] instead.[2]
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New York[3]
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Corresponds to [ | ||||
New Zealand[4] | [d̪͡ðæe̯] | Possible realization of /ð/.[4] See New Zealand English phonology |
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Watkins (2001), p. 292.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
- ^ a b Labov (1966), pp. 36–37.
- ^ a b Warren & Bauer (2004), p. 618.
References
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Labov, William (1966), The Social Stratification of English in New York City (PDF) (2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-24, retrieved 2014-06-27
- Warren, Paul; Bauer, Laurie (2004), "Maori English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 614–624, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Watkins, Justin W. (2001), "Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 291–295, S2CID 232344700