Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
ɬ
IPA Number
148
Audio sample
help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɬ
Unicode (hex)U+026C
X-SAMPAK
Braille⠦ (braille pattern dots-236)⠇ (braille pattern dots-123)
Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant
IPA Number
155 402A
Encoding
X-SAMPAl_0
voiceless velarized alveolar lateral approximant
ɫ̥

The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of

fricatives is [ɬ], and the equivalent X-SAMPA
symbol is K.

The symbol [ɬ] is called "belted l" and is distinct from "l with tilde", [ɫ], which transcribes a different sound – the

Some scholars also posit the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant distinct from the fricative.[2] More recent research distinguishes between "turbulent" and "laminar" airflow in the vocal tract.[3] Ball & Rahilly (1999) state that "the airflow for voiced approximants remains laminar (smooth), and does not become turbulent".[4] The approximant may be represented in the IPA as .

In

Sino-Tibetan
language group,
ɫ̥
].

However, the voiceless dental & alveolar lateral approximant is constantly found as an

l] after voiceless dorsal and laryngeal stops is most realized as a voiceless velar lateral approximant.[8] See English phonology
.

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative:[9]

  • Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its
    alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal
    .
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
  • The
    intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
    , as in most sounds.

Occurrence

The sound is fairly common among

Asian languages, such as Chukchi, some Yue dialects like Taishanese, the Hlai languages of Hainan, and several Formosan languages and dialects in Taiwan.[12]

The sound is rare in

.

The phoneme /ɬ/ was also found in the most ancient

Modern South Arabian languages,[14] and early borrowings indicate it from Ancient Hebrew (e.g. balsam < Greek balsamon < Hebrew baśam). The phoneme /ɬ/ began to merge with /s/ in Late Biblical Hebrew, as is indicated by interchange of orthographic ש and ס, possibly under the influence of Aramaic, and became the rule in Mishnaic Hebrew.[15][16] In all Jewish reading traditions, /ɬ/ and /s/ have merged completely, but in Samaritan Hebrew /ɬ/ has instead merged into /ʃ/.[15]

The [ɬ] sound is also found in two of the

constructed languages invented by J. R. R. Tolkien, Sindarin (inspired by Welsh) and Quenya (inspired by Finnish, Ancient Greek, and Latin).[17][18]
In Sindarin, it is written as ⟨lh⟩ initially and ⟨ll⟩ medially and finally, and in Quenya, it appears only initially and is written ⟨hl⟩.

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Amis Kangko dialect tipid [tipiɬ̪] 'bowl' Allophonic variation of word-final and sometimes word-initial /ɮ̪/.[19]
Mapudungun[20] kagü [kɜˈɣɘɬ̪] 'phlegm that is spit' Interdental; possible utterance-final allophone of /l̪/.[20]
Norwegian Trondheim dialect[21] lt [s̪aɬ̪t̪] 'sold' Laminal denti-alveolar; allophone of /l/. Also described as an approximant.[22] See Norwegian phonology
Sahaptin [ɬḵʼɑm] 'moccasins' Contrasts approximant /l/.[23]

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe плъыжь [pɬəʑ] 'red'
Ahtna[24] dzeł [tsɛɬ] 'mountain'
Avar[25] лъабго [ˈɬabɡo] 'three'[26]
Basay lanum [ɬanum] 'water'
Berber Ait Seghrouchen altu [æˈɬʊw] 'not yet' Allophone of /lt/.[27]
Brahui teļ [t̪e:ɬ] 'scorpion' Contrasts /l ɬ/.[28]
Bunun Isbukun dialect ludun [ɬuɗun] 'mountain' Voiceless allophone of /l/ among some speakers.[29]
Bura[30] [
example needed
]
Contrasts with [
ɮ] and [ʎ̝̊].[30]
Central Alaskan Yup'ik[31]
talliq [taɬeq] 'arm'
Cherokee Oklahoma Cherokee tlha, kiihli [tɬá]~[ɬá], [ɡiːl̥í]~[ɡiːɬí] 'not', 'dog' In free variation with affricate /tɬ/ among some speakers.[32] Also an alternative pronunciation of voiceless lateral approximant [l̥], a realization of cluster /hl/.[33]
Chickasaw[34] lhipa [ɬipa] 'it is dry'
Chinese Taishanese[35] [ɬäm˧] 'three' Corresponds to [s] in Standard Cantonese
Pinghua
Pu-Xian Min
[ɬua˥˧˧] 'sand'
Chipewyan[36] łue [ɬue] 'fish'
Chukchi[37] [p(ə)ɬekət] 'shoes'
Dahalo[38] [ɬunno] 'stew' Contrasts palatal /ʎ̝̊/ and
labialized /ɬʷ/.[39]
Dogrib ło [ɬo] 'smoke' Contrasts voiced /ɮ/.[40]
Eyak qeł [qʰɛʔɬ] 'woman' Contrasts approximant /l/.[41]
Fali [paɬkan] 'shoulder'
Forest Nenets хару [xaɬʲu] 'rain' Contrasts palatalized /ɬʲ/.[42]
Greenlandic illu [iɬɬu] 'house' Realization of underlying geminate /l/.[43] See Greenlandic phonology
Hadza[44] sleme [ɬeme] 'man'
Haida[45] tla'únhl [tɬʰʌʔʊ́nɬ] 'six'
Halkomelem[46][failed verification] ɬ'eqw [ɬeqw] 'wet'
Hla'alua[47] lhatenge[48] [ɬɑtɨŋɨ] 'vegetable'
Hlai [ɬa⁵³~ɬa³³][49] 'fish' Contrasts voiced approximant /l/.[50]
Hmong hli [ɬi] 'moon'
Inuktitut ᐊᒃ akłak [akɬak] 'grizzly bear' See Inuit phonology
Kabardian лъы [ɬə] 'blood' Contrasts voiced /ɮ/ and
glottalic /ɬʼ/.[51]
Kaska tsį̄ł [tsʰĩːɬ] 'axe'
Kham
Gamale Kham[52]
ह्ला
[ɬɐ] 'leaf'
Khroskyabs[53] ? [ɬ-sá] 'kill' (causative)
Lillooet[54] lhésp [ɬə́sp] 'rash'[55]
Lushootseed[56]
łukʷał [ɬukʷaɬ] 'sun'
Mapudungun[20] kaül [kɜˈɘɬ] 'a different song' Possible utterance-final allophone of /l/.[20]
Mochica paxllær [paɬøɾ]
Phaseolus lunatus
Moloko sla [ɬa] 'cow'
Mongolian лхагва [ˈɬaw̜ɐk] 'Wednesday' Only in loanwords from Tibetan;[57] here from ལྷག་པ (lhag-pa)
Muscogee[58] ɬko [pəɬko] 'grape'
Nahuatl āltepētl [aːɬˈtɛpɛːt͡ɬ] 'city' Allophone of /l/
Navajo ł [ɬaʔ] 'some' See Navajo phonology
Nisga'a hloks [ɬoks] 'sun'
Norwegian Trøndersk tatlete [ˈtɑɬɑt] 'weak', 'small' Contrasts alveolar approximant /l/, apical postalveolar approximant /ɭ/, and laminal postalveolar approximant /l̠/.[59]
Nuosu [ɬu³³] 'to fry' Contrasts approximant /l/.[60]
Nuxalk płt [pɬt] 'thick' Contrasts with affricates /t͡ɬʰ/ and /t͡ɬʼ/, and approximant /l/.[61]
Saanich[62] Ƚel [ɬəl] 'splash'
Sandawe lhaa [ɬáː] 'goat'
Sassarese morthu [ˈmoɬtu] 'dead'
Sawi ɬo [ɬo] 'three'[63] Contrasts approximant /l/.[64] Developed from earlier *tr- consonant cluster.[65]
Shuswap ɬept [ɬept] 'fire is out'[clarification needed]
Sotho ho hlahloba [ho ɬɑɬɔbɑ] 'to examine' See Sotho phonology
Swedish Jämtlandic kallt [kaɬt] 'cold' Also occurs in dialects in Dalarna and Härjedalen. See Swedish phonology
Västerbotten dialect behl [beɬ:] 'bridle'
Taos łiwéna [ɬìˈwēnæ] 'wife' See Taos phonology
Tera[66] tleebi [ɬè̞ːbi] 'side'
Thao kilhpul [kiɬpul] 'star'
Tlingit lingít [ɬɪ̀nkɪ́tʰ] 'Tlingit'
Toda kał [kaɬ] 'to learn' Contrasts /l ɬ ɭ ɭ̊˔ (ꞎ)/.[67]
Ukrainian Poltava subdialect[68] молоко [mɔɬɔˈkɔ] 'milk' Occurs only in Poltava subdialect of Central Dniprovian dialect.
Tsez лъи [ɬi] 'water'
Vietnamese Gin dialect[69] [ɬiu˧] 'small'
Welsh[70] tegell [ˈtɛɡɛɬ] 'kettle' See Welsh phonology
Xhosa[71] sihlala [síˈɬaːla] 'we stay'
Xumi
Lower[72] [ʁul̥o˦] 'head' Described as an approximant. Contrasts with the voiced /l/.[72][73]
Upper[73] [bə˦l̥ä̝˦] 'to open a lock'
Yurok[74] kerhl [kɚɬ] 'earring'
Zulu ihlahla [iɬaɬa] 'twig' Contrasts voiced /ɮ/.[75]
Zuni asdemła [ʔastemɬan] 'ten'

Alveolar approximant

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Aleut
Western Aleut hlax̂ [l̥aχ] 'boy' Contrasts with voiced /l/. Merged in Eastern Aleut.[76]
Burmese လှ [l̥a̰] 'beautiful' Contrasts with voiced /l/.
Danish Standard[77]
plads
[ˈpl̥æs] 'square' Before /l/, aspiration of /p, t, k/ is realized as devoicing of /l/.[77] See Danish phonology
English
Cardiff[7]
plus [pl̥ʌ̝s] 'plus' See English phonology
Norfolk[6]
Estonian[78]
mahl
[mɑ̝hːl̥] 'juice' Word-final allophone of /l/ after /t, s, h/.[78] See Estonian phonology
Faroese hjálpa [jɔl̥pa] 'to help' Allophone of /l/ before
fortis plosives.[79]
Iaai [l̥iʈ] 'black' Contrasts with voiced /l/.
Icelandic hlaða [l̥aːða] 'warm' Contrasts with voiced /l/. Allophonic variation of /l/ before fortis plosives.[80] See Icelandic phonology.
Northern Sámi Eastern Inland lkká [pæl̥kæ] 'salary' Allophone of underlying cluster /lh/[81]
Pipil[82]
[
example needed
]
Contrasted voiced /l/ in some now-extinct dialects.[82]
Southern Nambikwara[83]
[haˈlawl̥u] 'cane toad'[83] Allophonic variation of /l/.[83]
Tibetan Lhasa [l̥asa] 'Lhasa'
Ukrainian Standard[84] смисл [s̪mɪs̪l̥] 'sense' Word-final allophone of /l/ after voiceless consonants.[84] See Ukrainian phonology

Velarized dental or alveolar approximant

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
English Some Philadelphia speakers[5] plus [pɫ̥ɯs] 'plus' See English phonology[5]
Turkish[85] yol [ˈjo̞ɫ̟̊] 'way' Devoiced allophone of velarized dental /ɫ/, frequent finally and before voiceless consonants.[85] See Turkish phonology

Semitic languages

The sound is conjectured as a phoneme for Proto-Semitic language, usually transcribed as ś; it has evolved into Arabic [ʃ], Hebrew [s]:

Proto-Semitic Akkadian Arabic Phoenician Hebrew
Aramaic
Ge'ez
ś ش š š š שׂ s ܫ s ś

Among Semitic languages, the sound still exists in contemporary Soqotri[citation needed] and Mehri.[86] In Ge'ez, it is written with the letter Śawt.[citation needed]

Capital letter

Capital letter L with belt

Since the IPA letter "ɬ" has been adopted into the standard orthographies for many native North American languages, a capital letter L with belt "Ɬ" was requested by academics and added to the

Unicode Standard version 7.0 in 2014 at U+A7AD.[87][88]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Dark L". home.cc.umanitoba.ca. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  2. ^ Pike (1943), pp. 71, 138–9.
  3. ^ Shadle (2000), pp. 37–8.
  4. .
  5. ^ a b c Gordon (2004), p. 290.
  6. ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 168.
  7. ^ a b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 93.
  8. ^ Grønnum (2005), p. 154.
  9. .
  10. .
  11. .
  12. .
  13. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 203.
  14. ^ Blau (2010:77)
  15. ^ a b Blau (2010:69)
  16. ^ Rendsburg (1997:73)
  17. ^ Helge, Fauskanger. "Sindarin – the Noble Tongue". Ardalambion. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  18. ^ Helge, Fauskanger. "Quenya Course". Ardalambion. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  19. ^ Maddieson & Wright (1995), p. 47.
  20. ^ a b c d Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88, 91.
  21. ^ Kristoffersen (2000), p. 79.
  22. ^ Vanvik (1979), p. 36.
  23. ^ Jansen (2010), p. 38.
  24. ^ Tuttle (2008), p. 464.
  25. ^ Gippert (2000).
  26. ^ Dellert et al. (2020).
  27. ^ Abdel-Massih (2011), p. 20.
  28. ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 77.
  29. ^ Lin (2018), p. 128.
  30. ^ a b Grønnum (2005), pp. 154–155.
  31. ^ Miyaoka (2012), p. 52.
  32. ^ Uchihara (2016), p. 42.
  33. ^ Uchihara (2016), p. 45.
  34. ^ Gordon, Munro & Ladefoged (2002), p. 287.
  35. ^ Taishanese Dictionary & Resources
  36. ^ Li (1946), p. 398.
  37. ^ Dunn (1999), p. 43.
  38. ^ Maddieson et al. (1993), p. 27.
  39. ^ Maddieson et al. (1993), p. 41.
  40. ^ Coleman (1976), p. 8.
  41. ^ Krauss (2016), p. 167.
  42. ^ Salminen (2007), p. 365.
  43. ^ Stefanelli (2019), p. 30.
  44. ^ Sands, Maddieson & Ladefoged (1993), p. 68.
  45. ^ Enrico (2003), p. 10.
  46. ^ Galloway (1977), pp. 2–3.
  47. ^ Pan (2012), pp. 22–23.
  48. ^ Pan (2012), p. 169.
  49. ^ Ostapirat (2008), p. 625.
  50. ^ Yuan (1994), pp. 1–2.
  51. ^ Kuipers (1960), p. 18.
  52. ISSN 1836-6821
    .
  53. ^ Lai, Yunfan (June 2013b). La morphologie affixale du lavrung wobzi (Master's thesis) (in French). Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris III.
  54. ^ Van Eijk (1997), p. 2.
  55. ^ Van Eijk (1997), p. 64.
  56. ^ Beck (1999), p. 2.
  57. ^ Svantesson et al. (2005), pp. 30–33.
  58. ^ Martin (2011), p. 47.
  59. ^ Endresen & Simonsen (2000), p. 246.
  60. ^ Edmondson, Esling & Lama (2017), p. 88.
  61. ^ Newman (1947), p. 129.
  62. ^ Montler (1986).
  63. ^ Liljegren (2009), p. 34.
  64. ^ Liljegren (2009), p. 31.
  65. ^ Liljegren (2009), p. 36.
  66. ^ Tench (2007), p. 228.
  67. ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 66.
  68. ^ Кримський Агатангел Юхимович; Синявський О.; Михальчук Костянтин Петрович (1841–1914); Курило Олена Борисівна; Гладкий П.; Бузук П.; Расторгуєв П.; Рудницький Є.; Ahatanhel Krymsky (1929). Український діялектологічний збірник. Кн. I–II.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  69. ^ Wei (2006), p. 14.
  70. ^ Hannahs (2013), p. 18.
  71. ^ Le Doeuff (2020), p. 6.
  72. ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
  73. ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
  74. ^ "Yurok consonants". Yurok Language Project. UC Berkeley. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  75. ^ Poulos & Msimang (1998), p. 480.
  76. ^ Taff et al. (2001), p. 234.
  77. ^ a b Basbøll (2005), pp. 65–66.
  78. ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
  79. ^ Árnason (2011), p. 124.
  80. ^ Árnason (2011), p. 110.
  81. ^ Aikio & Ylikoski (2022), p. 154.
  82. ^ a b Aquino (2019), p. 228.
  83. ^ a b c Netto (2018), p. 127.
  84. ^ a b Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 10.
  85. ^ a b Zimmer & Orgun (1999), pp. 154–155.
  86. ^ Howe, Darin (2003). Segmental Phonology. University of Calgary. p. 22.
  87. ^ Joshua M Jensen, Karl Pentzlin, 2012-02-08, Proposal to encode a Latin Capital Letter L with Belt
  88. ^ "Unicode Character 'LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH BELT' (U+A7AD)". www.fileformat.info. FileFormat.Info. Retrieved 20 June 2020.

References

Further reading

External links