Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives
Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative | |||
---|---|---|---|
ɬ | |||
IPA Number | 148 | ||
Audio sample | |||
help | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ɬ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+026C | ||
X-SAMPA | K | ||
Braille | |||
|
Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant | |
---|---|
l̥ | |
IPA Number | 155 402A |
Encoding | |
X-SAMPA | l_0 |
voiceless velarized alveolar lateral approximant | |
---|---|
ɫ̥ |
The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of
K
.
The symbol [ɬ] is called "belted l" and is distinct from "l with tilde", [ɫ], which transcribes a different sound – the
Some scholars also posit the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant distinct from the fricative.[2] More recent research distinguishes between "turbulent" and "laminar" airflow in the vocal tract.[3] Ball & Rahilly (1999) state that "the airflow for voiced approximants remains laminar (smooth), and does not become turbulent".[4] The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨l̥⟩.
In
However, the voiceless dental & alveolar lateral approximant is constantly found as an
Features
Features of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative:[9]
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its .
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- The intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
The sound is fairly common among
The sound is rare in
The phoneme /ɬ/ was also found in the most ancient
The [ɬ] sound is also found in two of the
Dental or denti-alveolar
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amis | Kangko dialect | tipid | [tipiɬ̪] | 'bowl' | Allophonic variation of word-final and sometimes word-initial /ɮ̪/.[19] |
Mapudungun[20] | kagüḻ | [kɜˈɣɘɬ̪] | 'phlegm that is spit' | Interdental; possible utterance-final allophone of /l̪/.[20] | |
Norwegian | Trondheim dialect[21] | sælt | [s̪aɬ̪t̪] | 'sold' | Laminal denti-alveolar; allophone of /l/. Also described as an approximant.[22] See Norwegian phonology |
Sahaptin | [ɬḵʼɑm] | 'moccasins' | Contrasts approximant /l/.[23] |
Alveolar
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adyghe | плъыжь | [pɬəʑ] | 'red' | ||
Ahtna[24] | dzeł | [tsɛɬ] | 'mountain' | ||
Avar[25] | лъабго | [ˈɬabɡo] | 'three'[26] | ||
Basay | lanum | [ɬanum] | 'water' | ||
Berber | Ait Seghrouchen | altu | [æˈɬʊw] | 'not yet' | Allophone of /lt/.[27] |
Brahui | teļ | [t̪e:ɬ] | 'scorpion' | Contrasts /l ɬ/.[28] | |
Bunun | Isbukun dialect | ludun | [ɬuɗun] | 'mountain' | Voiceless allophone of /l/ among some speakers.[29] |
Bura[30] | [ example needed ]
|
Contrasts with [ | |||
Central Alaskan Yup'ik[31]
|
talliq | [taɬeq] | 'arm' | ||
Cherokee | Oklahoma Cherokee | tlha, kiihli | [tɬá]~[ɬá], [ɡiːl̥í]~[ɡiːɬí] | 'not', 'dog' | In free variation with affricate /tɬ/ among some speakers.[32] Also an alternative pronunciation of voiceless lateral approximant [l̥], a realization of cluster /hl/.[33] |
Chickasaw[34] | lhipa | [ɬipa] | 'it is dry' | ||
Chinese | Taishanese[35] | 三 | [ɬäm˧] | 'three' | Corresponds to [s] in Standard Cantonese |
Pinghua | |||||
Pu-Xian Min
|
沙 | [ɬua˥˧˧] | 'sand' | ||
Chipewyan[36] | łue | [ɬue] | 'fish' | ||
Chukchi[37] | [p(ə)ɬekət] | 'shoes' | |||
Dahalo[38] | [ɬunno] | 'stew' | Contrasts palatal /ʎ̝̊/ and labialized /ɬʷ/.[39]
| ||
Dogrib | ło | [ɬo] | 'smoke' | Contrasts voiced /ɮ/.[40] | |
Eyak | qeł | [qʰɛʔɬ] | 'woman' | Contrasts approximant /l/.[41] | |
Fali | [paɬkan] | 'shoulder' | |||
Forest Nenets | хару | [xaɬʲu] | 'rain' | Contrasts palatalized /ɬʲ/.[42] | |
Greenlandic | illu | [iɬɬu] | 'house' | Realization of underlying geminate /l/.[43] See Greenlandic phonology | |
Hadza[44] | sleme | [ɬeme] | 'man' | ||
Haida[45] | tla'únhl | [tɬʰʌʔʊ́nɬ] | 'six' | ||
Halkomelem[46][failed verification] | ɬ'eqw | [ɬeqw] | 'wet' | ||
Hla'alua[47] | lhatenge[48] | [ɬɑtɨŋɨ] | 'vegetable' | ||
Hlai | [ɬa⁵³~ɬa³³][49] | 'fish' | Contrasts voiced approximant /l/.[50] | ||
Hmong | hli | ⓘ | 'moon' | ||
Inuktitut | ᐊᒃᖤᒃ akłak | [akɬak] | 'grizzly bear' | See Inuit phonology | |
Kabardian | лъы | ⓘ | 'blood' | Contrasts voiced /ɮ/ and glottalic /ɬʼ/.[51]
| |
Kaska | tsį̄ł | [tsʰĩːɬ] | 'axe' | ||
Kham
|
Gamale Kham[52]
|
ह्ला
|
[ɬɐ] | 'leaf' | |
Khroskyabs[53] | ? | [ɬ-sá] | 'kill' (causative) | ||
Lillooet[54] | lhésp | [ɬə́sp] | 'rash'[55] | ||
Lushootseed[56]
|
łukʷał | [ɬukʷaɬ] | 'sun' | ||
Mapudungun[20] | kaül | [kɜˈɘɬ] | 'a different song' | Possible utterance-final allophone of /l/.[20] | |
Mochica | paxllær | [paɬøɾ] | Phaseolus lunatus
|
||
Moloko | sla | [ɬa] | 'cow' | ||
Mongolian | лхагва | [ˈɬaw̜ɐk] | 'Wednesday' | Only in loanwords from Tibetan;[57] here from ལྷག་པ (lhag-pa) | |
Muscogee[58] | páɬko | [pəɬko] | 'grape' | ||
Nahuatl | āltepētl | [aːɬˈtɛpɛːt͡ɬ] | 'city' | Allophone of /l/ | |
Navajo | łaʼ | [ɬaʔ] | 'some' | See Navajo phonology | |
Nisga'a | hloks | [ɬoks] | 'sun' | ||
Norwegian | Trøndersk | tatlete | [ˈtɑɬɑt] | 'weak', 'small' | Contrasts alveolar approximant /l/, apical postalveolar approximant /ɭ/, and laminal postalveolar approximant /l̠/.[59] |
Nuosu | [ɬu³³] | 'to fry' | Contrasts approximant /l/.[60] | ||
Nuxalk | płt | [pɬt] | 'thick' | Contrasts with affricates /t͡ɬʰ/ and /t͡ɬʼ/, and approximant /l/.[61] | |
Saanich[62] | Ƚel | [ɬəl] | 'splash' | ||
Sandawe | lhaa | [ɬáː] | 'goat' | ||
Sassarese | morthu | ⓘ | 'dead' | ||
Sawi | ɬo | [ɬo] | 'three'[63] | Contrasts approximant /l/.[64] Developed from earlier *tr- consonant cluster.[65] | |
Shuswap | ɬept | [ɬept] | 'fire is out'[clarification needed] | ||
Sotho | ho hlahloba | [ho ɬɑɬɔbɑ] | 'to examine' | See Sotho phonology | |
Swedish | Jämtlandic | kallt | [kaɬt] | 'cold' | Also occurs in dialects in Dalarna and Härjedalen. See Swedish phonology |
Västerbotten dialect | behl | [beɬ:] | 'bridle' | ||
Taos | łiwéna | [ɬìˈwēnæ] | 'wife' | See Taos phonology | |
Tera[66] | tleebi | [ɬè̞ːbi] | 'side' | ||
Thao | kilhpul | [kiɬpul] | 'star' | ||
Tlingit | lingít | [ɬɪ̀nkɪ́tʰ] | 'Tlingit' | ||
Toda | kał | [kaɬ] | 'to learn' | Contrasts /l ɬ ɭ ɭ̊˔ (ꞎ)/.[67] | |
Ukrainian | Poltava subdialect[68] | молоко | [mɔɬɔˈkɔ] | 'milk' | Occurs only in Poltava subdialect of Central Dniprovian dialect. |
Tsez | лъи | ⓘ | 'water' | ||
Vietnamese | Gin dialect[69] | 小 | [ɬiu˧] | 'small' | |
Welsh[70] | tegell | [ˈtɛɡɛɬ] | 'kettle' | See Welsh phonology | |
Xhosa[71] | sihlala | [síˈɬaːla] | 'we stay' | ||
Xumi
|
Lower[72] | [ʁul̥o˦] | 'head' | Described as an approximant. Contrasts with the voiced /l/.[72][73] | |
Upper[73] | [bə˦l̥ä̝˦] | 'to open a lock' | |||
Yurok[74] | kerhl | [kɚɬ] | 'earring' | ||
Zulu | ihlahla | [iɬaɬa] | 'twig' | Contrasts voiced /ɮ/.[75] | |
Zuni | asdemła | [ʔastemɬan] | 'ten' |
Alveolar approximant
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aleut
|
Western Aleut | hlax̂ | [l̥aχ] | 'boy' | Contrasts with voiced /l/. Merged in Eastern Aleut.[76] |
Burmese | လှ | [l̥a̰] | 'beautiful' | Contrasts with voiced /l/. | |
Danish | Standard[77] | plads
|
[ˈpl̥æs] | 'square' | Before /l/, aspiration of /p, t, k/ is realized as devoicing of /l/.[77] See Danish phonology |
English | Cardiff[7] |
plus | [pl̥ʌ̝s] | 'plus' | See English phonology |
Norfolk[6]
| |||||
Estonian[78] | mahl
|
[mɑ̝hːl̥] | 'juice' | Word-final allophone of /l/ after /t, s, h/.[78] See Estonian phonology | |
Faroese | hjálpa | [jɔl̥pa] | 'to help' | Allophone of /l/ before fortis plosives.[79]
| |
Iaai | [l̥iʈ] | 'black' | Contrasts with voiced /l/. | ||
Icelandic | hlaða | [l̥aːða] | 'warm' | Contrasts with voiced /l/. Allophonic variation of /l/ before fortis plosives.[80] See Icelandic phonology. | |
Northern Sámi | Eastern Inland | bálkká | [pæl̥kæ] | 'salary' | Allophone of underlying cluster /lh/[81] |
Pipil[82]
|
[ example needed ]
|
Contrasted voiced /l/ in some now-extinct dialects.[82] | |||
Southern Nambikwara[83]
|
[haˈlawl̥u] | 'cane toad'[83] | Allophonic variation of /l/.[83] | ||
Tibetan | Lhasa | [l̥asa] | 'Lhasa' | ||
Ukrainian | Standard[84] | смисл | [s̪mɪs̪l̥] | 'sense' | Word-final allophone of /l/ after voiceless consonants.[84] See Ukrainian phonology |
Velarized dental or alveolar approximant
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
English | Some Philadelphia speakers[5] | plus | [pɫ̥ɯs] | 'plus' | See English phonology[5] |
Turkish[85] | yol | [ˈjo̞ɫ̟̊] | 'way' | Devoiced allophone of velarized dental /ɫ/, frequent finally and before voiceless consonants.[85] See Turkish phonology |
Semitic languages
The sound is conjectured as a phoneme for Proto-Semitic language, usually transcribed as ś; it has evolved into Arabic [ʃ], Hebrew [s]:
Proto-Semitic | Akkadian | Arabic | Phoenician | Hebrew | Aramaic
|
Ge'ez
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ś | s̠ | ش | š | š | שׂ | s | ܫ | s | ሠ | ś |
Among Semitic languages, the sound still exists in contemporary Soqotri[citation needed] and Mehri.[86] In Ge'ez, it is written with the letter Śawt.[citation needed]
Capital letter
Since the IPA letter "ɬ" has been adopted into the standard orthographies for many native North American languages, a capital letter L with belt "Ɬ" was requested by academics and added to the
See also
- Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives
- Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
- Index of phonetics articles
Notes
- ^ "Dark L". home.cc.umanitoba.ca. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
- ^ Pike (1943), pp. 71, 138–9.
- ^ Shadle (2000), pp. 37–8.
- ISBN 978-0-340-70009-9.
- ^ a b c Gordon (2004), p. 290.
- ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 168.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 93.
- ^ Grønnum (2005), p. 154.
- ISBN 978-1-305-17718-5.
- ISBN 1-4020-1351-5.
- ISBN 0-521-45655-X.
- ISBN 9573238985.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 203.
- ^ Blau (2010:77)
- ^ a b Blau (2010:69)
- ^ Rendsburg (1997:73)
- ^ Helge, Fauskanger. "Sindarin – the Noble Tongue". Ardalambion. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
- ^ Helge, Fauskanger. "Quenya Course". Ardalambion. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
- ^ Maddieson & Wright (1995), p. 47.
- ^ a b c d Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88, 91.
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000), p. 79.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), p. 36.
- ^ Jansen (2010), p. 38.
- ^ Tuttle (2008), p. 464.
- ^ Gippert (2000).
- ^ Dellert et al. (2020).
- ^ Abdel-Massih (2011), p. 20.
- ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 77.
- ^ Lin (2018), p. 128.
- ^ a b Grønnum (2005), pp. 154–155.
- ^ Miyaoka (2012), p. 52.
- ^ Uchihara (2016), p. 42.
- ^ Uchihara (2016), p. 45.
- ^ Gordon, Munro & Ladefoged (2002), p. 287.
- ^ Taishanese Dictionary & Resources
- ^ Li (1946), p. 398.
- ^ Dunn (1999), p. 43.
- ^ Maddieson et al. (1993), p. 27.
- ^ Maddieson et al. (1993), p. 41.
- ^ Coleman (1976), p. 8.
- ^ Krauss (2016), p. 167.
- ^ Salminen (2007), p. 365.
- ^ Stefanelli (2019), p. 30.
- ^ Sands, Maddieson & Ladefoged (1993), p. 68.
- ^ Enrico (2003), p. 10.
- ^ Galloway (1977), pp. 2–3.
- ^ Pan (2012), pp. 22–23.
- ^ Pan (2012), p. 169.
- ^ Ostapirat (2008), p. 625.
- ^ Yuan (1994), pp. 1–2.
- ^ Kuipers (1960), p. 18.
- ISSN 1836-6821.
- ^ Lai, Yunfan (June 2013b). La morphologie affixale du lavrung wobzi (Master's thesis) (in French). Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris III.
- ^ Van Eijk (1997), p. 2.
- ^ Van Eijk (1997), p. 64.
- ^ Beck (1999), p. 2.
- ^ Svantesson et al. (2005), pp. 30–33.
- ^ Martin (2011), p. 47.
- ^ Endresen & Simonsen (2000), p. 246.
- ^ Edmondson, Esling & Lama (2017), p. 88.
- ^ Newman (1947), p. 129.
- ^ Montler (1986).
- ^ Liljegren (2009), p. 34.
- ^ Liljegren (2009), p. 31.
- ^ Liljegren (2009), p. 36.
- ^ Tench (2007), p. 228.
- ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 66.
- ^ Кримський Агатангел Юхимович; Синявський О.; Михальчук Костянтин Петрович (1841–1914); Курило Олена Борисівна; Гладкий П.; Бузук П.; Расторгуєв П.; Рудницький Є.; Ahatanhel Krymsky (1929). Український діялектологічний збірник. Кн. I–II.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Wei (2006), p. 14.
- ^ Hannahs (2013), p. 18.
- ^ Le Doeuff (2020), p. 6.
- ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
- ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
- ^ "Yurok consonants". Yurok Language Project. UC Berkeley. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ^ Poulos & Msimang (1998), p. 480.
- ^ Taff et al. (2001), p. 234.
- ^ a b Basbøll (2005), pp. 65–66.
- ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
- ^ Árnason (2011), p. 124.
- ^ Árnason (2011), p. 110.
- ^ Aikio & Ylikoski (2022), p. 154.
- ^ a b Aquino (2019), p. 228.
- ^ a b c Netto (2018), p. 127.
- ^ a b Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 10.
- ^ a b Zimmer & Orgun (1999), pp. 154–155.
- ^ Howe, Darin (2003). Segmental Phonology. University of Calgary. p. 22.
- ^ Joshua M Jensen, Karl Pentzlin, 2012-02-08, Proposal to encode a Latin Capital Letter L with Belt
- ^ "Unicode Character 'LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH BELT' (U+A7AD)". www.fileformat.info. FileFormat.Info. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
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- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013). "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (3): 381–396. .
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995). Ukrainian. Lincom Europa. ISBN 9783929075083.
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- ISBN 0199260176.
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- Vanvik, Arne (1979). Norsk fonetikk. Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo. ISBN 82-990584-0-6.
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- Netto, Luiz Antonio de Souza (2018). Fonologia do grupo Nambikwára do Campo (Master's degree thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Recife: Federal University of Pernambuco. p. 127.
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- Maddieson, Ian; Wright, Richard (1 October 1995). "The Vowels and Consonants of Amis — A Preliminary Phonetic Report". eScholarship.
- Gippert, Jost (2000). "Consonant Systems of the North-East Caucasian Languages". TITUS. Goethe University Frankfurt.
- Dellert, Johannes; Daneyko, Thora; Münch, Alla; Ladygina, Alina; Buch, Armin; Clarius, Natalie; Grigorjew, Ilja; Balabel, Mohamed; Moga, Hizniye Isabella; Baysarova, Zalina; Mühlenbern, Roland; Wahle, Johannes; Jäger, Gerhard (2020) [30 November 2019]. "NorthEuraLex: a wide-coverage lexical database of Northern Eurasia". Language Resources and Evaluation. 54 (1): 273–301. PMID 32214931.
- Official database: "Language Avar". NorthEuraLax.
[Table:] Concept: THREE | Orthographic form: лъабго | Automatically generated IPA: ɬabɡo
- Official database: "Language Avar". NorthEuraLax.
- Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (2011) [1971]. A Reference Grammar of Tamazight (PDF). Ann Arbor, Michigan: ISBN 978-1-60785-222-3.
- Lin, Hui-shan (1 April 2018). "郡社布農語的「三疊式」" [Triplication in Isbukun Bunun] (PDF). 臺灣語文研究 [Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literature] (in Chinese). 13 (1). Taiwan Languages & Literature Society: 125–153. ISSN 1726-5185.
- Wei, Shu-guan (March 2006) [25 October 2005]. "中国京语的变异" [The Variations of Chinese Jing Dialect]. 广西民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版) [Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Science Editition)]. 28 (2): 13–18.
- Stefanelli, Alex Matthew (August 2019). Consonant gemination in West Greenlandic (PDF) (Master's). hdl:1866/23739.
- Pan, Chia-jung (1 March 2012). A grammar of Lha'alua, an Austronesian language of Taiwan (PDF) (PhD). James Cook University.
- Hannahs, S. J. (31 October 2013). "A Survey of Welsh Phonetics: Phonetics and Segment Inventories". The Phonology of Welsh. )
- Miyaoka, Osahito (2012). "Phonological preliminaries". In Bossong, Georg; Comrie, Bernard; Dryer, Matthew (eds.). A Grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY). Vol. 58. )
- Uchihara, Hiroto (March 2016). "Segmental inventory". Tone and Accent in Oklahoma Cherokee. Oxford Studies of Endangered Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 34–53. ISBN 978-0198739449.
- Gordon, Matthew; Munro, Pamela; Ladefoged, Peter (15 February 2002) [December 2001]. "Chickasaw". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 31 (2). Cambridge University Press: 287–290. .
- Li, Fang-Kuei (1946). Hoijer, Harry; Osgood, Cornelius (eds.). Chipewyan. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology. Viking Fund. pp. 398–423.
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ignored (help) - Dunn, Michael John (May 1999). "Phonology & Morphonology". A Grammar of Chukchi (PhD). Australian National University. pp. 37–59. hdl:1885/10769.
- Montler, Timothy (1986). "An Outline of the Morphology and Phonology of Saanich, North Straits Salish". Occasional Papers in Linguistics (4). Missoula: University of Montana.
- Martin, Jack B. (2011). "Phonemes". A Grammar of Creek (Muskogee). ISBN 9780803211063– via Google Books.
- Maddieson, Ian; Spajić, Siniša; Sands, Bonny; Ladefoged, Peter (June 1993). "Phonetic Structures of Dahalo". Working Papers in Phonetics: Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages. 84. UCLA: 25–66 – via eScholarship.
- Árnason, Kristján (August 2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. )
- Endresen, Rolf Theil; Simonsen, Hanne Gram (2000) [1996]. "Språklydlære: fonetikk og fonologi" [Sounds in language: phonetics and phonology]. In Sveen, Andreas (ed.). Innføring i lingvistikk [Introduction to linguistics] (in Norwegian Nynorsk) (2 ed.). Universitetsforlaget. pp. 207–306.
- Jansen, Joana Worth (June 2010). "Phonetics, phonology and orthography" (PDF). A Grammar of Yakima Ichishkíin / Sahaptin (PhD). University of Oregon. pp. 18–72.
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Further reading
- Beth am y llall? John Wells's phonetic blog, 1 July 2009. (How the British phonetician John Wells would teach the sound [ɬ].)
- A chance to share more than just some sounds of languages walesonline.co.uk, 3 May 2012 (Article by Dr Paul Tench including information on transcribing [ɬ] in Chadic languages.)