Voiceless postalveolar affricate

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Voiceless postalveolar affricate
t̠ʃ
IPA Number
103 134
Audio sample
help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)t​͡​ʃ
Unicode (hex)U+0074 U+0361 U+0283
X-SAMPAtS or t_rS

The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of

spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet
with t͡ʃ , t͜ʃ  tʃ  (formerly the ligature ʧ ), or, in broad transcription, c. The alternative commonly used in American tradition is ⟨č⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".

Historically, this sound often derives from a former

voiceless dental stop /t/ by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel (as in English nature; also in Amharic, Portuguese, some accents of Egyptian
, etc.).

Features

Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:

  • Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
  • Its
    alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate
    .
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The
    intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
    , as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe чэмы/čamë/چەمہـ [t͡ʃamə] 'cow' Some dialects contrast labialized and non-labialized forms.
Albanian çelur [t͡ʃɛluɾ] 'opened'
Aleut Atkan dialect chamĝul [t͡ʃɑmʁul] 'to wash'
Amharic
አንቺ
/anite
[ant͡ʃi] 'you'
Arabic[1]
Central Palestinian مكتبة (Normally unwritten)/mačtabe [ˈmat͡ʃt̪abe] 'library' Corresponds to [k] in
Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology
Iraqi
چتاب/čitaab [t͡ʃɪˈt̪ɑːb] 'book'
Jordanian كتاب (Normally unwritten)/čitaab [t͡ʃɪˈt̪aːb]
Aragonese chuego [ˈt͡ʃueɣo] 'game'
Armenian Eastern[2] ճնճղուկ/čënčquk [t͡ʃənt͡ʃʁuk] 'sparrow'
Assyrian
ܟ̰ܝܡܐ čyama [t͡ʃˤjɑmɑ] 'to shut' Found in native terminology. Widespread usage in all dialect varieties. Developed from an original /tˤ/.
Asturian
Chipre
[ˈt͡ʃipɾe] 'Cyprus' Mostly found in loanwords, if possible, usually replaced by x [ʃ].
Azerbaijani Əkinçi/اکینچی [æcint͡ʃʰi] 'the ploughman'
Bengali শমা/čošma [t͡ʃɔʃma] 'spectacles' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Basque txalupa [t͡ʃalupa] 'boat'
Bulgarian чучулига/čučuliga [t͡ʃʊt͡ʃuˈliɡɐ] 'lark' See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan cotxe [ˈkɔ.t͡ʃə] 'car' See Catalan phonology.
Central Alaskan Yup'ik
nacaq [ˈnat͡ʃaq] 'parka hood'
Choctaw hakchioma [hakt͡ʃioma] 'tobacco'
Coptic Bohairic dialect
ϭⲟϩ
/čoh
[t͡ʃʰɔh] 'touch'
Czech morče [ˈmo̞rt͡ʃɛ] 'guinea pig' See Czech phonology
Dhivehi ޗަކަސް / çakas [t͡ʃakas] 'mud' Relatively rare, usually occurs in loanwords / onomatoepic words
Dutch Tjongejone [t͡ʃɔŋəjɔŋə] 'jeez' An exclamation of (mild) annoyance, surprise, wonder or amazement.[3]

Pronunciation is region dependent.

English beach [biːt͡ʃ] 'beach' Slightly labialized [tʃʷ]. See English phonology
Esperanto ĉar [t͡ʃar] 'because' See Esperanto phonology
Estonian ello [ˈtʃelˑo] 'cello' Rare, occurs only in loanwords. see Estonian phonology
Faroese
gera
[t͡ʃeːɹa] 'to do' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Faroese phonology
Finnish ekki [ˈt̪ʃe̞kːi] 'Czechia' Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology
French Standard
caoutchouc
[kaut͡ʃu] 'rubber' Relatively rare; occurs mostly in loanwords. See French phonology
Acadian
tiens
[t͡ʃɛ̃] '(I/you) keep' Allophone of /k/ and /tj/ before a front vowel.
Galician cheo [ˈt͡ʃeo] 'full'
Galician-Portuguese /t͡ʃ/ is conserved in Galician and merged with /ʃ/ in most Portuguese dialects. See Galician phonology
Georgian[4]
იხი
/čixi
[t͡ʃixi] 'impasse'
German Standard[5] Tschüss [t͡ʃʏs] 'bye' Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[5] See Standard German phonology
Greek Cypriot τσ̌άι/ćai [t͡ʃɑːiː] 'tea'
Hausa ciwo/ثِيوُاْ [t͡ʃíː.wòː] 'disease, pain'
Hebrew תשובה/čuva [t͡ʃuˈva] 'answer' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani Hindi चा/čay [t͡ʃɑːj] 'tea' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu
چائے
/čay
Haitian Creole
match [mat͡ʃ] 'sports match'
Hungarian gyümölcs [ˈɟymølt͡ʃleː] 'fruit juice' See Hungarian phonology
Italian[6]
ciao
[ˈt͡ʃaːo] 'hi' See Italian phonology
Javanese cedhak/ꦕꦼꦣꦏ꧀/چۤڎَاك [t͡ʃəɖaʔ] 'near'
Kʼicheʼ K'iche' [kʼiˈt͡ʃeʔ] 'Kʼicheʼ'' Contrasts with ejective form
Kabardian чэнж/çenj/چەنژ [t͡ʃanʒ] 'shallow'
Kashubian[7] czësto [t͡ʃəstɔ] 'cleanly'
Kurdish
hirç
/هرچ
[hɪɾt͡ʃ] 'bear'
Ladino
kolcha/קולגﬞה [ˈkolt͡ʃa] 'quilt'
Macedonian чека/čeka [t͡ʃɛka] 'wait' See Macedonian phonology
Malay Standard
cuci
/چوچي
[t͡ʃut͡ʃi] 'to wash' See Malay phonology
Indonesian Palatal [c] according to some analyses. See Malay phonology
Maltese bliċ [blit͡ʃ] 'bleach'
Manx çhiarn [ˈt͡ʃaːrn] 'lord'
Marathi हा/čëha [t͡ʃəhaː] 'tea' Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /tɕ / and /ts/.See Marathi phonology
Mongolian
Khalkha dialect
наргиж/nargič
ᠨᠠᠷᠭᠢᠵ
[ˈnargit͡ʃ] 'laugh'
Nahuatl āyōtōchtli [aːjoːˈtoːt͡ʃt͡ɬi] 'armadillo'
Norwegian Some dialects
kjøkken
[t͡ʃøkːen] 'kitchen' See Norwegian phonology
Nunggubuyu[8] jaro [t͡ʃaɾo] 'needle'
Occitan chuc [ˈt͡ʃyk] 'juice' See Occitan phonology
Odia /caka [t͡ʃɔkɔ] 'wheel' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Persian چوب/чӯб/čub [t͡ʃʰuːb] 'wood' See Persian phonology
Polish Gmina Istebna ciemny [ˈt͡ʃɛmn̪ɘ] 'dark' /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡ɕ/ merge into [t͡ʃ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /t͡ʃ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex affricate.
Lubawa dialect[9]
Malbork dialect[9]
Ostróda dialect[9]
Warmia dialect[9]
Portuguese Most northern and some central Portuguese dialects chamar [t͡ʃɐˈmaɾ] 'to call' Archaic realization of etymological ⟨ch⟩. Its use is diminishing due to influence of the standard language, being replaced by [ʃ].
Most Brazilian dialects[10] presente [pɾe̞ˈzẽ̞t͡ʃi] 'present' Allophone of /
t/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when [i, ĩ, j] is not actually produced) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. See Portuguese phonology
Most dialects tchau [ˈt͡ʃaw] 'bye' In Standard European Portuguese it occurs only in recent loanwords.
Punjabi ਚੌਲ/ چول/čol [t͡ʃɔːl] 'rice'
Quechua
chunka [t͡ʃʊŋka] 'ten'
Romani ćiriklo [t͡ʃiriˈklo] 'bird' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Romanian cer [ˈt͡ʃe̞r] 'sky' See Romanian phonology
Rotuman[11] joni [ˈt͡ʃɔni] 'to flee'
Scottish Gaelic
slàinte
[ˈsl̪ˠaːnʲt͡ʃə] 'health' Southern dialects only; standard pronunciation is [tʲ]. See
Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian
Some speakers čokoláda чоколада [t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈɫǎ̠ːd̪a̠] 'chocolate' In varieties that do not distinguish /ʈ͡ʂ/ from /t͡ɕ/.
Silesian Gmina Istebna[12] szpańelsko [t̠͡ʃpaɲɛskɔ] 'Spanish' These dialects merge /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡ɕ/ into [t͡ʃ].
Jablunkov[12] [t̠͡ʃpaɲɛlskɔ]
Slovak číslo [t͡ʃiːslo] 'number' See Slovak phonology
Slovene
koča
[ˈkòːt͡ʃáː] 'cottage'
Spanish[13] chocolate [t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈlät̪e̞] 'chocolate' See Spanish phonology
Swahili jicho [ʄit͡ʃo]/جِيچٗ 'eye'
Swedish Finland tjugo [t͡ʃʉːɡʉ] 'twenty' See Swedish phonology
Some rural Swedish dialects kärlek [t͡ʃæːɭeːk] 'love'
Tagalog tsuper [t͡ʃʊˈpɛɾ] 'driver' See Tagalog phonology
Tlingit jinkaat [ˈt͡ʃinkʰaːtʰ] 'ten'
Turkish çok [t͡ʃok] 'very' See Turkish phonology
Tyap cat [t͡ʃad] 'love'
Ubykh Çəbƹəja/čëbžëya [t͡ʃəbʒəja] 'pepper' See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian[14] чотири/čotyry [t͡ʃo̞ˈtɪrɪ] 'four' See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek choʻl/چۉل [t͡ʃɵl] 'desert'
Yiddish
טשאַטשקע/čačke
[t͡ʃat͡ʃkɛ] 'knick-knack' See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec
Tilquiapan[15] chane [t͡ʃanɘ]

Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ɕ/; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use /t͡ʃ/.

Related characters

There are several Unicode characters based on the tesh digraph (ʧ):

  • U+107AE 𐞮 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TESH DIGRAPH is an IPA superscript letter[16]
  • U+1DF17 𝼗 LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK is used in phonetic transcription[17][18]
  • U+1DF1C 𝼜 LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK has been used in phonetic descriptions of Polish[19]

Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate

Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
t̠ɹ̠̊˔
tɹ̝̊˗
Audio sample
help

Features

  • Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The
    intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
    , as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
English Australian[20] tree [t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ʷɪi̯] 'tree' Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /tr/.
General American[21][22]
Received Pronunciation[21][22]

Notes

  1. ^ Watson (2002:17)
  2. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
  3. ^ "Tjongejonge". 2 April 2019.
  4. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
  5. ^ a b Mangold (2005:51–52)
  6. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  7. ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  8. ^ Ladefoged (2005:158)
  9. ^ a b c d Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
  10. ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
  11. ^ Blevins (1994:492)
  12. ^ a b Dąbrowska (2004:?)
  13. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
  14. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  15. ^ Merrill (2008:108)
  16. ^ Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF).
  17. ^ Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11). "L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks" (PDF).
  18. ^ Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). "L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes" (PDF).
  19. ^ Miller, Kirk; Everson, Michael (2021-01-03). "L2/21-004: Unicode request for dezh with retroflex hook" (PDF).
  20. ^ a b Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 144.
  21. ^ a b c d Cruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
  22. ^ a b c Wells (2008).

References

External links