Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative

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Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative
ɕ
IPA Number
182
Audio sample
help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɕ
Unicode (hex)U+0255
X-SAMPAs\
Braille⠦ (braille pattern dots-236)⠉ (braille pattern dots-14)

The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of

sibilant equivalent of the voiceless palatal fricative
, and as such it can be transcribed in IPA with ç˖.

In British Received Pronunciation, /j/ after syllable-initial /p, t, k/ (as in Tuesday) is realized as a devoiced palatal fricative. The amount of devoicing is variable, but the fully voiceless variant tends to be alveolo-palatal [ɕ] in the /tj/ sequence: [ˈt̺ʲɕuːzdeɪ]. It is a fricative, rather than a fricative element of an affricate because the preceding plosive remains alveolar, rather than becoming alveolo-palatal, as in Dutch.[1]

The corresponding affricate can be written with t̠ʲ͡ɕ or c̟͡ɕ in narrow IPA, though is normally used in both cases. In the case of English, the sequence can be specified as t̺ɕ as /t/ is normally apical (although somewhat palatalized in that sequence), whereas alveolo-palatal consonants are laminal by definition.[2][3]

An increasing number of British speakers merge this sequence with the

General American which does not allow /j/ to follow alveolar consonants in stressed syllables.[4][5][6]

Features

alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives [ɕ, ʑ]

Features of the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative:

  • Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is alveolo-palatal. This means that:
    • Its
      alveolar ridge
      (the gum line).
    • Its
      tongue blade
      that contacts the roof of the mouth.
    • It is heavily palatalized, meaning that the middle of the tongue is bowed and raised towards the hard palate.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The
    intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
    , as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe щы/šə [ɕə] 'three'
Assamese ব্ৰিটি/British [bɹitiɕ] 'British'
Bengali কুন [ɕokun] 'Vulture' May be transliterated as ʃ
Catalan[7] caixa [ˈkä(ɪ̯)ɕɐ] 'box' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Some
Hokkien
dialects
/sin [ɕín] 'heart' Allophone of /s/ before /i/.
Mandarin
Xī'ān
[ɕí.án] 'Xi'an' Complementary distribution allophone of /ʂ/ in front of high front vowels and palatal glides. See
Mandarin phonology
.
Chuvash çиçĕм/şişĕm [ˈɕiɕ̬əm] 'lightning' Contrasts with /ʂ/ and /s/.
Lenis
when intervocalic.
Danish sjæl [ˈɕeːˀl] 'soul' See Danish phonology
Dutch Some speakers sjabloon [ɕäˈbloːn] 'template' May be [ʃ] or [sʲ] instead. See Dutch phonology
English Cardiff[8] human [ˈɕumːən] 'human' Phonetic realization of /hj/. More front and more strongly fricated than RP [ç]. Broad varieties drop the /h/: [ˈjumːən].[8] See English phonology
Conservative Received Pronunciation[1] tuesday [ˈt̺ʲɕuːzdeɪ] 'Tuesday' Allophone of /j/ after syllable-initial /t/ (which is alveolar in this sequence), may be only partially devoiced. /tj/ is often realized as an affricate [
yod-dropping
Some Canadian English[1][6]
Ghanaian[9] ship [ɕip] 'ship' Educated speakers may use [ʃ], to which this phone corresponds in other dialects.[9]
Guarani Paraguayan che [ɕɛ] 'I'
Hindi निवार [ɕəniʋaːr] Saturday Sometimes may be transliterated as 'ʃ'
Japanese[10] /shio [ɕi.o] 'salt' See Japanese phonology
Korean 시/詩/si [ɕʰi] 'poem' See Korean phonology.
Kabardian щэ/ščè [ɕa] 'hundred'
Lower Sorbian[11] pśijaśel [ˈpɕijäɕɛl] 'friend'
Luxembourgish[12]
liicht [liːɕt] 'light' Allophone of /χ/ after phonologically front vowels; some speakers merge it with [ʃ].[12] See Luxembourgish phonology
Marathi शेतकरी/shetkari [ɕeːt̪kəɾiː] 'farmer' Contrasts with [ʂ]. Allophone of [ʃ]. See Marathi phonology.
Malayalam
കുരിശ്/kuriś [kuɾɪɕ] 'Cross' See
Malayalam phonology
Norwegian Urban East[13] kjekk [ɕe̞kː] 'handsome' Typically transcribed in IPA with ç; less often realized as palatal [ç]. Younger speakers in Bergen, Stavanger and Oslo merge it with /ʂ/.[13] See Norwegian phonology
Polish[14] śruba [ˈɕrubä] 'screw' Contrasts with /ʂ/ and /s/. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[15][16][17][failed verification] mexendo [meˈɕẽd̪u] 'moving' Also described as palato-alveolar [ʃ].[18][19][failed verification] See Portuguese phonology
Romani Kalderash[20] ćhavo [ɕaˈvo] 'Romani boy; son' Realized as [t͡ʃʰ] in conservative dialects.
Romanian Transylvanian dialects[21] ce [ɕɛ] 'what' Realized as [t͡ʃ] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian счастье/schast'e [ˈɕːæsʲtʲjə] 'happiness' Also represented by
щ⟩. Contrasts with /ʂ/, /s/, and /sʲ/. See Russian phonology
Sema[22]
ashi [à̠ɕì] 'meat' Possible allophone of /ʃ/ before /i, e/.[22]
Serbo-Croatian
Croatian[23] miš će [mîɕ t͡ɕe̞] 'the mouse will' Allophone of /ʃ/ before /t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ/.[23] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Some speakers of Montenegrin с́утра/śutra [ɕût̪ra̠] 'tomorrow' Phonemically /sj/ or, in some cases, /s/.
Swedish Finland sjok [ɕuːk] 'chunk' Allophone of /ɧ/.
Sweden kjol [ɕuːl] 'skirt' See Swedish phonology
Tibetan
Lhasa dialect བཞི་/bzhi [ɕi˨˧] 'four' Contrasts with /ʂ/.
Tatar өчпочмакçpoçmaq [ˌøɕpoɕˈmɑq] 'triangle'
Uzbek[24] [
example needed
]
Xumi
Lower[25] [d͡ʑi ɕɐ˦] 'one hundred'
Upper[26]
Yámana (Yahgan) Šúša [ɕúɕa] 'penguin'
Yi
/xi [ɕi˧] 'thread'
Zhuang cib [ɕǐp] 'ten'

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003:172–173), Cruttenden (2014:229–231). The first source specifies the place of articulation of /j/ after /t/ as more front than the main allophone of /j/.
  2. ^ Cruttenden (2014), p. 177.
  3. ^ Esling (2010), p. 693.
  4. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 173, 306.
  5. ^ a b Cruttenden (2014), pp. 230–231.
  6. ^ a b c Chambers, J.K. (1998). "Changes in progress in Canadian English: Yod-dropping". Journal of English Linguistics. Excerpts from article "Social embedding of changes in progress". 26. Canada: U.Toronto. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  7. ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2007:145, 167)
  8. ^ a b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 90.
  9. ^ a b Huber (2004:859)
  10. ^ Okada (1999:117)
  11. ^ Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181.
  12. ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  13. ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000), p. 23.
  14. ^ Jassem (2003:103)
  15. ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000)
  16. ^ Silva (2003:32)
  17. ^ Guimarães (2004)
  18. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  19. ^ Medina (2010)
  20. ^ Boretzky & Igla (1994:XVI–XVII)
  21. ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  22. ^ a b Teo (2012:368)
  23. ^ a b Landau et al. (1999:68)
  24. ^ Sjoberg (1963:11)
  25. ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 365.
  26. ^ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 382.

Sources

External links