Vox Continental

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Vox Continental
A single-manual Vox Continental
ManufacturerVox
Dates1962–1971, 2017
Technical specifications
PolyphonyFull
Synthesis typeElectronic
EffectsVibrato (single speed)
Input/output
Keyboard49 keys (reverse colour)

The Vox Continental is a

oscillators, using a frequency divider
to span multiple octaves.

The first Continentals were produced at Vox's manufacturing plant in Dartford, England; after arranging a deal with the Thomas Organ Company, later models were produced in the US and Italy. The most popular model was the single-manual Continental, but other models were produced, such as the budget Vox Jaguar, various dual-manual organs, and the experimental Guitar Organ and Voxmobile, based on the Vox Continental's internals.

The Continental became a popular instrument in the 1960s and 1970s, especially with garage and later new wave bands, and was used by the Beatles, the Animals, the Doors, Iron Butterfly, Elvis Costello, and Madness. After being phased out of production in the early 1970s, the instrument remained a sought-after combo organ by enthusiasts. Japanese manufacturer Korg bought the Vox name, producing a new version of the Vox Continental in 2017, and various modern stage keyboards include an emulation of the organ.

Description

Vox Continental drawbars

The Continental had two basic designs, each with its own variations. They were the single-manual Continental, and the dual manual model called the Vox Continental II in England and the Vox Super Continental in Italy.[1] Each manual features 49 reverse-colored keys (black naturals and white sharps) like on a harpsichord.[2] The organ comes with a chrome Z-shaped bolt-on leg stand assembly.[3] The top of the organ is furnished with an orange Rexine cover.[4]

The Vox Continental uses six slider-type, metered volume controls called

bass pedalboard was available as an optional extra.[8]

Dual-manual models also have a 5 1/3' drawbar on the upper manual, an octave of bass keys and a string bass feature. Later models also supported a percussion feature similar to that on a Hammond.[9]

The organ's sound comes from twelve oscillators, one for each note in the

bus bar which sends a signal to the drawbars to produce a sound.[11]

The first Continentals were manufactured with wooden keys covered with plastic key caps. Musicians complained this gave it an unpleasant playing action.[12] Later models switched to using plastic keys connected to metal shafts.[13]

History

Vox Super Continental, a dual manual organ

The Vox Continental was first manufactured by the

Dartford, Kent in 1962. Most of the components for the organ were subcontracted to other companies, with Jennings working on the final assembly. The original cabinets were constructed by Heathpoint Timer in Rayleigh, Essex while some of the electrics were made by Kimber-Allen in Swanley, Kent.[14] Jennings sold part of the company to the Royston Group in 1963.[15] Production later moved to Vox Sound in Erith, Kent.[16] The dual-manual Continental II was introduced in 1965.[9] That same year, the single-manual model sold for $995 ($9,200 in 2022).[8]

The Vox Jaguar was introduced as a budget version of the Continental the following year, retailing at $495 ($4,500 in 2022), which used rocker tabs instead of drawbars. Only fundamental frequencies could be produced on the Jaguar, as it lacked the circuitry to generate additional harmonics like the Continental. The tabs allowed a choice of "flute", "bright", "brass" and "mellow", a "bass chords" option and the vibrato as found on the Continental. The bottom octave could be switched to a monophonic sub-octave bass generator, which was routed to a separate audio jack. Though the Jaguar superficially resembled the Continental, the sound was significantly different. However it was still popular, particularly in the US. The Jaguar was also sold in DIY kit form, allowing musicians to save money by finishing certain aspects of the assembly on their own.[4][17]

The budget Vox Jaguar used rocker tabs instead of drawbars.

The Continental quickly became popular as it was advertised as part of the British Invasion of the mid-1960s, particularly after being endorsed by the Beatles.[18] In order to increase supply, a licensing deal was signed between Jennings and the Thomas Organ Company in the US in 1966.[13] Later that year, production for the US market was moved to EME in Italy for economic reasons; Thomas held a 30% stake in the EME factory, with Jennings and Royston holding 22%.[19] The Italian Continentals used cheaper plastic keys glued to metal shafts, that were easier to break.[20] There were also some minor cosmetic differences compared to older models, including a different vinyl covering, colours on the drawbar tips and construction of the stand.[3] By 1969, the price of the Continental had dropped to $599 ($7,900 as of 2022).[8]

In 1966, Vox produced the Guitar Organ, which put the internals of a Vox Continental in a Vox Phantom guitar body, and used a series of contacts along the frets so that a note would sound when a string was depressed onto a fret. John Lennon was given a sample instrument in the hope he would promote it, but it was never recorded and the instrument never entered full production.[21]

In 1967, Thomas manufactured the Voxmobile as a promotional instrument, designed by custom car designer

Ford Cobra engine.[22] The Continental Baroque was introduced in 1968, which combined the usual Continental manual with a multi-timbral one similar to that on other Thomas organs, and included a built-in amplifier. It sold for $1,598 ($13,400 as of 2022), significantly more than the Super Continental.[23] The additional sounds included banjo, harpsichord and celeste.[24] It was considered unreliable and expensive, and did not sell well.[23]

Jennings struggled to retain control of Vox, and chief designer Dick Denney was fired on 19 September 1967, with employees loyal to him leaving shortly afterwards. Royston filed for bankruptcy two years later.[15] The company was bought by Corinthian Securities who attempted to reintroduce a range of Vox Continentals, with the price of the Super Continental reduced from $999 ($7,200 as of 2022) to $265 ($1,900 as of 2022). By then, groups were preferring to use a Hammond organ and Leslie speaker instead of a Vox. Most of the remaining assets were sold at a liquidation sale in 1971.[22]

There are no definitive figures for how many Vox Continentals were manufactured. However, estimates based on serial numbers indicate 9,100 single-manual organs were manufactured. Around 4,100 of these come from the UK, followed by 4,000 from Italy and 1,000 in the US.[3]

The Vox name was later sold to Rose Morris, who in turn sold it to Korg in 1992. Since then new products carrying the trademark Vox have been primarily for the guitar player, and the Korg trademark appears on most keyboards.[25] In September 2017, Korg released a workstation-style keyboard named in honour of the Vox Continental and highlighting the particular Continental organ sound, competing with contemporary keyboards such as the Nord Electro.[26][27] The original Vox Continental is still used by collectors of vintage instruments.[20]

Maintenance

Vox Continental internal circuits and components

The Vox Continental used relatively unstable germanium transistors in its oscillators, which can occasionally drift in pitch and required to be re-tuned.[11] The wooden keys on earlier models are more durable than later plastic ones. The organ is connected to the mains via a round three pin Bulgin connector, which was standard for the time but is no longer in general use because it does not meet modern safety standards. Some technicians have retrofitted the power supply on a Continental to take a standard IEC 60320 C14 "kettle plug" lead. The later US and Italian Continentals have a hinged lid, which allows servicing without having to dismantle the instrument.[22]

Because the Continental was designed to be played in concert and used in touring, there are relatively few of them in good condition unless they have been repaired. Several surviving models are missing the original case carrying the stand and volume pedal.[28]

Clones

Several modern keyboards feature emulation of the Vox Continental, including the Nord Stage and Nord C Series,[29] and the Hammond SK series.[30] There are also some software emulations of the instrument, including the Arturia Vox Continental V, a Virtual Studio Technology plugin that uses modelling to accurately recreate the electronics of the original.[31]

Notable users

The instrument was commonly heard in 1960s rock music, and played by the Beatles' John Lennon,

Paul Revere Dick of Paul Revere & the Raiders switched from a Farfisa organ to a Vox, and became endorsed by the company.[37] John Cale used the organ with distortion on The Velvet Underground's "Sister Ray".[38] Other hit singles released in the 1960s and featuring the Vox Continental include the Monkees' "I'm a Believer", Van Morrison's "Brown Eyed Girl",[39] ? and the Mysterians' "96 Tears"[40] and Iron Butterfly's "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida".[41] Augie Meyers' use of the instrument drove the Sir Douglas Quintet's instantly distinguishable sound.[42]

The Grateful Dead's Pigpen switched from the Farfisa to the Continental, before moving on to a Hammond.[43] Tom Constanten also played a Vox Continental during his tenure in the Dead, but did not like playing it and switched to a Hammond as well.[44] Yes' Tony Kaye played a Vox Continental when the group formed in 1968, and disguised it in a Hammond organ style casing on stage, before upgrading to a real one six months later.[45]

The Vox Continental was revived during the

2-Tone groups, including the Specials' Jerry Dammers and Madness' Mike Barson.[47][48] Benmont Tench of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers has also frequently used a Vox Continental, and sometimes prefers its "drier, thinner, more cutting sound". On "Don't Do Me Like That", he played one through a Leslie speaker.[5]

In the 21st century, the organist

Rhys Webb, of the UK band the Horrors can be seen using the Continental.[48]

Notes

  1. ^ The rate of vibrato can be adjusted by removing the lid and adjusting a potentiometer[6]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Vail & Carson 2000, p. 252.
  2. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, pp. 148, 167.
  3. ^ a b c Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 158.
  4. ^ a b c Vail & Carson 2000, p. 248.
  5. ^ a b Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 148.
  6. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 149.
  7. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, pp. 149, 163.
  8. ^ a b c Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 164.
  9. ^ a b Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 168.
  10. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, pp. 162, 148.
  11. ^ a b Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 163.
  12. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 154.
  13. ^ a b Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 156.
  14. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 51.
  15. ^ a b Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 172.
  16. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, pp. 154–156.
  17. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, pp. 156, 169.
  18. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 177.
  19. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, pp. 156, 172.
  20. ^ a b Vail & Carson 2000, p. 251.
  21. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 170.
  22. ^ a b c Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 173.
  23. ^ a b Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, pp. 168–169.
  24. ^ Vail & Carson 2000, p. 253.
  25. ^ "The History Of Korg: Part 2". Sound on Sound. November 2002. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  26. ^ "VOX Continental". VOX Amplification Ltd. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  27. ^ Reid, Gordon (August 2018). "Vox Continental". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  28. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 174.
  29. ^ "Vox/Farfisa Library". Nord Keyboards. 24 June 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  30. ^ "Hammond SKX". Sound on Sound. May 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  31. ^ "Arturia Vox Continental V review". Music Radar. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  32. ^ Vail & Carson 2000, p. 250.
  33. oldies.about.com. Archived from the original
    on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  34. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, pp. 148, 164.
  35. ^ "The Vox Continental is back, and it's more than just an organ". Music Radar. 1 September 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  36. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 175.
  37. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 167.
  38. ^ "The Making Of The Velvet Underground's Sister Ray". Mojo Magazine. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  39. ^ "How the VOX Continental shaped the sound of a hippie generation". Happy Mag. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  40. ^ "Top 10 Organ Rock Songs". Classic Rock. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  41. ^ "In praise of ... the Vox Continental". The Guardian. 21 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  42. ^ Buffkin, Travis. "The GRAMMYs Name Sir Douglas Quintet's 'She's About a Mover' to 2016 Hall of Fame Recordings," San Antonio (TX) Current, Thursday, December 10, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
  43. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 178.
  44. .
  45. .
  46. ^ "Elvis Costello & The Attractions 'Oliver's Army'". Sound on Sound. January 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  47. ^ "Rise Of The Machines: How Technology Shaped Music". U Discover Music. 4 April 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  48. ^ a b "Blast from the past: Vox Continental". Music Radar. 14 August 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2021.

Sources

External links