Vukovar
Vukovar | |
---|---|
Grad Vukovar City of Vukovar | |
Clockwise, from top: Republic of Croatia square on the Vuka River with Town Hall and Workers' Hall | |
Nickname: Grad Heroj (Hero City) | |
Coordinates: 45°20′40″N 19°00′09″E / 45.34444°N 19.00250°E | |
Country | Croatia |
Region | Podunavlje |
County | Vukovar-Syrmia |
Government | |
• Mayor | Ivan Penava (DP) |
• City Council | 19 members |
Area UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Postal code | 32 000 |
Area code | 032 |
Vehicle registration | VU |
Website | vukovar |
Vukovar (pronounced
Name
The name Vukovar means 'town on the Vuka River' (Vuko from the Vuka River, and vár from the Hungarian word for 'fortress'). The river was called "Ulca" in antiquity, probably from an Illyrian language. Its name might be related to the name of the river "Volga".[4] In other languages, the city in German is known as Wukowar and in Hungarian as Vukovár or Valkóvár. In the late 17th century, the medieval Croatian name Vukovo was supplanted by the Hungarian Vukovár.[5]
In the
Municipal area
The administrative municipal area of the city contains the following
In
Historically, Vukovar was divided into the Old Vukovar, New Vukovar and former workers' Bata village with
Geography
Vukovar is located in the Eastern part of Croatia and is the centre of the Vukovar-Syrmia County defined part of the
The city is positioned on important transport routes. Since time immemorial transport routes from the northwest to the southeast were active in the Danube Valley through the Vukovar area.
After steam ships were introduced in the mid-19th century, and with the arrival of present-day tourist ships, Vukovar is connected with Budapest and Vienna upstream and all the way to Romania downstream. The Vukovar harbour is an important import and export station. The Danube has always been and remains the connection of the people of Vukovar with Europe and the world.
Vukovar is located 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Vinkovci and 36 km (22 mi) southeast of
History
Prehistory
The area of Vukovar has been continuously inhabited for five thousand years, which we know based on numerous archaeological sites. The Vučedol culture, which developed in the
.The Romans influenced the economy of the Vukovar region because they planted the first vineyards and drained the swamps.
Early history
The history of today's Vukovar begins very early, according to archaeological data.
Vukovar was mentioned first in the 13th century as Volko, Walk, Wolkov (original Croatian/Slavic name of the town was Vukovo). In 1231, Vukovo obtained its first privileges and later the right to levy taxes on passages along the Danube and the Vuka.[12] In 1231, Vukovar received the status of a royal free city. The charter of Duke Koloman confirmed the privileges that protected the people of Vukovar.[10] During administration of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, the town was a seat of Valkó (Croatian: Vuka) county, which was located between the Drava and Sava rivers, while during Ottoman administration it was part of the Sanjak of Syrmia. The Turkish rule brought great changes to the Vukovar region. On their campaign in 1526, the Turks occupied Ilok and Vukovar. Vukovar lost its significance, but still remained an important trade center on an important trade route. Before liberation from the Turks, Vukovar had close to 3,000 inhabitants.[10]
Habsburg Monarchy
After the
Vukovar was left with an almost empty town, with only about fifty houses. The indigenous population is returning to the devastated area, as well as new residents. Because of the need for labor, Orthodox Serbs are settling. In the 18th and 19th centuries, a considerable number of Germans, Hungarians, Jews, Ruthenians, Slovaks and Ukrainians arrived. Thus, Vukovar becomes a multinational city.[10]
After the end of the Ottoman domination (in the 16th and 17th centuries), the German Counts of Eltz bought a large part of the Vukovar area which was known as the Lordship of Vukovar and for the next two centuries they would have a great influence on the economy and culture of Vukovar.[8]
Counts Eltz, German nobility, come into possession of the manor in Vukovar. Philip Karl Eltz, Archbishop of Mainz, in 1736 buys this huge property with more than 30 inhabited places.
At the beginning of this period, almost half of the inhabitants of Vukovar were craftsmen and merchants. Crafts, trade, shipbuilding are developing. Goods are shipped to the Danube countries by ship. Numerous guild organizations were founded to protect craftsmen. Vukovar is the main center of trade for the entire western Srijem.
The Vukovar area has very good conditions for agriculture. Almost 80% of the population lived from agriculture. In addition to basic grain production, viticulture is also important, and horse studs are also famous.
Since 1840, Vukovar has had permanent steamboat lines on the Danube, and since 1878 it has been connected to the railway. The port of Vukovar is the largest port in Croatia. The industry developed slowly due to lack of capital.
According to the population census from 1900, Vukovar has 10,400 inhabitants, including about 4,000 Croats, 3,500 Germans, about 1,600 Serbs, 950 Hungarians, etc.[10] In 1905, the first major industrial enterprise, the spinning mill, began operating in Vukovar.[10]
In 1745, Vukovar became the seat of the Syrmia County of the Kingdom of Slavonia and from 1868 Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia.[8]
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
In 1918, Vukovar became part of the newly formed
The interwar period in Vukovar was marked with a significant growth of the shoe and textile industry that began operating in the town, including the shoe factory Bata in 1931, which was later renamed Borovo. This consequently led to a population growth–according to the 1948 census, Vukovar had over 17,000 inhabitants.[10]
World War II
Between 1941 and 1944, Vukovar was part of the Independent State of Croatia. During World War II the city was bombed by the Allies. The first Yugoslav Partisans uprising in the district (kotar) of Vukovar happened on 26 August 1941 in the village of Bobota with subsequent continued dominant role of ethnic Serbs in the uprising who will constitute 75% of Yugoslav Partisans in the area as of late 1943.[15] Today, Dudik Memorial Park commemorates 455 individuals who were executed by the authorities of the Independent State of Croatia during the World War II in Yugoslavia.[16] The monument at the Dudik Memorial Park, built from 1978 to 1980, is designed by Bogdan Bogdanović, for which he won the International Piranesi Award.[17] In 2008 an unexploded bomb was found in the city from this period.[18]
SFR Yugoslavia
Between 1945 and 1991, Vukovar was part of the Socialist Republic of Croatia within the new Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During this period Vukovar developed into a multicultural community and an important industrial centre with a standard of living among the highest in Yugoslavia.[19] One of the symbols of this industrialization was the Borovo company with over 22,000 employees in late 1980s.[19] The company already reached its prewar employment levels in 1949, with the number of employees growing to 5,215 in 1955 and 10,572 in 1965, many of whom were from surrounding villages as well as from the rest of Slavonia, Vojvodina and other parts of Yugoslavia.[20] Separate production sites were open in Prijedor, Sombor, Donji Miholjac, Odžak and Lovas with 622 shops all around the country.[21] At its peak, the company contributed 3/4 of the municipal tax revenue.[22] Following the 1970s energy crisis the company started producing for other companies in the world including for Puma in 1979.[23]
As the economic crisis in the country deepened workers from Borovo started their first strike action, which lasted between 19 and 24 August 1987.
Croatian War of Independence
The conflict between Serbs and Croats spread to eastern Slavonia in early 1991. On 1 April, Serb villagers around Vukovar and other towns in eastern Slavonia began to erect barricades across main roads.
On 19 May 1991, a Croatian nationwide referendum on sovereignty was held in which 94% voted in favor. Violence in and around Vukovar worsened after the independence referendum, with gun and bomb attacks reported in the town and surrounding villages in June 1991.[32]Borovo Naselje, the Croatian-held northern suburb of Vukovar, sustained a significant shelling on 4 July.[33] Serb paramilitaries expelled thousands of non-Serbs from their homes in the municipality.[34]
In the summer of 1991, Tomislav Merčep, at the time a leading official in the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) and Secretary of People's Defense, was put in charge of the town. Ethnic Serbs in Vukovar were subjected to forced interrogations, kidnappings and summary executions in addition to having their homes and cafes blown up.[35] NGOs in the city state that a total of 86 Serbs were killed or disappeared during Merčep's control of the town.[35] Serbs have long voiced their concerns about the crimes committed against them in the months before the JNA took over the town after its fall in November of that year and the lack of accountability for the perpetrators.[35][36] The matter has remained unresolved, with Merčep only being sentenced in 2017 for crimes committed by his units elsewhere. He died in November 2020.
The Battle of Vukovar began on 25 August 1991 and lasted until 18 November 1991. During the battle for the town, 1,800 self-organised lightly armed defenders and civilian volunteers (the army of Croatia was still in its infancy at this time) defended the city for 87 days against approximately 36,000 troops of the Serb-dominated JNA equipped with heavy armour and artillery who lost 110 vehicles and tanks and dozens of planes during the battle. The city suffered heavy damage during the siege and was eventually overrun. It is estimated that 1,800 defenders of Vukovar and civilians were killed, 800 went missing and 22,000 civilians were forced into exile.[37] Several war crimes were committed by Serb forces after the battle, including the Vukovar massacre of up to 264 wounded patients and medical staff, taken from the Vukovar hospital.[38]
The damage to Vukovar during the siege has been called the worst in Europe since
, riddled with bullet holes, was retained by city planners to serve as a testimony to the events of the early 1990s.On 18 November 2006 approximately 25,000 people from all over the country gathered in Vukovar for the 15th anniversary of the fall of the city to commemorate those who were killed during the siege. A museum dedicated to the siege was opened in the basement of a now rebuilt hospital that had been damaged during the battle.[41]
On 27 September 2007 the
Vukovar under Serb control and subsequent UNTAES administration
The battle exhausted the JNA and proved a turning point in the
When the main portion of the RSK was defeated in 1995
As a result of the conflict, a deep ethnic divide exists between the Croat and Serb populations. OSCE Mission to Croatia was active in Vukovar and surrounding areas until 2007.
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1857 | 8,162 | — |
1869 | 9,453 | +15.8% |
1880 | 10,234 | +8.3% |
1890 | 11,205 | +9.5% |
1900 | 11,557 | +3.1% |
1910 | 12,149 | +5.1% |
1921 | 12,116 | −0.3% |
1931 | 12,738 | +5.1% |
1948 | 18,994 | +49.1% |
1953 | 20,616 | +8.5% |
1961 | 25,763 | +25.0% |
1971 | 38,830 | +50.7% |
1981 | 41,959 | +8.1% |
1991 | 46,735 | +11.4% |
2001 | 31,670 | −32.2% |
2011 | 27,683 | −12.6% |
2021 | 23,536 | −15.0% |
Source: Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857–2001, DZS, Zagreb, 2005 & Popis stanovništva 2011 |
In the years from 1948 until 1991 Vukovar's population increased quickly due to industrial development. Primarily it was immigration that fed the growth in the Vukovar region and in the town particularly. The region's population distribution changed notably too when the town of Ilok became the second largest town in the region.
population | 8162 | 9453 | 10234 | 11205 | 11557 | 12149 | 12116 | 12738 | 18994 | 20616 | 25763 | 38830 | 41959 | 46735 | 31670 | 27683 | 23175 |
1857 | 1869 | 1880 | 1890 | 1900 | 1910 | 1921 | 1931 | 1948 | 1953 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 | 2021 |
The most significant change was the forced displacement and internment of the German civilian population after World War II. The confiscated houses and properties were given to Croat and Serb colonists during the years of Socialist Yugoslavia.[citation needed]
Year | Total | Croats | Serbs | Germans | Hungarians | Others | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2021 | 23,536 | 14,605 | 63.02% | 6,890 | 29.73% | 45 | 0.19% | 220 | 0.95% | 1,776 | 7.55% |
2011 | 27,683 | 15,881 | 57.37% | 9,654 | 34.87% | 58 | 0.21% | 347 | 1.25% | 1,743 | 6.30% |
2001 | 31,670 | 18,199 | 57.5% | 10,412 | 32.9% | 58 | 0.2% | 387 | 1.2% | 2,614 | 8.3% |
1990 | 44,639 | 21,065 | 47.2% | 14,425 | 32.3% | 94 | 0.2% | 694 | 1.5% | 8,361 | 18.8% |
1971 | 30,222 | 14,694 | 48.6% | 9,132 | 30.2% | 60 | 0.2% | 835 | 2.8% | 5,501 | 18.2% |
1948 | 17,223 | 10,943 | 63.5% | 4,390 | 25.5% | 54 | 0.3% | 913 | 5.3% | 923 | 5.3% |
1931 | 10,242 | 5,048 | 49.6% | 1,702 | 16.6% | 2,670 | 26.1% | 571 | 5.6% | 215 | 2.0% |
1910 | 10,359 | 4,092 | 39.5% | 1,628 | 15.7% | 3,503 | 33.8% | 954 | 9.2% | 183 | 1.8% |
Year of census | total | Croats | Serbs | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | 31,670 | 18,199 (57.46%) | 10,412 (32.88%) | 3,059 (9.66%) |
1991 | 84,024 | 36,910 (43.93%) | 31,910 (37.98%) | 15,204 (18.09%) |
1981 | 81,203 | 30,157 (37.14%) | 25,146 (30.97%) | 25,903 (31.89%) |
1971 | 76,602 | 34,629 (45.21%) | 28,470 (37.17%) | 13,593 (17.09%) |
1961 | 54,707 | 24,527 (44.83%) | 22,774 (41.63%) | 7,406 (13.54%) |
The Croats were in the majority in most villages and in the region's eastern part, whereas the Serbs dominated in the northwest. Vukovar's population was ethnically mixed and had 28 ethnic groups before the war. Since the boundaries of the municipality have changed a few times, there are significant differences in the population census between 1961 and 1971, and 1991 and 2001.
Particularly since the war in Croatia, much of the native Croat population has moved to other areas of Croatia or emigrated to Western Europe (notably Germany or Austria) and many Serbs have either moved to Serbia or to Canada and Western Europe.
Fifteen years after the war, in 2006, the city's ethnic makeup showed equal percentages of Croat and Serb residents.[56] The city remains very divided, as a deeper sense of reconciliation has failed to take root. The ethnic communities remain separated by mistrust, divided institutions and disappointment. Separate schooling for Croat and Serb children remains in place. Incidents involving Croats and Serbs occur regularly, and public spaces have become identified not by the services they offer but by the ethnicity of those who gather there. Even coffee shops are identified as Croat or Serb.[57]
In 2013, the government's intention to implement in Vukovar the Constitutional Law on the Rights of Ethnic Minorities in Croatia that allowed for minorities, where they made up more than a third of a city's population, to be entitled to have their language used for official purposes,[58] provoked considerable popular opposition.[citation needed]
Minority languages
According to the
Cultural heritage
Among a number of notable buildings, severely damaged in the recent war, are the
Outside the town, on the banks of the
Vukovar Synagogue was built in 1889, and was devastated by the Nazis in 1941. The ruins stood until they were demolished in 1958.
Politics
Local Government
Following the 2021 Croatian local elections the Assembly of the City of Vukovar is composed of 19 elected representatives.[64] Out of a total of 23,138 eligible voters 11,160 or 48.23% participated in the elections and there were 10,808 or 96.85% valid ballots.[64] Right wing Ivan Penava's Independent List got 4,516 or 41.78% ballots and 9 elected representatives, Croatian Democratic Union got 2,347 or 21.71% ballots and 5 elected representatives, Independent Democratic Serb Party got 1,222 ballots or 11.30% and 2 elected representatives, former Social-Democrat major Želko Sabo's Independent List got 712 or 6.58% ballots and 1 elected representative, Democratic Alliance of Serbs got 631 or 5.83% ballots and 1 elected representative, coalition of the Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats, Croatian Peasant Party, Croatian Social Liberal Party and Active Independent Pensioners got 599 or 5.54% ballots and 1 elected representative.[64] Parties which failed to reach 5% of votes required for allocation of seats in the City Assembly were the Social Democratic Party of Croatia with 3.91%, Serb politician Dragan Crnogorac's Independent List with 1.72% and Pavao Josić's Independent List with 1.59%.[64]
The mayor of Vukovar was elected in the second round of the elections after nobody among 5 candidates received over 50% of votes.[64] In the second round right wing candidate Ivan Penava was elected with 5,392 votes, while losing candidate from the Croatian Democratic Union Nikola Mažar got 4,529 votes.[64] Deputy Mayor from the Serbs of Vukovar community was elected in the first round with Independent Democratic Serb Party's candidate Srđan Kolar receiving 1,128 votes and the losing candidate from the Democratic Alliance of Serbs Srđan Milaković receiving 781 vote.[64]
Party | Votes | % | Seats | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ivan Penava's Independent List | 4,516 | 41.78 | 9 | ||||
Croatian Democratic Union | 2,347 | 21.71 | 5 | ||||
Independent Democratic Serb Party | 1,222 | 11.30 | 2 | ||||
Željko Sabo's Independent List | 712 | 6.58 | 1 | ||||
Democratic Alliance of Serbs | 631 | 5.83 | 1 | ||||
Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats Croatian Peasant Party Croatian Social Liberal Party Active Independent Pensioners |
599 | 5.54 | 1 | ||||
Social Democratic Party of Croatia | 423 | 3.91 | 0 | ||||
Independent politician Dragan Crnogorac's list | 186 | 1.72 | 0 | ||||
Pavao Josić's List | 172 | 1.59 | 0 | ||||
Invalid/blank votes | 352 | 3.15 | — | ||||
Total | 11,160 | 100 | — | ||||
Registered voters/turnout | 23,138 | 48,23 | — | ||||
Source[64](in Croatian) |
Institutions
Vukovar is the seat of several local organisations and institutions such as
Minority councils and representatives
Directly elected minority councils and representatives are tasked with consulting tasks for the local or regional authorities in which they are advocating for minority rights and interests, integration into public life and participation in the management of local affairs.
Museums
Vukovar Municipal Museum
Vukovar Municipal Museum[67] was founded in 1948 by a donation of Roman money, furniture, weapons, and paintings given to his city by Dr. Antun Bauer. The museum started in the Coach Post Building in the old baroque centre, but was moved to Castle Eltz in 1966. Up until 1991 the museum had about 50 thousand exhibits in four separate divisions:
The Heritage Museum displayed the history of Vukovar from prehistory to modern times and some of its most important collections included the items excavated at the archaeological site Vučedol and the Culture and History Collection, which contained documents, furniture, and pieces of art, and provided an authentic display of the life of the citizens of Vukovar and the Eltz family.
For its work on the cultural restoration of Vukovar, revitalizing the devastated city and involving the local community in its work, the Vukovar Municipal Museum received the prestigious European Silletto award – EMYA 2016, awarded by the European Museum Forum in San Sebastian, Spain.[68]
Bauer Collection and Art Gallery contained the most complete overview of modern Croatian art from the end of the 19th and the early 20th century with special emphasis on the period between the two world wars. Among more than one thousand pieces of art the Collection contained the works of Vlaho Bukovac, Mato Celestin Medović, Ico Kršnjavi, Ivan Meštrović, Fran Kršinić, Emanuel Vidović, and many others.
Memorial Museum of the
Memorial Museum of the
During Croatian War of Independence, Castle Eltz suffered significant damage and the collections which were kept there were also damaged: some of the exhibits were completely destroyed, some have disappeared and cannot be recovered, and some of them were taken to Serbia. After years of effort and diplomatic activity by the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia that part of the collection was returned to Vukovar on 13 December 2001. In the period from 1991 to 1997 the Vukovar City Museum was operating in the Mimara Museum in Zagreb.
Near the end of 1992 a collection was founded with the name Vukovar Museum in Exile which began the creation of a collection of donations by Croatian, and soon after also European, artists for the City of Vukovar. To this day that collection has gathered over 1400 pieces of modern Croatian and European art. This collection represented the beginning of the cultural restoration of Vukovar and it is displayed at the restored Castle Eltz today, along with other museum collections which are part of the permanent collection of the museum.
Now that it is renovated, the Castle Eltz complex represents a unique museum and gallery , science, and multimedia centre, which preserves and presents cultural heritage as an element of national identity and the continuity of life in this area.
In 2013 the Vukovar City Museum won a prestigious Anton Štifanić Award for special contributions to the development of tourism in the Republic of Croatia and in 2014 won the Simply the Best award.
Vučedol Culture Museum
[70] is open on the tenth of June 2015. Is one of the most modern museums in Croatia.
The museum is positioned on one side almost at the very
Events
In Vukovar during the year there are many cultural events. Certainly the most important is the Danube region Vukovar Film Festival.
- The restoration in the city destroyed in the Homeland War. The theme of the festival, the films from the Danube region countries, is logically connected to Vukovar as a centre of the Croatian part of the community of the Danube region. Cultural influences have always spread along the Danube. Since the Vukovar film festival is the only film festival focused on this region, on the international level it seeks to connect filmmakers from the Danube region countries, whose film making industries are some of the most vital in the world.
Winter port, Vukovar - The Vukovar Chamber music Festival is held in the first half of June at the area of Castle Eltz, the Chapel of Saint Rok, and the Church of Saint Filip and Jakov in Vukovar, and it traditionally starts with a concert by the Zagreb Philharmonic Orchestra. The guests of the festival are solo performers and chamber ensembles from Croatia and Europe.
- The Vukovar Puppet Spring Festival was founded in 1996 as a national theatre conference. There are around 15 puppet theatres performing every year and in the five days of the festival they give around 100 performances in the towns and municipalities of Vukovarsko-Srijemska County. The centre of the festival is the town of Vukovar where 16 performances are played and where various workshops and an awards ceremony are held (for the award for life achievement in contribution to Croatian puppetry). The festival is held at the same time every year, the week before the Holy Week before Easter. In 2011 there were 16 puppet theatres from Croatia and abroad (Pecs, Mostar) that participated the festival.[71][72]
- vineyards and it starts with a blessing of the vineyards. Sausages and other cured meat products are hung on the vines, because of a tradition that by hanging large sausages on the vines, the grape vines will be more fruitful and the grape clusters will be large. The same legend claims that if on that day, before noon, icicles or snow melts and creates puddles in which a sparrow can bathe, the year will be fruitful and there will be so much wine that people can bathe in it. Along with an accompanying culture and art programme, this event represents a true vineyard experience, with mulled wine and delicacies that the visitorsmay taste or prepare for themselves, on the fire.
- Bonofest is held every year in the middle of May. It is a festival of spiritual music held in the church of Saint Filip and Jakov. The two evenings of the festival feature musicians who were selected by a committee of professionals.[73]
- The Ethno fair is organised each year by the Vukovar City Tourist Board and takes place in September in the city centre in the "Hotel Grand" building. Various manufacturerssell their handmade products which represent the heritage of this part of Croatia.
- The Vukovar Advent Festivities start four weeks during Advent during which a series of musical and performance events are organised. Each event is special as the traditional lighting of the candles is performed.
- Silent night in Vukovar is a traditional Christmas concert of Croatian National Television. It is held during Vukovar's Advent Festivities in the Church of St. Philip and James
- The Christmas Fairis held a couple of days before Christmas.
- ‘SVI zaJEDNO HRVATSKO NAJ’, festival of non-material Croatian cultural heritage, held as part of the Vukovar City Day celebration at the beginning of May.[74]
Economy
Port of Vukovar is situated on 1,335 kilometres (830 miles) of the downstream flow of Danube river, on its right coast, and is the biggest official concessioner in the Vukovar region. The Company focuses its business on the transshipment of general and bulk cargo. The Port (850m long and 45m wide) is conveniently situated on the main current of the river, enabling navigation throughout the whole year regardless of water level. The Port recorded productivity growth and increase in cargo transshipment from 123,570 tons in 2009 to 295,199 tons in 2011. The majority of transshipment was in the category of bulk cargo (237,119 tons in 2011), while packaged goods and heavy cargo accounted for a total of 58,080 tons.
The economy of Vukovar is based on agriculture, trade, viticulture, food industry, textile industry, building materials industry, footwear industry and tourism. Vukovar is the largest Croatian town and river port on the Danube. Its economy is based on trade, farming, viticulture, livestock breeding, textiles, the food-processing industry, the footwear industry and tourism.
However, the port infrastructure in Vukovar, only partly reconstructed, still does not meet the requirements of the market. The layout of the port area, particularly the access to railway tracks and the quay operational area, are technologically inappropriate and not compatible with market standards. There is also a lack of warehouse capacity. Altogether, it affects the quality of the service provided in the Port and thus decreases the port competitiveness.[75]
Borovo, a manufacturer of footwear located in Vukovar, ended up devastated and demolished in 1991 during the war. In its prime it employed 24,000 employees and tried to break into foreign markets with innovations in the manufacture of footwear, but today there are fewer than 1000 employees.
On 7 June 1931, Borovo was founded by Czech industrialist Tomáš Baťa. Borovo Factory was one of the few Bata Shoes factories in the world. In 1933, the production of rubber and technical goods started, and Bata in the gum industry became one of the first companies in the then Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
Between 1947 and the end of the 1980s, Borovo grew into the largest and most economically most powerful company in the production and sale of footwear and rubber in this part of Europe. Borovo Facory produced more than 20 million pair of
The Business Innovation Centre BIC-Vukovar is a rounded concept for the support of innovative, technologically oriented entrepreneurship independent of the size or maturity of the company. The goal of this centre is to attract or provide incentives for the creation and growth of technologically oriented companies in all phases of their life-cycle and provide them with a complete package of services to support their businesses, from workspaces, support for innovations, growth and export, as well as various intellectual and administrative services.[76]
Since the end of the war, much of the infrastructure in Vukovar has remained unrestored and unemployment is estimated to stand at 40 percent.
Transport
Vukovar is located in the northeastern part of the Republic of Croatia (45 ° 20 'north latitude and 16 ° 40' east longitude) and is the seat of the Vukovar-Srijem County. It lies at the mouth of the River Vuka in the Danube River (Luka Vukovar – Rkm 1335) and has a border position on the Danube River towards Serbia in Vojvodina. Due to the particularity of its geographical position, primarily marked by the international waterway – Danube River, Vukovar represents a significant traffic hub of the main roads.
There is a good traffic connection with the neighbouring countries of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary and Serbia. Vukovar is 16 km away from the town of Vinkovci, the largest railway hub in Croatia. It is well connected by state road D55 via Vinkovci, 39 km away from the node of Županja on the A3 Zagreb-Lipovac motorway. The 33 km distant Osijek is connected by the state road D2, via which Vukovar is connected to Corridor Vc (motorway A6).
With Osijek Airport, 20 km north–west of Vukovar this area is also included in air traffic.
The city's position is very good for access to other markets within Central and South-Eastern Europe because it is located on or near the following trans-European corridors:
- Pan-European Transport Corridor VII – River Danube (Luka Vukovar)
- Osijek Airport -> 16 km away
- Pan-European Transport Corridor X – railway -> 14 km from Vinkovci hub (largest regional railway hub)
- Highway A3 -> 42 km away
- The European route E73 – the A5 and the A5 motorway -> 31 km away
Education and media
History and today
In accordance with its position in the economic and
They worked and denominational schools for children and Orthodox Jewish religion, and schools in the German, Serbian orthodox and Hungarian. Apprentice school was established in 1886. year, a gymnasium 1891st.
The first doctor with a diploma has been working in Vukovar since 1763, and the pharmacy was opened in 1791. The first small hospital was opened only in 1857.
Printing was opened in 1867 when they first came out and Vukovar in German newspaper Der Syrmier-Bote.
Vukovar has seven primary schools and five high schools, including one
In the period up to the
Sport
Major sports facilities in the city of Vukovar are: Borovo Sports Hall (capacity 3,000 spectators) opened for maintenance International Table Tennis Championship of Yugoslavia (Borovo 1978),[78] stadium FC Vukovar '91, sport and recreation center "Lijeva Bara" with a hall for martial arts, Borovo naselje Tennis Centre, Sports Centre "Hrgović", with tennis courts and horse riding, firing range, "Hill-7" as well as several football stadiums including Vukovar City Stadium and the FC Vuteks Sloga Stadium.
Currently the most modern swimming pool complex in Croatia is open in March 2017 in Vukovar. Pool complex is located about 5 km from city centre of Vukovar. Available is indoor swimming pool 50 x 25 metres. Also there are two smaller outdoor pools 22x12 metres and 25x12 metres. Inside swimming complex is also fitness room, sauna, dressing rooms, restaurant. Inside same sport complex is also sport hall available for all indoor sports, boxing, gym, fitness, bowling.
Use in popular culture
- The Norwegian crime-writer Jo Nesbø, in whose plot traumatized survivors of the siege arrive in Oslo and play a major role in the murder mystery which Inspector Harry Holemust solve.
- Harrison's Flowers is a French war drama from 2000, directed by Elie Chouraqui based on the novel "Diable à l' avantage" by Isabel Ellsen. The story takes place during the battle of Vukovar, in the middle of which an American woman (Andie MacDowell) searches for her missing husband, a journalist named Harrison, who disappeared during the siege. The film was shot in the United States and the Czech Republic. Starring: Andie MacDowell, Elias Koteas, Brendan Gleeson, Adrien Brody and David Strathairn.
- During the Republic of Serbian Krajina occupation of the city, Serbian director war propaganda.[79]
- The 1991 siege and hospital massacre by JNA paramilitaries is remembered in Croatian singer-songwriter Nenad Bach's song "Vukovar."
- Dr. Luka Kovač, the ER character played by Goran Višnjić, is supposedly from Vukovar.
Notable people
- Nikola Andrić, Croatian writer, philologist and translator
- Károly Unkelhäusser, Hungarian politician
- Marko Babić, Croatian soldier
- Franjo Benzinger, Croatian pharmacist
- Damir Bičanić, Croatian handballer
- Zoran Bognar, Serbian poet and writer
- Dražen Bošnjaković, Croatian politician
- Aleksandar Čavrić, Serbian footballer
- Saša Drakulić, Serbian footballer
- Jakob Eltz, German nobleman and former member of Croatian parliament
- Milan Gajić, Serbian footballer, U-20 World champion
- Jovan Gavrilović, politician and regent to adulthood of King Milan I of Serbia
- Siniša Glavašević, Croatian reporter
- Dinko Jukić, Austrian swimmer, European champion
- Mirna Jukić, Austrian swimmer, European champion and Olympic Games bronze medalist
- Damir Kreilach, Croatian footballer
- Milan Mačvan, Serbian basketball player, Olympic Games and Eurobasket silver medalist
- rower
- Tomislav Merčep, Croatian politician and paramilitary leader
- Predrag Matić, Croatian politician
- Siniša Mihajlović, Serbian footballer, European Cup champion
- Tomislav Mikulić, Croatian footballer
- Ante Miše, Croatian footballer
- Petar Mlinarić, Member of Croatian parliament
- Josip Mrzljak, Croatian prelate, bishop of Varaždin
- Zaharije Orfelin, Serbian poet
- Pavao Pavličić, Croatian novelist
- Nobel prize winner in chemistry
- Vladimir Štengl, Former Member of the Croatian Parliament and former mayor of Vukovar
- Blago Zadro, Croatian Army general
- Dario Zahora, Croatian footballer
- Tezija Zararić, Croatian musician
International relations
Foreign representatives
- Consulate General of Republic of Serbia in the city of Vukovar.[80]
Twin towns – sister cities
Explanatory notes
Citations
- Wikidata Q119585703.
- ^ "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2021 Census". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in 2021. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2022.
- ^ a b "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2011 Census: Vukovar". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.
- ^ Antun, Mayer (1 April 1935). "Ime Mursa". Vjesnik Arheološkog Muzeja U Zagrebu. 16 (1). Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- ^ Treasures of Yugoslavia, p.249.
- ^ "Ime Vukovar preuzeli smo od Mađara, znate li koje je bilo staro hrvatsko ime grada heroja?". Vukovar. 26 October 2020.
- ^ "Vukovar | Hrvatska enciklopedija". www.enciklopedija.hr. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
- ^ a b c "A brief history of Vukovar". Turistička zajednica grada Vukovara (in Croatian). Retrieved 16 July 2023.
- ^ Austrian Academy of Sciences Press: 31–48. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Grad Vukovar – Povijest grada Vukovara". www.vukovar.hr. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
- ^ Treasures of Yugoslavia, published by Yugoslaviapublic, Beograd, available in English, German and Serbo-Croatian, 664 pages, 1980
- ^ Treasures of Yugoslavia, p.249
- ^ Barišić Bogišić 2022, pp. 205.
- ^ Barišić Bogišić 2022, pp. 180.
- ^ Filipović 2022, pp. 293.
- ^ Zečević, Dragana (September 2009). "Skrnavljenje spomenika u režiji HDZ-a: o inicijativi za obnovu spomen kompleksa Dudik". Identitet (in Serbian) (138). Zagreb: Serb Democratic Forum.
- ISBN 978-3-030-18091-1. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- ^ "Bombs from the II World War found in Vukovar" (in Croatian). vktel.com. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
- ^ a b Cvek, Račić & Ivčić 2019, pp. 20.
- ^ Cvek, Račić & Ivčić 2019, pp. 28–29.
- ^ Cvek, Račić & Ivčić 2019, pp. 32.
- ^ Cvek, Račić & Ivčić 2019, pp. 33.
- ^ Cvek, Račić & Ivčić 2019, pp. 36.
- ^ Cvek, Račić & Ivčić 2019, pp. 55.
- ^ Cvek, Račić & Ivčić 2019, pp. 58–60.
- ^ a b Cvek, Račić & Ivčić 2019, pp. 60.
- ^ Cvek, Račić & Ivčić 2019, pp. 61.
- ^ Cvek, Račić & Ivčić 2019, pp. 61–62.
- ^ a b O'Shea 2005, p. 11
- ^ Bassiouni, Annex III. 28 December 1994
- ^ Thompson 1999, p. 30
- ^ Stankovic, Mirko (20 June 1991). "Tense situation in Vukovar". Summary of World Broadcasts. BBC.
- ^ Prosecutor v. Mrkšić, Radić & Šljivančanin – Judgement, 27 September 2007, pp. 12–13.
- ^ BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 9 July 1991
- ^ a b c Hedl, Drago (29 April 2005). "Regional Report: Vukovar Serb Killings Investigated". Institute for War & Peace Reporting.
- ^ Polšak Palatinuš, Vlatka (30 October 2018). "Vukovarski Srbi pitaju: Što je s našim ubijenima? Evo odgovora iz DORH-a". tportal.hr.
- ISBN 978-1-85109-667-1.
- ^ "Serb leader apologises for Croatian massacre". Euronews. 11 November 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
- ^ "Mesić nakon sastanka s Del Ponte: Netko mora odgovarati što je Vukovar pretvoren u Staljingrad". www.index.hr.
- ^ Seeney, Helen (22 August 2006). "Croatia: Vukovar is Still Haunted by the Shadow of its Past". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 17 November 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
- ^ "Tens of thousands gather for 15th anniversary of Vukovar siege 1991 – 2006". Croatian World Network. AFP. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
- ^ "Two jailed over Croatia massacre". news.bbc.co.uk. BBC News. 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on 13 October 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
- ^ McElroy, Damien (26 May 2011). "Ratko Mladic arrested: Goran Hadzic last remaining major figure at large". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
- ^ "The Associated Press: Serbia arrests last Balkan war crimes fugitive". Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ "Goran Hadžić, last Yugoslav war fugitive arrested, dies". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 13 July 2016.
- ^ Del Ponte, Carla (21 May 2004). "The Prosecutor of the Tribunal against Goran Hadžić – Indictment". The Hague, The Netherlands: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^ "U bijegu su Goranu Hadžiću najviše pomagali crkveni krugovi". Dnevnik.hr.
- ^ Bing, Albert (2007). "Put do Erduta-Položaj Hrvatske u međunarodnoj zajednici 1994.-1995. i reintegracija hrvatskog Podunavlja". Scrinia Slavonica. 7. Zagreb: Hrvatski institut za povijest: 371–404.
- ^ Croatia at the United Nations, October 21, 1993-January 16, 1998. Permanent Mission of the Republic of Croatia to the United Nations. 1998.
- ^ JSTOR 27800508.
- ISBN 978-953-355-408-2.
- ^ "Stanovništvo grada Vukovara" (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 27 February 2010. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
- ^ "SAS Output". Dzs.hr. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
- ^ "Državni zavod za statistiku Republike Hrvatske". Dzs.hr. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
- ^ Vukovar: Day of remembrance Archived 13 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, B92, 18 November 2006. Retrieved 2 October 2007.
- ^ a b Vukovar still divided 15 years on, B92, 27 November 2006. Retrieved 2 October 2007.
- ^ Croatia plans Cyrillic signs for Serbs in Vukovar BBC, 3 January 2013.
- ^ Hedl, Drago (1 February 2013). "Ekskluzivna reportaža iz Vukovara – Ćirilica će nevidljivi zid koji dijeli Hrvate i Srbe pretvoriti u betonski". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- Vecernji list(in Croatian). 22 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
- ^ a b "Prava nacionalnih manjina" (in Croatian). Ombudswoman of the Republic of Croatia. 12 April 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
- ^ "The Position of National Minorities in the Republic of Croatia–Legislation and Practice, page 18" (PDF). ombudsman.hr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
- ^ Pavelić, Boris (2 October 2022). "Franjina 'new age' država": Popis razotkrio protumanjinsko raspoloženje" (in Serbo-Croatian). Al Jazeera Balkans. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Rezultati izbora u Vukovarsko-srijemskoj županiji" (PDF). The State Electoral Commission (DIP). Retrieved 4 September 2021.
- ^ "Manjinski izbori prve nedjelje u svibnju, kreću i edukacije". T-portal. 13 March 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
- ^ "Informacija o konačnim rezultatima izbora članova vijeća i izbora predstavnika nacionalnih manjina 2023. XVI. VUKOVARSKO-SRIJEMSKA ŽUPANIJA" (PDF) (in Croatian). Državno izborno povjerenstvo Republike Hrvatske. 2023. pp. 9–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ "Gradski muzej Vukovar / Vukovar Municipal Museum". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- ^ "Winners – EMYA 2016".
- ^ "Vučedol Culture Museum in Vukovar wins prestigious European award". Retrieved 30 November 2023.
- ^ "Vukovar – Home of the Vučedol Dove – Way to Croatia". waytocroatia.hr. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
- ^ "Vukovar puppets spring – Assitej International". www.assitej-international.org. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- ^ "Na Lutkarsko proljeće dolaze 84 predstave, Vinkovci". Portal Vinkovci. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- ^ "VUKOVAR TOURIST BOARD – Bonofest". turizamvukovar.hr. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
- ^ "5th 'SVI zaJEDNO HRVATSKO NAJ' festival to take place in Vukovar on 5–7 May". Croatia Week. 28 March 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ "Port of Vukovar, Vukovar" (PDF). Retrieved 30 November 2023.
- ^ "About project". bic-vukovar.hr. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- ^ Lovrinčević, Željko; Davor, Mikulić; Budak, Jelena (June 2004). "AREAS OF SPECIAL STATE CONCERN IN CROATIA- REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT DIFFERENCES AND THE DEMOGRAPHIC AND EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS". Ekonomski Pregled. 55 (5–6). Ekonomski pregled, Vol.55 No.5-6: 389–411. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
- ^ "Table Tennis – Championship of Yugoslavia Borovo 1978". delcampe.net. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
- ^ Pavičić, Jurica (23 October 2009). "J. Pavičić: Film me iznervirao zbog te vrste političke retorike". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 22 February 2021.
- ^ "Consulates- Vukovar, Croatia". mfa.gov.rs.
- ^ "Gradovi prijatelji" (in Croatian). Vukovar. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
- ^ "Potpisan Memorandum o razumijevanju i uspostavi partnerstva s gradom Partizánske" (in Croatian). Vukovar. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
General bibliography
- Barišić Bogišić, Lidija (2022). O neslavenskom stanovništvu na vukovarskom području. Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada. ISBN 978-953-169-497-1.
- Cresswell, Peterjon; Atkins, Ismay; Dunn, Lily (10 July 2006). Time Out Croatia (First ed.). London, Berkeley & Toronto: Time Out Group Ltd & Ebury Publishing, ISBN 978-1-904978-70-1. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- Cvek, Sven; Račić, Jasna; Ivčić, Snježana (2019). BOROVO U ŠTRAJKU: rad u tranziciji 1987. - 1991 (PDF). ISBN 978-953-58721-3-9.
- Filipović, Vladimir (2022). "Srpska pobuna u selima vukovarske općine 1990. - 1991" [Serb Rebelion in the Villages of Vukovar Municipality 1990. - 1991.]. Scrinia Slavonica (in Croatian). 22 (1). Department for the History of Slavonia, Srijem and Baranja of the Croatian Institute of History: 291–319. Hrčak.
External links
- Official site (in Croatian)
- Tourist office Vukovar
- Photo Gallery of Vukovar