Voiced postalveolar fricative

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the palato-alveolar consonant. For the retroflex consonant, see Voiced retroflex fricative. For the alveolo-palatal consonant, see Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative.

A voiced postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Association uses the term voiced postalveolar fricative only for the sound [ʒ],[1] but it also describes the voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative [ɹ̠˔], for which there are significant perceptual differences.

Voiced palato-alveolar fricative

Voiced postalveolar fricative
ʒ
IPA Number
135
Audio sample
help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʒ
Unicode (hex)U+0292
X-SAMPAZ
Braille⠮ (braille pattern dots-2346)

The voiced palato-alveolar fricative or voiced domed postalveolar fricative is a type of

spoken languages
.

Transcription

The symbol in the

Cyrillic
, the sound is represented by the digraph ⟨zh⟩.

palato-alveolar fricative [ʃ, ʒ]

Although present in English, the sound is not represented by a specific letter or digraph, but is formed by yod-coalescence of [z] and [j] in words such as measure. It also appears in some loanwords, mainly from French (thus written with ⟨g⟩ and ⟨j⟩).

The sound occurs in many languages and, as in English and French, may have simultaneous lip rounding ([ʒʷ]), although this is rarely indicated in transcription.

Features

Features of the voiced palato-alveolar fricative:

  • Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
  • Its
    alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate
    .
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The
    intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
    , as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe жакӀэ/žače [ʒaːtʃʼa]ⓘ 'beard'
Albanian zhurmë [ʒuɾm] 'noise'
Arabic
 Maghrebi[2] زوج [zuʒ] 'husband' See Arabic phonology
Hejazi جاهِز [ʒaːhɪz] 'ready' an allophone of /d͡ʒ/ used by a number of speakers.
Armenian Eastern[3] ժամ/žam [ʒɑm]ⓘ 'hour'
Assyrian
 ܐܘܪܡܓ̰ܢܝܐ Ūrmıǰnaya [urmɪʒnaɪja] 'Assyrian from Urmia'
Avar жакъа/žaqa [ˈʒaqʼːa] 'today'
Azerbaijani
jalüz
 [ʒalyz] 'blinds'
Berta [ŋɔ̀nʒɔ̀ʔ] 'honey'
Bulgarian мъжът/mazhat [mɐˈʒɤ̞t̪] 'the man' See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan Eastern Catalan gel [ˈʒel] 'ice'
Chechen жий / žiy [ʒiː] 'sheep'
Chinese Quzhou dialect 床 [ʒɑ̃] 'bed'
Fuzhou dialect 只隻 [tsi˥˥ ʒieʔ˨˦] 'this one'
Corsican ghjesgia [ˈɟeːʒa] 'church' Also in
Gallurese
Czech muži [ˈmuʒɪ] 'men' See Czech phonology
Dutch garage [ɣäˈräːʒə] 'garage' See Dutch phonology
Emilian
 Bolognese chèṡ [ˈkɛːð̠] 'case' Apical; not labialized; may be [
z̺ʲ] or [ʐ
] instead.
English vision [ˈvɪʒən]ⓘ 'vision' See English phonology
Esperanto manĝaĵo [mänˈd͡ʒäʒo̞] 'food' See Esperanto phonology
French[4] jour [ʒuʁ]ⓘ 'day' See French phonology
German Standard[5] Garage [ɡaˈʁaːʒʷə] 'garage' Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[5] Some speakers may merge it with /ʃ/. See Standard German phonology
Georgian[6]
ჟურნალი/žurnali
 [ʒuɾnali] 'magazine'
Goemai zhiem [ʒiem] 'sickle'
Greek Cypriot γαλάζ̌ο/galažo [ɣ̞ɐˈlɐʒːo̞] 'sky blue'
Gwich’in
 zhòh [ʒôh] 'wolf'
Hän zhùr [ʒûr] 'wolf'
Hebrew ז׳אנר [ʒaneʁ] 'genre' Phoneme present in loanwords only. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindi
 अझ़दहा/aždahá [əʒd̪əhaː] 'dragon' See
Hindi–Urdu phonology
Hungarian rózsa [ˈr̪oːʒɒ] 'rose' See Hungarian phonology
Ingush жий/žiy [ʒiː] 'sheep'
Italian
Tuscan
 pigiare [piˈʒäːre] 'press' See Italian phonology
Judaeo-Spanish mujer [muˈʒɛr] 'woman'
Juǀʼhoan
 ju [ʒu] 'person'
Kabardian жыг/jığ [ʒəɣʲ] 'tree'
Kabyle
jeddi
 [ʒəddi] 'my grandfather'
Kashubian[7] kòżdi rôz [kʷʒdi rɞz] 'constantly'
Kazakh
жеті/jetı
 [ʒeti] 'seven'
Latvian
žāvēt
 [ˈʒäːveːt̪] 'to dry' See Latvian phonology
Ligurian
 lüxe ['ly:ʒe] 'light'
Limburgish
 Maastrichtian[8] zjuweleer [ʒy̠β̞əˈleːʀ̝̊] 'jeweller' Laminal post-alveolar with an unclear amount of palatalization.[9]
Lithuanian žmona [ʒmoːˈn̪ɐ] 'wife' See Lithuanian phonology
Livonian kūž [kuːʒ] 'six'
Lombard
Western
 resgiôra [reˈʒu(ː)ra] 'matriarch'
Macedonian жaбa/žaba [ˈʒaba] 'toad' See Macedonian phonology
Megrelian
ჟირი/žiri
 [ʒiɾi] 'two'
Navajo łizh [ɬiʒ] 'urine'
Neapolitan sbattere [ˈʒbαttərə] 'to slam'
Ngas zhaam [ʒaːm] 'chin'
Ngwe Mmockngie dialect [ʒíá] 'to split'
Occitan
Auvergnat
 argent [aʀʒẽ] 'money' Southern dialects
Gascon [arʒen]
Pashto
ژوول/žowul
 [ʒowul] 'chew'
Persian مژه/moje [moʒe] 'eyelash' See Persian phonology
Polish Gmina Istebna zielony [ʒɛˈlɔn̪ɘ] 'green' /ʐ/ and /ʑ/ merge into [ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal
voiced retroflex sibilant
.
Lubawa dialect[10]
Malbork dialect[10]
Ostróda dialect[10]
Warmia dialect[10]
Portuguese[11][12] loja [ˈlɔʒɐ] 'shop' Also described as alveolo-palatal [ʑ].[13][14][15] See Portuguese phonology
Romani [ʒanel] 'to know'
Romanian jar [ʒär] 'embers' See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian жут / žut [ʒûːt̪] 'yellow' May be
laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Silesian Gmina Istebna[16] [
example needed
]		 These dialects merge /ʐ/ and /ʑ/ into [ʒ].
Jablunkov[16] [
example needed
]
Sioux Lakota waŋži [wãˈʒi] 'one'
Slovak žena [ʒena] 'woman' See Slovak phonology
Slovene
žito
 [ˈʒìːt̪ɔ́] 'cereal' See Slovene phonology
Spanish Rioplatense[17] yo [ʒo̞] 'I' Most dialects.[17] See Spanish phonology and yeísmo
Ecuadorian Andean Spanish[18] ellos [eʒos] 'they' See Spanish phonology and yeísmo
Tadaksahak [ˈʒɐwɐb] 'to answer'
Tagish [ʒé] 'what'
Turkish jale [ʒɑːˈʎ̟ɛ] 'dew' Only occurs in loanwords. See Turkish phonology
Turkmen žiraf [ʒiraf] 'giraffe'
Tutchone Northern zhi [ʒi] 'what'
Southern zhǜr [ʒɨ̂r] 'berry'
Ukrainian жaбa/žaba [ˈʒɑbɐ] 'frog' See Ukrainian phonology
Urdu اژدہا/ajdahá [əʒd̪ahaː] 'dragon' See
Hindi–Urdu phonology
Veps vīž [viːʒ] 'five'
Welayta
 [aʒa] 'bush'
West Frisian bagaazje [bɑˈɡaʒə] 'luggage' See West Frisian phonology
Yiddish
 אָראַנזש [ɔʀanʒ] 'orange' See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec
 Tilquiapan[19] llan [ʒaŋ] 'anger'

The sound in Russian denoted by ⟨ж⟩ is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative.

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
ɹ̠˔
ɹ̝˗
IPA Number
151 414 429
Audio sample
help
Encoding
X-SAMPAr\_-_r

The voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the

retracted constricted [ɹ]). The equivalent X-SAMPA
symbol is r\_-_r.

Features

  • Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
  • Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The
    intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
    , as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Dutch[20] meer [meːɹ̠˔] 'lake' A rare post-vocalic allophone of /r/.[21] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
Manx
mooar
 [muːɹ̠˔] 'lake' In free variation with other coda allophones of /r/.[22]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "IPA i-charts (2018)". International Phonetic Association. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  2. ^ Watson (2002:16)
  3. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:18)
  4. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  5. ^ a b Mangold (2005:51)
  6. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
  7. ^ "Projekt Rastko Kaszuby - Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2014-11-02. Retrieved 2013-11-18.
  8. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 156.
  9. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:156). The authors state that /ʒ/ is "pre-palatal, articulated with the blade of the tongue against the post-alveolar place of articulation". This makes it unclear whether this sound is palato-alveolar (somewhat palatalized post-alveolar) or alveolo-palatal (strongly palatalized post-alveolar).
  10. ^ a b c d Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
  11. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  12. ^ Medina (2010)
  13. ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000)
  14. ^ Silva (2003:32)
  15. ^ Guimarães (2004)
  16. ^ a b Dąbrowska (2004:?)
  17. ^ a b Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
  18. S2CID 170724900
    .
  19. ^ Merrill (2008:108)
  20. ^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:94–98, 101–102)
  21. ^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:95–97, 102)
  22. ^ Broderick (1986:17–18)

References

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voiced_postalveolar_fricative&oldid=1216982058"