Voiced labial–velar approximant
| Voiced labial–velar approximant | |
|---|---|
| w | |
IPA Number | 170 |
| Audio sample | |
|
help | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | w |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0077 |
| X-SAMPA | w |
| Braille |  |
| Compressed labial–velar approximant | |
|---|---|
| w͍ | |
| ɰᵝ |
The voiced labial–velar approximant is a type of
spoken languages, including English. It is the sound denoted by the letter ⟨w⟩ in the English alphabet;[1] likewise, the symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨w⟩, or rarely [ɰʷ], and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is
w. In most languages it is the semivocalic counterpart of the close back rounded vowel [u]. In inventory charts of languages with other labialized velar consonants, /w/ will be placed in the same column as those consonants. When consonant charts have only labial and velar columns, /w/ may be placed in the velar column, (bi)labial column, or both. The placement may have more to do with phonological criteria than phonetic ones.[2]Some languages have a voiced labial–prevelar approximant,labialized palatal approximant.
Features
Features of the voiced labial–velar approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream. The type of approximant is glide or semivowel. The term glide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of /w/ from the /u/ vowel position to a following vowel position. The term semivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable).
- Its compressed (or at least not rounded), which is a true labial–velar(as opposed to labialized velar) consonant. Close transcriptions may avoid the symbol [w] in such cases, or may use the under-rounding diacritic, [w̜].
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | ауаҩы/awawë | [awaˈɥə] | 'human' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Alemannic | Bernese German | Giel | [ɡ̊iə̯w] | 'boy' | Allophone of [ l ]
|
Arabic |
Modern Standard[3] | وَرْد/ward | [ward] | 'rose' | See Arabic phonology |
| Assamese | ৱাশ্বিংটন/Wašińton | [waʃiŋtɔn] | 'Washington' | ||
| Basque | lau | [law] | 'four' | ||
| Belarusian | воўк/vowk | [vɔwk] | 'wolf' | See Belarusian phonology | |
| Bengali | ওয়াদা/wada | [wada] | 'promise' | Allophone of [o] and [u] when preceding a vowel word-initially. See Bengali phonology | |
| Berber | ⴰⵡⴰⵍ/äwäl | [æwæl] | 'speech' | ||
| Breton | nav | [ˈnaw] | 'nine' | ||
| Bulgarian | Colloquial | лопата/lopata | [wo'patɐ] | 'shovel' | Contemporary pronunciation of / ɫ/, an ongoing sound change. See Bulgarian phonology .
|
| Pernik dialects | This dialect has a long-standing tradition of pronouncing /ɫ/ as /w/, similar to the Polish language. Independent of the similar sound change happening in the standard language. | ||||
| Standard Bulgarian | уиски/uiski | ['wisk̟i] | 'whiskey' | Appears in borrowings. See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan[4] | quart | [ˈkwɑɾt] | 'fourth' | Post-lexically after /k/ and /ɡ/. See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Cantonese |
挖/waat | ⓘ | 'dig' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 挖/wā | ⓘ | See Mandarin phonology
| ||
| Danish | hav | [hɑw] | 'ocean' | Allophone of [v] | |
| Dutch | Colloquial | kouwe |
[ˈkʌu̯wə] | 'cold' | Lenited allophone of /d/ after /ʌu̯/. See Dutch phonology |
| Standard Surinamese | welp |
[wɛɫp] | 'cub' | May also occur in this context in some continental Dutch accents and/or dialects. β̞] in Belgium and (southern) parts of the Netherlands. See Dutch phonology
| |
| English | weep | [wiːp] | 'weep' | See English phonology | |
| French[7] | oui | [wi] | 'yes' | See French phonology | |
| German | Quelle | [kweːlə] | 'source' | Some regions [citation needed] | |
| Hawaiian[8] | wikiwiki | [wikiwiki] | 'fast' | May also be realized as [v]. See Hawaiian phonology | |
| Hebrew | Mizrahi | כּוֹחַ /kowaḥ |
[ˈkowaħ] | 'power' | See Modern Hebrew phonology |
| Hindustani[9] | Hindi | विश्वास/višwas
|
[ʋɪʃwaːs] | 'believe' | See Hindustani phonology |
Urdu
|
višwas/وشواس
| ||||
| Irish | vóta | [ˈwoːt̪ˠə] | 'vote' | See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[10] | uomo |
[ˈwɔːmo] | 'man' | See Italian phonology | |
| Kabardian | уэ/wa | ⓘ | 'you' | ||
| Kazakh | ауа/awa | [awa] | 'air' | ||
| Korean | 왜가리/wägari | [wɛɡɐɾi] | 'heron' | See Korean phonology | |
Luxembourgish[11] |
zwee | [t͡swe̝ː] | 'two' | Allophone of /v/ after /k, t͡s, ʃ/.[12] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Malay | wang |
[waŋ] | 'money' | ||
| Malayalam | ഉവ്വ്/uwî | [uwːɨ̆] | 'Yes' | Some dialects. | |
| Mayan | Yucatec | witz | [wit͡s] | 'mountain' | |
| Nepali | हावा/hawa |
[ɦäwä] | 'wind' | See Nepali phonology | |
| Odia[13] | ଅଗ୍ରୱାଲ୍/ogrowal | [ɔgɾɔwäl] | 'Agrawal' | ||
Pashto |
ﻭﺍﺭ /war |
[wɑr] | 'one time' | ||
| Persian | Dari | وَرزِش /warziš |
[warzɪʃ] | 'sport' | may approach /ʋ/ in some regional dialects.
|
| Iranian Persian | نَو /now |
[now] | 'new' | Only as a diphthong or colloquially. | |
| Polish[14] | łaska | ⓘ | 'grace' | See Polish phonology. Corresponds to [ɫ] in older pronunciation and eastern dialects | |
| Portuguese[15] | Most dialects | quando | [ˈkwɐ̃du] | 'when' | Post-lexically after /k/ and /ɡ/. See Portuguese phonology |
| boa | [ˈbow.wɐ] | 'good' (f.) | Epenthetic glide or allophone of /u/, following a stressed rounded vowel and preceding an unrounded one.[16] | ||
| General Brazilian | qual | [ˈkwaw] | 'which' | Allophone of / l/ in coda position for most Brazilian dialects.[15]
| |
| Romanian | dulău |
[d̪uˈl̪əw] | 'mastiff' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian | волк/volk | [wou̯k] | 'wolf' | Southern dialects. | |
Serbo-Croatian |
Croatian[17] | vuk | [wûːk] | 'wolf' | Allophone of /ʋ/ before /u/.[17] See Serbo-Croatian phonology |
| Seri | cmiique |
[ˈkw̃ĩːkːɛ] | 'person' | Allophone of /m/ | |
| Slovene[18][19] | cerkev |
[ˈt͡sèːrkəw] | 'church' | Allophone of /ʋ/ in the syllable coda.[18][19] Voiceless [ʍ] before voiceless consonants. See Slovene phonology | |
| Sotho | sewa | [ˈsewa] | 'epidemic' | See Sesotho phonology
| |
| Svan | კუ̂ენ /k'wen |
[kʼwen] | 'marten' | ||
| Spanish[20] | cuanto | [ˈkwãn̪t̪o̞] | 'as much' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | mwanafunzi | [mwɑnɑfunzi] | 'student' | ||
| Swedish | Central Standard[21] | Labialized approximant consonant; allophone of /ɡ/ in casual speech before the protruded vowels /ɔ, oː/. See Swedish phonology | |||
| Tagalog | araw | [ˈɐɾaw] | 'day' | See Tagalog phonology | |
| Thai | แหวน /wén | [wɛn˩˩˦] | 'ring' | ||
| Vietnamese[22] | tuần | [t̪wən˨˩] | 'week' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Ukrainian | любов/lübov | [lʲubɔw] | 'love' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Welsh | gwae |
[ɡwaɨ] | 'woe' | See Welsh phonology | |
| West Frisian | skowe | [skoːwə] | 'to shove' | ||
See also
- Voiceless labial–velar approximant
- Nasal labial–velar approximant
Notes
- ^ Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
- ^ Guidelines for Transcription of English Consonants and Vowels (PDF); see the examples on the fifth page.
- ^ Ohala & Lorentz (1977), p. 577.
- ^ Watson (2002), p. 13.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 55.
- ^ "Recording dialect from Egmond aan Zee (Bergen), North Holland)". www.meertens.knaw.nl. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ^ "Recording and video from dialect of Katwijk, South Holland". YouTube. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 75.
- ^ Pukui & Elbert (1986), p. xvii.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67, 69.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 69.
- ^ Masica (1991), p. 107.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ^ a b Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 230.
- ^ France (2004).
- ^ a b Landau et al. (1999), p. 68.
- ^ a b Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 136.
- ^ a b Greenberg (2006), p. 18.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
- ^ Engstrand (2004), p. 167.
- ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
References
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232,
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, S2CID 249411809
- Engstrand, Olle (2004), Fonetikens grunder (in Swedish), Lund: Studenlitteratur, ISBN 91-44-04238-8
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, S2CID 249404451
- France, Angela (2004). "Problemas na variante tensa da fala carioca" [Problems with tense variant of carioca speech]. DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada (in Portuguese). 20 (spe). São Paulo: 33–58. ISSN 0102-4450.
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74,
- Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107,
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259,
- Ohala, John; Lorentz, James (1977), "Story of [w]: An exercise in the phonetic explanation for sound patterns" (PDF), Berkeley Linguistics Society annual meeting 3 proceedings, pp. 577–599
- Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H. (1986), Hawaiian Dictionary, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, ISBN 0-8248-0703-0
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121,
- Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, S2CID 249404451
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, JSTOR 411232
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
External links
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