Voiced retroflex plosive

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Voiced retroflex plosive
ɖ
IPA Number
106
Audio sample
help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɖ
Unicode (hex)U+0256
X-SAMPAd`
Braille⠲ (braille pattern dots-256)⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)

The voiced retroflex plosive or stop is a type of

spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɖ ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d`. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a d, the letter that is used for the corresponding alveolar consonant. Many South Asian languages, such as Hindi and Urdu, have a two-way contrast between plain and murmured (breathy voice
) [ɖ ].

Features

Features of the voiced retroflex stop:

  • Its
    occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive
    .
  • Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The
    intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
    , as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Asturian Astierna dialect ḷḷingua [ɖiŋɡwä] 'tongue' Corresponds to /ʎ/ in other dialects. See Che Vaqueira
Balochi ڈݔل / ďèl [ɖɪl] 'female donkey'
Bangla[1] ডাকাত [ɖäkät̪] 'robber' Apical postalveolar.[1] See Bengali phonology
English Indian dialects dine [ɖaɪn] 'to eat' Corresponds to /d/ in other dialects. See English phonology
Gujarati[2]
[ɖə] (name of a letter) Subapical.[2] See Gujarati phonology
Hindustani[3][4]
डालना/ڈالنا
[ɖäːlnäː] 'to put' Apical postalveolar.[4] See Hindustani phonology
Javanese ꦣꦲꦂ/dhahar/ڎاهار [ɖahaɽ] 'to eat'
Kannada
ಸು [ʌɖʌsu] 'to join'
Malayalam
പാണ്വർ [ˈpäːɳɖäʋər] 'Pandavas'
Marathi[2]
हा
[häːɖ] 'bone' Subapical.[2] See Marathi phonology
Nepali
[ɖʌr] 'fear' Apical postalveolar. See Nepali phonology
Nihali [biɖum] 'one'
Norwegian
varde
[ˈʋɑɖːə] 'beacon' See Norwegian phonology
Odia ଙ୍ଗା/ḍaṅgā [ɖɔŋgä] 'boat' Apical postalveolar.
Pashto
ډﻙ
[ɖak] 'full'
Punjabi ਡੱਡੂ [ɖəɖːu] 'frog'
Sardinian cherveddu [keɾˈveɖːu] 'brain'
Sicilian coḍḍu [kɔɖːu] 'neck'
Somali
dhul
[ɖul] 'earth, land, ground' See Somali phonology
Spanish
dado
[ɖädo] 'dado' Realization of /ð/ in some accents. See Spanish phonology
Swedish nord [nuːɖ] 'north' See Swedish phonology
Tamil[2][5] ண்டி [ʋəɳɖi] 'cart' Subapical;[2] allophone of /ʈ/.[5] See Tamil phonology
Telugu డ్డి [kʌɖːi] 'rod' Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. Aspirated form articulated as
breathy consonant
.
Torwali[6] ڈىغو [ɖiɣu] 'late afternoon' Realised as [ɽ] between vowels.
Urdu ڈنڈا [ɖanɖa] 'stick'

See also

Notes

References

  • Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 111–116,
  • Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali",
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
  • Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), "An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan" (PDF), M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
  • Masica, Colin P. (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge University Press,
  • Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920], The history of the Bengali language, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services,
  • Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966], Hindī Bhāshā, Kitāb Mahal: Kitāb Mahal,

External links