Volunteer Army
Volunteer Army Добровольческая армия (pre-1918 Russian) Добровольческая армія | |
---|---|
Active | November 1917 – March 1920 |
Allegiance | VSYuR |
Branch | Armed Forces of South Russia |
Size | 3,000 (December 1917) 3,348 (February 1918) 8,500–9,000 (June 1918) 40,000 (June 1919) 5,000 (March 1920) |
Nickname(s) | The Drozdovsky Regiment |
Engagements | Russian Civil War |
Commanders | |
Notable commanders |
The Volunteer Army (Russian: Добровольческая армия, romanized: Dobrovolcheskaya armiya (pre-1918 Russian) Добровольческая армія, abbreviated to Russian: Добрармия, romanized: Dobrarmiya (pre-1918 Russian) Добрармія)[1] was a White Army active in South Russia during the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1920. The Volunteer Army fought against Bolsheviks and the Makhnovists on the Southern Front and the Ukrainian War of Independence. In 1919 it was made part of the Armed Forces of South Russia, becoming the largest force of the White movement until it was merged with the Army of Wrangel in March 1920.
History
Formation
The Volunteer Army began forming in November/December 1917 under the leadership of General Mikhail Alekseyev and General Lavr Kornilov in Novocherkassk, shortly after the Russian Civil War began following the October Revolution. It organized to fight against the Bolsheviks in South Russia. Alekseyev and Kornilov enlisted supporters, which initially included volunteering officers, cadets, students, and Cossacks. Of the first 3,000 recruits, only twelve were ordinary soldiers; the rest were officers, some of whom resented having to serve as privates.[2]
Official creation
On December 27, 1917 (January 9, 1918), the creation of the Volunteer Army was officially announced, with Alekseyev becoming its overall leader, Kornilov as its
1918
In early February 1918, the Volunteer Army numbered more than 3,600 men.[3] It fought against the Red Army together with units of General Alexey Kaledin's forces.
First Kuban Campaign
In late February, the Red Army's advance forced the Volunteer Army to retreat from
Second Kuban Campaign
In June 1918, 3,000 men under Colonel Mikhail Drozdovsky's command joined the Volunteer Army, strengthening it to between 8,000 to 9,000 men. On June 23, the Volunteer Army began the Kuban Offensive, with General Pyotr Krasnov's support. By September 1918, the Volunteer Army was up to 30,000 to 35,000 men thanks to the mobilization of the Kuban Cossacks and what the Bolsheviks classified as "counterrevolutionary elements" gathered in the North Caucasus, taking the name of Caucasus Volunteer Army.
In the autumn of 1918, Great Britain, France and the United States increased their material and technical assistance to the Volunteer Army. With the Entente's support, the forces of the South Russian Whites combined to form the so-called Armed Forces of South Russia (Вооружённые силы Юга России, Vooruzhenniye sily Yuga Rossii) led by Denikin. In late 1918 to early 1919, Denikin defeated the 11th Soviet Army and captured the North Caucasus region.
1919
In January 1919, the Caucasus Volunteer Army was divided into the
Some of the Volunteer Army's units and formations possessed good military skills and fighting strength due to large numbers of officers in its ranks, who hated and despised the Bolsheviks. However, the Volunteer Army's fighting efficiency decreased in the summer of 1919 in light of significant losses and conscription of mobilized peasants and even captured Red Army soldiers. During the Red Army's counteroffensive in October 1919, the Volunteer Army suffered a decisive defeat and retreated south.
1920
In early 1920, it retreated to the areas beyond the Don region and was reduced to a corps of 5,000 men under the command of General Alexander Kutepov. On March 26 and March 27, 1920, the Volunteer Army's remnants were evacuated from Novorossiysk to the Crimea, where they merged with the Army of Wrangel under General Pyotr Wrangel.
Nomenclature timeline
The term "Volunteer Army" is often used as a shorthand description for all the White Russian forces in the South Russia area, the actual names of the formation are:
- From its inception until January 23, 1919, this formation was named the Volunteer Army.
- From January 23, 1919, until May 22, 1919, this formation was named the Caucasus Volunteer Army.
- On May 22, 1919, this formation was split into two formations:
- Caucasus Army, disbanded on January 29, 1920 and replaced by the Kuban Army, the remnants of which surrendered on April 18–20, 1920.
- Volunteer Army, the remnants of which were evacuated March 26/27, 1920.
Reasons for defeat
The army was unable to put forward a political idea that was understandable to the majority of the population. A struggle against the Bolsheviks was proclaimed, after which the Constituent Assembly would choose a form of government suitable for Russia. This turned out to be not enough. Officers before the revolution were out of politics, so after 1917 they were simply not able to correctly assess the political struggle and organize the ideological support of volunteer units and the propaganda struggle against the Soviet government. For example, the head of the OSVAG, whose task was to promote the policy of the Volunteer Army, was appointed biologist S. Chakhotin, who was unable to wage an ideological struggle.[4][5]
See also
- White movement
- West Russian Volunteer Army
- Russian Civil War
- Russian Liberation Movement
- Russian Liberation Army
- Russian Corps
- Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War
References
- LCCN 68-60006.
- ^ Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy, page 560.
- ^ "Volunteer Army | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)". encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net. Retrieved 2021-10-30.
- ^ Сирик Сергей Николаевич (2014). "Государственные идеи Белого движения на Юге России" (S31) (Концепт ed.).
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External links
- Anti-Bolshevik Russia in pictures (archived 16 July 2011)
- Volunteer Corpus