Voiced labiodental nasal
Voiced labiodental nasal | |||
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ɱ | |||
IPA Number | 115 | ||
Audio sample | |||
help | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ɱ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+0271 | ||
X-SAMPA | F | ||
Braille | |||
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The voiced labiodental nasal is a type of
The
Although commonly appearing in languages, it is overwhelmingly an allophone restricted to a position before the labiodental consonants [f] and [v]. A phonemic /ɱ/ has only been reported for the Kukuya language, which contrasts it with /m, mpf, mbv/ and is "accompanied by strong protrusion of both lips". It is [ɱʷ] before /a/ and [ɱ] before /i/ and /e/, perhaps because labialization is constrained by the spread front vowels; it does not occur before the back (rounded) vowels /o/ and /u/.[2]
It is doubted by some scholars that true closure can be made by a labiodental gesture because of gaps between the incisors, which for many speakers would allow air to flow during the occlusion.
Nonetheless, [ɱ] is extremely common around the world phonetically, as it is the universal allophone of /m/ and a very common allophone of /n/ before the labiodental fricatives [f] and [v], as for example in English comfort and circumvent, and, for many people, infinitive and invent. In the Angami language, [ɱ] occurs as an allophone of /m/ before /ə/. In Drubea, [ɱ] is reported as an allophone of /v/ before nasal vowels.[5]
A proposal to retire the letter ⟨ɱ⟩ was made in the run-up to the
Features
Features of the voiced labiodental nasal:
- Its nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Its teeth.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Phonemic /ɱ/ is extremely rare. As an allophone of nasal consonants before [f] or [v], however, [ɱ] is very common.
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arabic | Hejazi | قُرُنْفُل gurunful | [gʊrʊɱfʊl] | 'clove' | See Hejazi Arabic phonology |
Catalan | limfa |
[ˈlĩɱfɐ] | 'lymph' | See Catalan phonology | |
Czech | tramvaj | [ˈtraɱvaj] | 'tram' | See Czech phonology | |
Danish | symfoni |
[syɱfoˈniˀ] | 'symphony' | See Danish phonology | |
Dutch[8][9] | omvallen | [ˈʔɔɱvɑlə(n)] | 'to fall over' | See Dutch phonology | |
English | symphony | ⓘ | 'symphony' | Allophone of /m/ before /f/ and /v/ See English phonology. | |
Finnish | kamferi |
[ˈkɑɱfe̞ri] | 'camphor' | See Finnish phonology | |
German | fünf | [fʏɱf] | 'five' | See German phonology
| |
Greek[10] | έμβρυο émvryo | [ˈe̞ɱvrio̞] | 'embryo' | Learned or careful pronunciation. See Modern Greek phonology | |
Hebrew | סימפוניה simfonya | [siɱˈfonja] | 'symphony' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
Hungarian | hamvad | [ˈhɒɱvɒd] | 'smoulder' | See Hungarian phonology | |
Italian[11] | invece |
[iɱˈveːt͡ʃe] | 'instead' | See Italian phonology | |
Kukuya[12] | [ɱíì] | 'eyes' | Phonemic, distinguishes /m/ and /ɱ/. | ||
Macedonian | трамвај tramvaj | [traɱˈvaj] | 'tram' | See Macedonian phonology | |
Norwegian | komfyr |
[kɔɱˈfyːɾ] | 'stove' | See Norwegian phonology | |
Polish | symfonia | [sɘ̟ɱˈfɔɲ̟ä] | 'symphony' | See Polish phonology | |
Romanian | învăța | [ɨɱvəˈt͡sä] | 'to learn' | See Romanian phonology | |
Russian | амфора amfora | ['aɱfərə] | 'amphora' | See Russian phonology | |
Serbo-Croatian[13] | трамвај / tramvaj | [trǎɱʋäj] | 'tram' | Allophone of / | |
Slovene[14] | simfonija | [siɱfoˈníːjà] | 'symphony' | Allophone of / | |
Spanish[15] | influir | [iɱfluˈiɾ] | 'to have influence' | See Spanish phonology | |
Swedish | framför | [ˈfɾâɱˌfɶːɾ] | 'in front of', 'performs' | See Swedish phonology | |
West Frisian | ûnwis | [uːɱ'ʋɪs] | 'unsure' | Allophone of /n/ before labiodental sounds. | |
Yuanmen
|
戴 (帽子) | [ɱoː⁶] | 'wear' | Was briefly phonemic before merging with /m/.[16] |
See also
References
- ^ Duckworth et al. (1990) Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 4: 4: 276.
- ^ Paulian (1975:57)
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:18)
- ^ Paulian (1975:40)
- .
- ^ Heselwood (2013) Phonetic transcription in theory and practice
- ^ JIPA 18(2) p.85.
- ^ Kooij & Van Oostendorp (2003:9)
- ^ Verhoeven (2005:243)
- ^ Newton (1972:10)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:118)
- ^ Paulian (1975:41)
- ^ a b Landau et al. (1999:67)
- ^ a b Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:136)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
- ^ Norquest (2007:107)
Bibliography
- Kooij, Jan; Van Oostendorp, Marc (2003), Fonologie: uitnodiging tot de klankleer van het Nederlands, Amsterdam University Press, ISBN 9789053566220
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), Sounds of the World's Languages, Blackwells
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259,
- Newton, Brian (1972), The generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology, Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, vol. 8, Cambridge University Press
- Paulian, Christiane (1975), Le Kukuya Langue Teke du Congo: phonologie, classes nominales, Peeters Publishers
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121,
- Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, S2CID 249404451
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247,
- Norquest, Peter K. (2007). A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Hlai (PDF) (PhD thesis). hdl:10150/194203. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2021-07-14.