Voiced velar nasal

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Voiced velar nasal
ŋ
IPA Number
119
Audio sample
help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ŋ
Unicode (hex)U+014B
X-SAMPAN
Braille⠫ (braille pattern dots-1246)

The voiced velar nasal, also known as agma, from the Greek word for 'fragment', is a type of

palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem. Both the IPA symbol and the sound are commonly called 'eng
' or 'engma'.

While almost all languages have /m/ and /n/ as

Southeast Asian languages, and Polynesian languages. In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, such as the Romance languages, it occurs as an allophone of /n/ before velar consonants. This kind of assimilation can even be found in languages with phonemic voiced velar nasals, such as English. An example of this phenomenon is the word income; its underlying representation, /ˈɪnˌkʌm/, can be realized
as either [ˈɪnˌkʌm] or [ˈɪŋˌkʌm].

An example of a language that lacks a phonemic or allophonic velar nasal is

] even before velar consonants.[2]

Some languages have the pre-velar nasal,

palatal nasal
- see that article for more information.

Conversely, some languages have the post-velar nasal,

uvular nasal
.

Features

Features of the voiced velar nasal:

  • Its
    nasal
    , the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
  • Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is a
    nasal stops
    ) or in addition to through the mouth.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The
    intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
    , as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian ngaqë [ŋɡacə] 'because'
Aleut[5] chaang/ча̄ӈ [tʃɑːŋ] 'five'
Arabic
Hejazi
[citation needed]
مــنــقل/mingal [mɪŋɡal] 'brazier' Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Hejazi Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[6] ընկեր/ënker [əŋˈkɛɾ] 'friend' Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants
Assamese ৰং/ŗông [ɹɔŋ] 'color'
Asturian non [nõŋ] 'no' Allophone of /n/ in word-final position, either before consonants other than velar stops or vowel-beginning words or before a pause.
Bambara ŋonI [ŋoni] 'guitar'
Bashkir мең / meñ [mɪ̞ŋ] 'one thousand'
Basque hanka [haŋka] 'leg'
Bengali /rông [ɾɔŋ] 'color'
Bulgarian[7] тънко/nko [ˈtɤŋko] 'thin'
Cantonese /ngòhng [ŋɔːŋ˩] 'raise' See Cantonese phonology
Catalan[8] sang [ˈsɑ̃ŋ(k)] 'blood' See Catalan phonology
Cebuano ngano [ˈŋano] 'why'
Chamorro ngånga' [ŋɑŋaʔ] 'duck'
Chukchi ӈыроӄ/yroq [ŋəɹoq] 'three'
Czech tank [taŋk] 'tank' See Czech phonology
Dinka ŋa [ŋa] 'who'
Danish
sang
[sɑŋˀ] 'song' See Danish phonology
Dutch[9] angst [ɑŋst] 'fear' See Dutch phonology
Eastern Min /ngì [ŋi53] 'suspect'
English sing [sɪŋ] 'sing' Restricted to the
syllable coda. See English phonology
Faroese ong [ɔŋk] 'meadow'
Fijian gone [ˈŋone] 'child'
Filipino ngayón [ŋaˈjon] 'now'
Finnish
kangas
[ˈkɑŋːɑs] 'cloth' Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally (as a geminate) and before /k/. See Finnish phonology
French[10] Standard camping [kɑ̃piŋ(ɡ)] 'camping' Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. See French phonology
Southern France pain [pɛŋ] 'bread' For many speakers, [ŋ] acts as a substitute for the nasalization of the preceding vowel, which may still be partially nasal. It is one of the most typical traits of varieties of French influenced by an Occitan substrate.
Galician unha [ˈuŋa] 'one' (f.)
Gan /nga [ŋa] 'tooth'
German lang [laŋ] 'long' See Standard German phonology
Greek άγχος / anchos ['aŋxo̞s] 'Stress' See Modern Greek phonology
Hakka Sixian /ngô [ŋai˨˦] 'I'
Hebrew Standard אנגלית/anglit [aŋɡˈlit] 'English language' Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Sephardi עין/nayin [ŋaˈjin] 'Ayin' See Sephardi Hebrew
Hiligaynon buang [bu'äŋ] 'crazy/mentally unstable'
Hindustani
Hindi
रंग/रङ्ग/rag [rəŋg] 'color' See Hindustani phonology
Urdu رن٘گ/rag
Fiji Hindustani Rang
Hungarian ing [iŋɡ] 'shirt' Allophone of /n/. See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic ng [ˈkœy̯ŋk] 'tunnel' See Icelandic phonology
Ilocano ngalngal [ŋalŋal] 'to chew'
Inuktitut ᐆᖅ / puunnguuq [puːŋŋuːq] 'dog'
Inuvialuktun qamnguiyuaq [qamŋuijuaq] 'snores'
Irish a nglór [ˌə̃ ˈŋl̪ˠoːɾˠ] 'their voice' Occurs word-initially as a result of the consonantal mutation eclipsis. See Irish phonology
Italian[11]
anche
[ˈaŋke] 'also' Allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Italian phonology
Itelmen қниң [qniŋ] 'one'
Japanese Standard 南極 / nankyoku [naŋkʲokɯ] 'the South Pole' See Japanese phonology
Eastern dialects[12] / kagi [kaŋi] 'key'
Javanese ꦱꦺꦔꦏ꧀/Sengak [səŋŋak] stink Additional /ŋ/ caused by vowel after /ŋ/ sounding
Jin Yuci /ngie [ŋie] 'I'
Kagayanen[13] manang [manaŋ] 'older sister'
Kazakh мың / myń [məŋ] 'thousand'
Kyrgyz миң/miñ [miŋ]
Ket аяң/ajaņ [ajaŋ] 'to damn'
Khasi ngap [ŋap] 'honey'
Khmer
  • [ŋiəj]
  • [kɑːsaːŋ]
  • 'easy'
  • 'to build'
See
Khmer phonology
Korean 성에 / seonge [sʌŋe] 'window frost' See Korean phonology
Kurdish
Northern
ceng
[dʒɛŋ] 'war' See Kurdish phonology
Central
جه‌نگ
/ceng
Southern
Luganda
ŋaaŋa [ŋɑːŋɑ] 'hornbill'
Luxembourgish[14]
keng [kʰæŋ] 'nobody' See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian
aнглиски
/angliski
[ˈaŋɡliski] 'English' Occurs occasionally as an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Macedonian phonology
Malay
Malaysian and Indonesian
bangun
[ˈbaŋʊn] 'wake up'
Kelantan-Pattani sini [si.niŋ] 'here' See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Terengganu ayam [a.jaŋ] 'chicken' See Terengganu Malay
Malayalam[5]
മാങ്ങ/mān̄n̄a [maːŋŋɐ] 'mango'
Mandarin Standard 北京/Běijīng [peɪ˨˩tɕiŋ˥] 'Beijing' Restricted to the
Mandarin phonology
Sichuanese
/ngo3 [ŋɔ˨˩] 'I'
Marathi
रंग
/ranga
[rəŋə] 'colour' See Marathi phonology
Mari еҥ/eng [jeŋ] 'human'
Mongolian
тэнгэр / teŋger
[teŋger] 'sky'
Nepali
/nang
[nʌŋ] 'nail' See Nepali phonology
Nganasan ӈаӈ/ngang [ŋaŋ] 'mouth'
Nivkh
ңамг/ngamg [ŋamɡ] 'seven'
North Frisian
Mooring
kåchelng [ˈkɔxəlŋ] 'stove'
Northern Min /ngui [ŋui] 'outside'
Northern Sámi[15] Eastern Finnmark maŋis [mɒːŋiːs] 'behind'
Western Finnmark máŋga [mɑːŋˑka] 'many' [ŋ] has merged with [ɲ] in Western Finnmark, except before velar stops.
Norwegian
gang
[ɡɑŋ] 'hallway' See Norwegian phonology
Odia ଏବଂ/ebang [ebɔŋ] 'and'
Okinawan nkai [ŋkai] 'to' Allophone of [n] before velars, before consonants in an onset cluster, and also word-finally in some dialects.
Ottoman Turkish یڭی/yeŋi 'new'
Panjabi Gurmukhi ਰੰਗ/rang [rəŋ] 'color'
Shahmukhi
رنگ/rang
Persian Iranian Persian [ræŋg] Allophone of /n/ before velar plosives. See Persian phonology
Pipil
nemanha [nemaŋa] 'later'
Polish[16] bank [bäŋk] 'bank' Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ, x/; post-palatal before /kʲ, ɡʲ/.[17][18] See Polish phonology
Portuguese manga [ˈmɐ̃(ŋ)ɡɐ] 'mango' Occurs occasionally in slow, careful speech, as an allophone of /n/ before /ɡ/ and /k/, when the speaker does not delete the /n/ by fusing it with the preceding vowel.
Occitan Provençal
vin
[viŋ] 'wine'
Rapanui hanga [haŋa] 'bay' Sometimes written ⟨g⟩ in Rapanui
Romanian Țara Moților Transylvanian[19] câine ['kɨŋi] 'dog' Corresponds to [
n] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Samoan gagana [ŋaˈŋana] 'language'
Serbo-Croatian[20] stanka / станка [stâːŋka] 'pause' Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ, x/.[20] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Seri
comcáac
[koŋˈkaak] 'Seri people'
Shona n'anga [ŋaŋɡa] 'traditional healer'
Slovene tank [ˈt̪âːŋk] 'tank'
Southern Min Hokkien /n̂g [ŋ̍˨˦] 'yellow'
Teochew /ng5 [ŋ̍55]
Spanish[21] All dialects domingo [d̪o̞ˈmĩŋɡo̞] 'Sunday' Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants. See Spanish phonology
Galician Spanish, Andalusian, Canarian, and most Caribbean dialects alquitrán [alkiˈtɾaŋ] 'tar' Allophone of /n/ in word-final position regardless of what follows.
Swahili ng'ombe [ŋombɛ] 'cow'
Swedish ingenting [ɪŋɛnˈtʰɪŋ] 'nothing' See Swedish phonology
Tamil ங்கே/in̄gē [iŋgeː] 'here'
Telugu వాఙ్మయం [ʋaːŋmajam] 'Literature'
anuswara when followed by velar stop
Tibetan Standard /nga [ŋa˩˧] 'I'
Thai
าน
/ngaan
[ŋaːn] 'work'
Nuer - Thok Nath ŋa [ŋa] 'who?' or 'Is who?'
Tongan
tangata
[taŋata] 'man'
Tuamotuan rangi / ragi [raŋi] 'sky'
Tundra Nenets ӈэва/ŋəwa [ŋæewa] 'head'
Tupi monhang [mɔɲaŋ] 'to make' See Tupian Phonology
Turkmen ň [myŋ] 'thousand'
Tyap ɡwon [ŋɡʷən] 'child'
Uzbek ming [miŋ] 'thousand'
Venetian man [maŋ] 'hand'
Vietnamese[22] ngà [ŋaː˨˩] 'ivory' See Vietnamese phonology
Welsh rhwng [r̥ʊŋ] 'between'
West Frisian kening [ˈkeːnɪŋ] 'king'
Wu /ng [ŋ˩˧] 'five'
Xhosa ing'ang'ane [iŋaŋaːne] 'hadada ibis'
Xiang /ngau [ŋau] 'to boil'
Yi /nga [ŋa˧] 'I'
Yup'ik ungungssiq [uŋuŋssiq] 'animal'
Zapotec
Tilquiapan[23] yan [jaŋ] 'neck' Word-final allophone of lenis /n/

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164. The oral counterparts /p, t, k/ are found together in almost all languages
  2. ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 160.
  3. ^ Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
  4. ^ Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
  5. ^ a b Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  6. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 19.
  7. ^ Sabev, Mitko. "Bulgarian Sound System". Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  8. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  9. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  10. ^ Wells (1989), p. 44.
  11. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 118.
  12. ^ Okada (1999), p. 118.
  13. ^ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
  14. ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  15. ^ Aikio & Ylikoski (2022), p. 151.
  16. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  17. ^ Gussmann (1974), pp. 107, 111 and 114.
  18. ^ Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000), pp. 35, 41 and 86.
  19. ^ Pop (1938), p. 31.
  20. ^ a b Landau et al. (1999), p. 67
  21. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 258.
  22. ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  23. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 109.

References

  • Aikio, Ante; Ylikoski, Jussi (2022), "North Saami", in Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.), The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, Oxford Guides to the World's Languages, Oxford University Press, pp. 147–177,

External links