Voiceless velar plosive

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Voiceless velar plosive
k
IPA Number
109
Audio sample
help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)k
Unicode (hex)U+006B
X-SAMPAk
Braille⠅ (braille pattern dots-13)

The voiceless velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is k, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is k.

The [k] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain [k], and some distinguish more than one variety. Most Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindi and Bengali, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [k]. Only a few languages lack a voiceless velar plosive, e.g. Tahitian and Mongolian.

Some languages have the voiceless pre-velar plosive,[1] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as front as the prototypical palatal plosive.

Conversely, some languages have the voiceless post-velar plosive,[2] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as back as the prototypical uvular plosive.

Features

Features of the voiceless velar stop:

  • Its
    occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive
    .
  • Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The
    intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
    , as in most sounds.

Varieties

IPA Description
k plain k
aspirated k
palatalized k
labialized
k
k with no audible release
voiced
k
tense k
ejective
k

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz ақалақь/ak̇halak̇h' [ˈakalakʲ] 'the city' See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe Shapsug кьэт/k′ėt [kʲat] 'chicken' Dialectal; corresponds to [t͡ʃ] in other dialects.
Temirgoy
пскэн/pskėn [pskan] 'to cough'
Ahtna gistaann [kɪstʰɐːn] 'six'
Aleut[3] kiikax̂ [kiːkaχ] 'cranberry bush'
Arabic
Modern Standard[4] كتب/kataba [ˈkatabɐ] 'he wrote' See Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[5] քաղաք/ k'aġak'/k'aghak [kʰɑˈʁɑkʰ] 'town' Contrasts with unaspirated form.
Assamese /kom [kɔm] 'less'
Assyrian
ܟܬܒ̣ܐ ctava [ktava] 'book' Used in most
Nochiya dialects
where it corresponds to [t͡ʃ
].
Basque katu [kat̪u] 'cat'
Bengali /kom [kɔm] 'less' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian как/kak [kak] 'how' See Bulgarian phonology
Cantonese
家/gā
[kaː˥] 'home' See Cantonese phonology
//kìuh [kʰi:u˨˩] 'bridge'
Catalan[6] cors [ˈkɔ(ɾ)s] 'hearts' See Catalan phonology
Chuvash кукка [ku'kːɑ] 'mother's brother'
Czech kost [kost] 'bone' See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[7]
gås
[ˈkɔ̽ːs] 'goose' Usually transcribed in IPA with ɡ̊ or ɡ. Contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed in IPA with or k. See Danish phonology
Dutch[8] koning [ˈkoːnɪŋ] 'king' See Dutch phonology
English kiss [kʰɪs] 'kiss' See English phonology
Esperanto rakonto [raˈkonto] 'tale' See Esperanto phonology
Estonian
kõik
[kɤik] 'all' See Estonian phonology
Filipino kuto [ˈkuto] 'lice'
Finnish
kakku
[kɑkːu] 'cake' See Finnish phonology
French[9] cabinet [kabinɛ] 'office' See French phonology
Georgian[10]
ვა
/kva
[kʰva] 'stone'
German Käfig [ˈkʰɛːfɪç] 'cage' See Standard German phonology
Greek καλόγερος / kalógeros [kaˈlo̞ʝe̞ro̞s̠] 'monk' See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati
કાંદો
/kaṃde
[kɑːnd̪oː] 'onion' See Gujarati phonology
Hebrew כסף / kesef [ˈkesef] 'money' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hiligaynon kadlaw [kad̪law] 'laugh'
Hindustani
کام
[kɑːm] 'work' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hokkien /koa [kua˧˨] 'song' See
Hokkien phonology
//khu [kʰu˧˨] 'district'
Hungarian akkor [ɒkkor] 'then' See Hungarian phonology
Italian[11]
casa
[ˈkäːzä] 'house' See Italian phonology
Japanese[12] / kaban [kabaɴ] 'handbag' See Japanese phonology
Kagayanen[13] kalag [kað̞aɡ] 'spirit'
Khmer កម្ពុជា / kâmpŭchéa [kampuciːə] 'Cambodia' See
Khmer phonology
Korean 감자 / kamja [kamdʑa] 'potato' See Korean phonology
Lakota kimímela [kɪˈmɪmela] 'butterfly'
Luxembourgish[14]
geess [ˈkeːs] 'goat' Less often voiced [ɡ]. It is usually transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɡ⟩, and it contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed ⟨k⟩.[14] See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian кој [kɔj] 'who' See Macedonian phonology
Marathi
वच
[kəʋət͡s] 'armour' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology
Malay
kaki
[käki] 'leg' Unreleased in syllable codas in some words, See Malay phonology
Malayalam
കഥ/kada [käd̪ʰä] 'story' See
Malayalam phonology
Mandarin /gāo [kɑʊ˥] 'high' See
Mandarin phonology
/kǎo [kʰɑʊ˨˩˦] 'roast' (v.)
Nepali केरा [keɾä] 'banana' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali phonology
Norwegian
kake
[kɑːkɛ] 'cake' See Norwegian phonology
Odia କା/kāma [kämɔ] 'work' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Pashto
كال
/kal
[kɑl] 'year'
Persian
کارد
/kārd
[kɑrd] 'knife'
Polish[15] buk [ˈbuk] 'beech tree' See Polish phonology
Portuguese[16] corpo [ˈkoɾpu] 'body' See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi
کر
/kar
[kəɾ] 'do' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Romanian[17] când [ˈkɨnd] 'when' See Romanian phonology
Russian[18] короткий/korotkiy [kɐˈrotkʲɪj] 'short' See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[19] кост / kost [kȏːs̪t̪] 'bone' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak
kosť
[kɔ̝sc] 'bone' See Slovak phonology
Slovene
kost
[ˈkôːs̪t̪] 'bone' Aspirated before close vowels. See Slovene phonology
Spanish[20] casa [ˈkäsä] 'house' See Spanish phonology
Swedish ko [ˈkʰuː] 'cow' See Swedish phonology
Sylheti
ꠇꠤꠔꠣ
/kita
[kɪt̪à] 'what'
Tamil கை/kai [kəɪ̯] 'hand' See Tamil phonology
Telugu కాకి/kāki [kāki] 'crow' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Thai ก่/kị̀ [kaj˨˩] 'chicken' Contrasts with an aspirated form.
Turkish kulak [kʰuɫäk] 'ear' See Turkish phonology
Ubykh кауар/kawar [kawar] 'slat' Found mostly in loanwords. See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian[21] колесо/koleso [ˈkɔɫɛsɔ] 'wheel' See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese[22] cam [kam] 'orange' See Vietnamese phonology
Welsh calon [kalɔn] 'heart' See Welsh phonology
West Frisian keal [kɪəl] 'calf' See West Frisian phonology
Yi
/ ge [kɤ˧] 'foolish' Contrasts
aspirated
and unaspirated forms.
Zapotec
Tilquiapan[23] canza [kanza] 'walking'

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
  2. ^ Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
  3. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  4. ^ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
  5. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  6. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  7. ^ Basbøll (2005:61)
  8. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  9. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  10. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  11. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  12. ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  13. ^ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
  14. ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
  15. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  16. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  17. DEX Online: [1]
  18. ^ Padgett (2003), p. 42.
  19. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  20. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  21. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  22. ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  23. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.

References

External links