Vologda Oblast
Vologda Oblast | |
---|---|
Вологодская область | |
ISO 3166 code | RU-VLG |
License plates | 35 |
OKTMO ID | 19000000 |
Official languages | Russian[10] |
Website | http://www.vologda-oblast.ru/ |
Vologda Oblast (
metallurgical plant, the largest industrial enterprise in the oblast.Vologda Oblast is home to many historic monuments, such as the
.Large reserves of wood and fresh water are the main natural resources.
History
This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2022) |
The area of Vologda Oblast was settled by
In the 13th century, minor principalities started to proliferate. First, the
In the 14th and the 15th centuries, the lands around Vologda became attractive for monks looking for desolate areas but still wishing to keep connections with the princes of Moscow. The princes, in their turn, viewed the monasteries as means to keep the influence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in its remote areas. A number of influential monasteries, including
monasteries, were founded. Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery soon became one of the most prominent Russian monasteries, with a lot of political influence, and successful economic development.In the middle of the 15th century, the Vologda Lands were strongly involved with the
In the 17th century, Vologda was a prosperous city located on the main trading route from Moscow to Western Europe. During the reign of Tsar Peter the Great in the 18th century, Vologda became a shipbuilding center and played an important role in support of Russian military operations against Sweden. However, the importance of Vologda as a trade center was diminished after Saint Petersburg was founded in 1703, and the foreign trade was rerouted to the Baltic Sea. Peter even imposed restrictions on the White Sea trade.
Vologda was the northernmost territory where serfdom existed in Russia. In the lands west and south of Vologda, estates existed, but to the north and east of Vologda serfdom was never implemented, and the population owned their land.[14]
In 1708,
During the
In 1955, the construction of Severstal in the city of Cherepovets, the biggest industrial enterprise in the oblast, was completed.
On 4 July 1997, Vologda, alongside Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Magadan, and Saratov signed a power-sharing agreement with the government of Russia, granting it autonomy.[17] The agreement would be abolished on 15 March 2002.[18]
Politics
During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Vologda CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.
The politics in the oblast is governed by the Charter of Vologda Oblast. The laws within the authority of the oblast are passed by the Legislative Assembly of Vologda Oblast. The highest executive body is the Vologda Oblast Administration. It also includes the executive bodies of the subdivisions such as districts, and is responsible for the daily administration. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the governor who is the head of the oblast and acts as guarantor of the observance of the Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.
As a subject of the Russian Federation, the Vologda Oblast has a certain constituent power, which consists of the right to adopt its charter, laws, and other regulatory legal acts. The charter of the Vologda Oblast establishes the foundations of the legal status, ensuring human and civil rights, as well as the institutions of democracy, the economic and financial foundations of the region, the foundations of socio-cultural policy, the organization of state power, administrative-territorial division and the organization of local self-government.
First secretaries of the Vologda Oblast CPSU Committee
In the period when they were the most important authority in the oblast (1937 to 1991), the following first secretaries were appointed[19]
- 1937: Grigory Andreyevich Ryabov, executed during the Great Purge;
- 1937–1942: Pavel Timofeyevich Komarov;
- 1942–1945: Boris Fyodorovich Nikolayev;
- 1945–1952: Vasily Nikitich Derbinov;
- 1952–1955: Alexey Vladimirovich Syomin;
- 1955–1960: Ivan Sergeyevich Latunov;
- 1960–1961: Vadim Sergeyevich Milov;
- 1961–1985: Anatoly Semyonovich Drygin;
- 1985–1990: Valentin Alexandrovich Kuptsov;
- 1990–1991: Vladimir Ivanovich Saranskikh.
Governors
Since 1991, governors were sometimes appointed, and sometimes elected:[19]
- 1991–1996: Nikolay Mikhaylovich Podgornov, head of the administration, appointed;
- 1996–2011: Vyacheslav Yevgenyevich Pozgalyov, head of the administration, appointed; then governor, elected;
- 2011-2023: Oleg Alexandrovich Kuvshinnikov, governor, appointed; then elected in 2014 [20]
- 2013-(present): Georgy Yuryevich Filimonov, acting governor, appointed.[21]
Legislative Assembly
Legislative power is exercised by the
Governor and government
Executive power is exercised by the governor, the government of the Vologda Oblast headed by him, and other executive authorities. The governor is elected by the region's inhabitants for a term of five years and cannot hold the said position for more than two consecutive terms. The current governor is Oleg Kuvshinnikov of United Russia. In December 2011, he was appointed acting governor and then empowered by deputies of the Legislative Assembly. In 2012, in most subjects of the Russian Federation, direct elections of governors were returned with a municipal filter, a two-term limit, and the possibility of dismissal by decree of the President of the Russian Federation. In the early elections in September 2014, Kuvshinnikov won 62.98% of the vote and was elected for five years. In the elections in September 2019, Kuvshinnikov was re-elected for five years.
Geography
Vologda Oblast borders with Arkhangelsk Oblast in the north, Kirov Oblast in the east, Kostroma Oblast in the southeast, Yaroslavl Oblast in the south, Tver and Novgorod Oblasts in the southwest, Leningrad Oblast in the west, and the Republic of Karelia in the northwest.
Vologda Oblast is located on the
Much of the area of the oblast is occupied by coniferous forest (taiga) and by swamps.
The area of Vologda Oblast is split between the basins of the
Two areas in Vologda Oblast have been designated as protected natural areas of federal significance.[24] These are Russky Sever National Park in the center of the oblast and Darwin Nature Reserve in the southwest of the oblast (shared with Yaroslavl Oblast).
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1897 | 1,341,785 | — |
1926 | 1,053,832 | −21.5% |
1939 | 1,599,000 | +51.7% |
1959 | 1,307,531 | −18.2% |
1970 | 1,295,897 | −0.9% |
1979 | 1,309,799 | +1.1% |
1989 | 1,353,870 | +3.4% |
2002 | 1,269,568 | −6.2% |
2010 | 1,202,444 | −5.3% |
2021 | 1,142,827 | −5.0% |
Source: Census data |
Population: 1,142,827 (2021 Census);[25] 1,202,444 (2010 Russian census);[12] 1,269,568 (2002 Census);[26] 1,353,870 (1989 Soviet census).[27]
Vital statistics for 2022:[28][29]
- Births: 9,263 (8.2 per 1,000)
- Deaths: 16,451 (14.5 per 1,000)
Total fertility rate (2022):[30]
1.41 children per woman
Life expectancy (2021):[31]
Total — 69.08 years (male — 63.85, female — 74.38)
- Ethnic composition for 2010:[12]
- Russians - 97.3%
- Ukrainians - 0.7%
- Belarusians - 0.3%
- Veps - 0.04
- Others - 1.7%
- 58,511 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[32]
Babayevsky and Vytegorsky District in the northwest of the oblast belong to the areas traditionally populated by Vepsians. The Vepsians living in Vologda Oblast speak the central group of Veps dialects.[33]
Religion
According to a 2012 survey
Settlements
Rank | Pop. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cherepovets Vologda |
1 | Cherepovets | 317,970 | Sokol, Vologda Oblast Veliky Ustyug | |||||
2 | Vologda | 312,420 | |||||||
3 | Sokol, Vologda Oblast | 36,924 | |||||||
4 | Veliky Ustyug | 31,475 | |||||||
5 | Sheksna, Sheksninsky District, Vologda Oblast | 18,892 | |||||||
6 | Gryazovets | 14,800 | |||||||
7 | Babayevo (town), Vologda Oblast | 11,395 | |||||||
8 | Kaduy, Vologda Oblast | 11,194 | |||||||
9 | Vytegra | 10,324 | |||||||
10 | Totma | 9,805 |
Administrative divisions
The oblast is administratively divided into four cities and towns under the oblast's jurisdiction (Vologda, Cherepovets, Sokol, and Veliky Ustyug) and twenty-six districts. Another ten towns (Babayevo, Belozersk, Gryazovets, Kadnikov, Kharovsk, Kirillov, Nikolsk, Totma, Ustyuzhna, and Vytegra) have the status of the towns of district significance. The town of Krasavino is under administrative jurisdiction of Veliky Ustyug Town of Oblast Significance.[37]
Economy
Industry
The biggest industrial enterprise of Vologda Oblast is the Severstal steel plant located in the city of Cherepovets. The metallurgical industry is responsible for approximately 50% of the total industrial production of the oblast.[38] it is followed by chemical (also based in Cherepovets), food, and timber industries, and the machine building industry.
Metallurgy was a traditional industry developed in the region since the 16th century, when its center was located in Ustyuzhna. Another traditional industries were salt production (around Totma) and glass making (in what is currently Chagodoshchensky District). In the 18th century, timber production started to grow rapidly. In the 19th century, the textile industry enterprises making flax textiles started to proliferate.[38] In 1871, the Danish merchant Friedrich Buman opened a specialized butter factory in the manor of Fominskoye (13 km northwest of Vologda). It was the first butter factory both in Vologda Governorate and in Russia. Since then Vologda became the center of the butter industry, and the Vologda butter, a special type of butter with the taste of nuts invented by Nikolay Vereschagin and Buman, became a world trademark.[39]
Agriculture
The agriculture in the oblast is essentially cattle breeding with milk and meat production, production of eggs, growing of crops, flax, potatoes, and vegetables. In 2008, 73% of all agricultural products were produced by large-scale farms.[40]
Transportation
The area of current Vologda Oblast has always been located on the trading routes connecting central Russia to the White Sea, and, in fact, in the 17th century the White Sea was the main sea export route for Russia. The whole course of the Sukhona is navigable, as well as the lower courses of some of its tributaries, including the Vologda. However, there is currently very little or no regular passenger navigation on the Sukhona.
One of the principal highways in Russia, M8, connects Moscow and Arkhangelsk, and passes Vologda. This highway is paved and heavily used. Other important paved roads include A114 highway, connecting Vologda to Cherepovets and Saint Petersburg, the roads connecting Vologda to Kirillov (the part which continues to Lipin Bor, Vytegra, and Pudozh, is partially paved), Vologda to Veliky Ustyug via Totma, Totma to Nikolsk via Imeni Babushkina, and Kotlas to Manturovo and eventually to Kostroma and Moscow via Veliky Ustyug and Nikolsk. There are connections from Ustyuzhna to Pestovo and Vesyegonsk. However, the road network is underdeveloped, especially close to the borders of the oblast. There is only one road crossing from Vologda Oblast to Kostroma Oblast. Several roads cross into Kirov Oblast, but they are all unpaved and badly maintained. So is the connection between Lipin Bor and Kargopol. In the west of the oblast, there are very few through roads even across the district boundaries. Nevertheless, the vast majority of settlements have road connections of some quality, the roads are used for timber transportation, and there is regular bus service on the main roads.[41]
The principal railway line in the oblast is the railroad connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk. The piece between
Currently, the local aviation has almost disappeared. There is an airport in Vologda. Locally, there is infrequent service to Veliky Ustyug, Kichmengsky Gorodok, and Vytegra.
The oil transport system, Baltic Pipeline System, runs through the oblast, with three oil-pumping stations located at Nyuksenitsa, Pogorelovo, and Gryazovets.
Arts and culture
Architecture
Three of the towns in the oblast—Belozersk, Totma, and Veliky Ustyug—are classified as historical towns by the Ministry of Culture of Russian Federation, which implies certain restrictions on construction in their historical centers.[43]
The old center of Vologda until the 1990s contained many wooden houses, including five wooden classicist manors, protected by the government as cultural heritage monuments.[44] Despite the protection, many of these burnt down, or were simply demolished. Still, many buildings, including four classicist manors, survive, and make Vologda one of the biggest collection of wooden town houses of the 19th century in Russia.
Some of the best examples of rural wooden architecture are collected in open-air Ethnographic Museum in
Several cities and towns in Vologda Oblast preserved their architectural heritage. In contrast to many other Russian towns in the 1920s and 1930s, Veliky Ustyug was left intact and declared the national cultural heritage very early after 1917. It preserved therefore almost all of its historic center. Vologda, Belozersk, Totma, Gryazovets, and Ustyuzhna keep many of their historical buildings. In particular, several churches in Totma were built in the 18th century in the unique style which is sometimes referred to as Totma Baroque.
The relative desolation of Vologda lands attracted monks looking for solitude, resulting in numerous monasteries. The
Gallery
-
The residence of Ded Moroz in Veliky Ustyug
-
Zasetsky House in Vologda (the 1790s)
Literature
In the 19th and the 20th centuries, many notable authors had their estates in Vologda Region; however, their literary activity mostly was related to Saint Petersburg rather than to the estates. Thus, Konstantin Batyushkov, a poet, was born and raised in his estate in Danilovskoye, but became a notable author after he moved to the state service to Saint Petersburg, and he only returned to Vologda (where he eventually died) after he developed a mental illness. Igor Severyanin, a 20th-century poet, spent considerable periods of his life in the estate of his uncle, Vladimirovka, close to the city of Cherepovets.
In the 20th century, two of the authors of the
Handicrafts
Various handicrafts were developed in the area. A number of those are protected by law.[45]
References
Notes
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ Charter of Vologda Oblast, Article 11
- ^ a b Charter of Vologda Oblast, Article 12
- ^ "Путин сменил губернатора Вологодской области". Meduza (in Russian). November 1, 2023.
- Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the originalon February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
- ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ Resolution of September 23, 1937
- ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ Плечко, Л.А. (1985). Старинные водные пути (in Russian). Moscow: Физкультура и спорт. Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
- ^ Хитров, Дмитрий Алексеевич. Особенности исторического пути России в концепции Л.В.Милова (in Russian). Движение за возрождение отечественной науки. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
- ^ Указ об учреждении губерний и о росписании к ним городов (in Russian)
- ^ Архивный отдел Администрации Мурманской области. Государственный Архив Мурманской области. (1995). Административно-территориальное деление Мурманской области (1920-1993 гг.). Справочник. Мурманск: Мурманское издательско-полиграфическое предприятие "Север". pp. 19–20.
- ^ "Moscow Signs Power-Sharing Agreements With Five More Regions". Jamestown. July 7, 1997. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
- ^ Chuman, Mizuki. "The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia" (PDF). Demokratizatsiya: 146.
- ^ a b Вологодская область (in Russian). Государственные деятели. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
- ^ "На выборах губернатора Вологодской области победил Олег Кувшинников".
- ^ "Путин сменил губернатора Вологодской области". Meduza (in Russian). November 1, 2023.
- ^ Вологодская область. Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
- ^ Peakbagger - Gora Malgora
- ^ ООПТ Северо-Западного округа (in Russian). Особо охраняемые природные территории России. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ "Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022". ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
- ^ "Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022". ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
- Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Archived from the original(XLSX) on August 10, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
- ^ "Демографический ежегодник России" [The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat). Retrieved June 1, 2022.
- ^ "Перепись-2010: русских становится больше". Perepis-2010.ru. December 19, 2011. Archived from the original on January 7, 2019. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
- ^ Hermann, Luc (April 15, 2011). "L'extinction d'un peuple finno-ougrien: les Vepses". Regard Sur l'Est (in French). Archived from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
- ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
- ^ "Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2013". GKS. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
- ^ Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 19», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 19, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
- ^ a b Промышленность - Экономика. vologda-oblast.ru (in Russian). Официальный сайт Правительства Вологодской области. 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
- ^ Wines, Michael (May 27, 2000). "Vologda Journal; Russia's Favorite Spread Smeared by Counterfeiters". New York Times.
- ^ Агропромышленный комплекс. vologda-oblast.ru (in Russian). Официальный сайт Правительства Вологодской области. 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
- ^ Вологодская область (in Russian). All-transport. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
- ^ Белихов, А. Б. (2009). А.М. Белов, А.В. Новиков (ed.). Развитие железных дорог Костромского края в ХХ веке. II Романовские чтения. Центр и провинция в системе российской государственности: материалы конференции. Кострома: КГУ им. Н.А. Некрасова. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
- ^ "Приказ Министерства культуры Российской Федерации, Министерства регионального развития Российской Федерации от 29 июля 2010 г. N 418/339 г. Москва "Об утверждении перечня исторических поселений"" (in Russian). Российская газета. September 29, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ Памятники истории и культуры народов Российской Федерации (in Russian). Russian Ministry of Culture. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
- ^ "Закон Вологодской области от 14 июля 1999 года N 379-ОЗ О народных художественных промыслах в Вологодской области" (in Russian). Федеральный регистр. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
Sources
- Законодательное Собрание Вологодской области. Постановление №481 от 3 октября 2001 г. «Вологодская область. Устав.», в ред. Закона №3706-ОЗ от 1 июля 2015 г. «О внесении изменения в статью 49 Устава Вологодской области». Вступил в силу 2 ноября 2001 г., за исключением отдельных положений. Опубликован: "Красный Север", №202–203, 23 октября 2001 г. (Legislative Assembly of Vologda Oblast. Resolution #481 of October 3, 2001 Vologda Oblast. Charter., as amended by the Law #3706-OZ of July 1, 2015 On Amending Article 49 of the Charter of Vologda Oblast. Effective as of November 2, 2011, with the exception of certain clauses.).
- Центральный исполнительный комитет СССР. Постановление от 23 сентября 1937 г. «О разделении Северной области на Вологодскую и Архангельскую области». (Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Resolution of September 23, 1937 On Splitting Northern Oblast into Vologda and Arkhangelsk Oblasts. ).
Bibliography
- Brumfield, William. Vologda Album (Moscow: Tri Kvadrata, 2005) ISBN 5-94607-050-9
External links
- Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 196–197.
- (in Russian) Official website of Vologda Oblast
- Culture in the Vologda Region Archived February 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine