Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive
Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive | |||||||||
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Part of the Continuation War during the Eastern Front (World War II) | |||||||||
Finnish soldiers at the VT-line of fortifications during the Soviet Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive in June 1944 | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
Finland Germany | Soviet Union | ||||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
C.G.E. Mannerheim Karl Lennart Oesch |
Leonid Govorov Kirill Meretskov | ||||||||
Units involved | |||||||||
Strength | |||||||||
75,000 soldiers (Karelian Isthmus, initially) 268,000 soldiers (after reinforcements both Karelian Isthmus and Karelian Front) 1,930 artillery pieces 110 tanks / assault guns (30–40 modern, StuG III, T-34, KV-1) 248 aircraft (only 50 were modern, Bf 109, Ju 88)[1] |
451,500 soldiers (+5 new divisions were sent later to Karelian Isthmus)[2] 10,500 artillery pieces 800 tanks 1,600 aircraft[1] | ||||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||||
Karelian Isthmus: 9,300 deceased and 32,400 wounded (June 9 – July 15) 3,000 captured (all fronts) Karelian Front: 3,600 deceased and 12,100 wounded (June 9 – July 15). Based on database of deceased Finnish military persons excluding non-battle deaths. Total: 12,932 soldiers deceased (June 9 – July 15 in all fronts and all military branches) and 2,786 (July 16 – August 9.) Deceased soldiers in all fronts (June 9 – August 9, 1944): 10,008 KIA, 2,870 DIW (died in wounds), 2,802 MIA and confirmed deceased, 39 died in captivity, 726 non-combat deaths.[3] |
Vyborg Offensive: Leningrad Front (10–20 June) 6,018 KIA & MIA 24,011 WIA & sick. Finnish estimation based on Soviet data and recalculations of losses including reinforcements and all units (Tapio Tiihonen, 2000): 60,000 KIA, WIA, MIA (52,000 losses of units and 8,000 losses of replacements.)[2] Svir-Petrozavodsk Offensive: Karelian Front (21 June – 9 August) 16,924 KIA & MIA 46,679 WIA & sick.[2] Virojoki-Lappeenranta Offensive (Finnish estimate based on Soviet data): Leningrad Front (21 June – 15 July) 15,000 KIA & MIA 53,000 WIA & sick. Finnish estimation (Tapio Tiihonen, 2000): 129,000 KIA, WIA, MIA (based on recalculation of Soviet data, units, reinforcements. Tiihonen found contradictory information there.) Total military losses of Soviet offensive in Karelian Isthmus: (June 9 – July 18): 189,000 KIA, WIA and MIA[4][5] Baltic Fleet and Lake Ladoga / Lake Onega Detachments (Whole duration) 732 KIA & MIA 2,011 WIA & sick.[2][Notes 1][Notes 2] |
The Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive or Karelian offensive[Notes 3] was a strategic operation by the Soviet Leningrad and Karelian Fronts against Finland on the Karelian Isthmus and East Karelia fronts of the Continuation War, on the Eastern Front of World War II. The Soviet forces captured East Karelia and Vyborg/Viipuri. After that, however, the fighting reached a stalemate.
The operations of the strategic offensive can be divided into the following offensives:
- Viipuri (10–20 June) by the Leningrad Front
- Virojoki-Lappeenranta (21 June – 15 July) by the Leningrad Front
- Koivisto landing (20–25 June) by the Baltic Fleet
- Svir–Petrozavodsk (21 June – 9 August) by the Karelian Front
- Tuloksa landing (23–27 June) by the Soviet Ladoga Flotilla
Background
In January 1944, Soviet forces raised the
The plan
In order to destroy the Finnish Army and to push Finland out of the war, the Stavka decided to conduct the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive.
The main strategic objectives of the offensive were to push Finnish forces away from the north of
The Finnish army had been preparing defensive fortifications since 1940, and three
To overcome these obstacles, the Stavka assigned 11 divisions and 9 tank and assault gun regiments to the
To the east of Karelia, the Stavka planned to use 9 divisions, 2
Vyborg offensive
At the Karelian Isthmus front there were on average 120 Red Army artillery pieces for every kilometer of frontline, with up to 220 artillery pieces per kilometer on the breakthrough sector at Valkeasaari.[12] In addition to heavy coastal artillery of the Leningrad area and the guns of the capital ships of the Baltic Fleet (Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya, Kirov, Maxim Gorky) Stavka had also assigned heavy siege artillery (280 to 305 mm) in support of the attack.[17]
On June 9, a day before the main Soviet offensive, the 1,600-strong 13th Air Army conducted a major aerial assault. At the same time, artillery units of the Leningrad Front and the Baltic Fleet shelled Finnish positions for 10 hours.[11] The Finnish Army was in a well-fortified position, but the Soviet air attacks surprised the defending Finnish army and undermined its resistance causing many Finnish units to retreat and suffer from thousands of desertions.[18]
Valkeasaari
On June 10, the Soviet 21st Army, spearheaded by 30th Guards Corps, opened the offensive on the Valkeasaari sector, which was defended by 1st Infantry Regiment of Finnish 10th Division. During the day, the Soviet units captured frontline trenches and destroyed fortifications, shattering the first Finnish defense line at the breakthrough sector.[11]
Kuuterselkä
On June 13, the Soviet 21st Army's offensive reached the partially completed VT-line.
Siiranmäki
Simultaneous to Kuuterselkä, the Soviet 23rd Army attempted to break through at a perceived weak point in the Finnish VT-line at Siiranmäki. Siiranmäki was the first place where Finnish troops were able to use anti-tank Panzerfausts and Panzerschrecks which were imported from Germany. Though Finnish troops managed to contain the Soviet breakthrough at Siiranmäki, the VT-line had already been breached at Kuuterselkä. Soviet 98th Infantry Corps fighting in Siiranmäki against Finnish 7th Regiment announced to have lost during period of June 13 to June 16: 3 784 soldiers including 887 killed in action based on their own report. Red Army and especially Guard units took heavy losses in Siiranmäki-Kuuterselkä with 20,000 KIA, MIA or WIA.
Vyborg
The Finnish army attempted to buy time by engaging in delaying actions during its retreat so that additional forces from East Karelia would be able to reach the front, and the VKT-line could be prepared for combat. However, on June 19 forces of the first Leningrad Front had reached Vyborg, and the first phase of the offensive was completed by the capture of the city on June 20, when the defending Finnish 20th Infantry Brigade fled in panic. Though Leningrad Front had managed to capture Vyborg within the time table set by Stavka they had been unable to prevent retreating Finnish units from regrouping and fortifying on the VKT-line.[17] Unlike many battles on the Eastern Front in the Karelian Isthmus the Red Army was unable to trap any large Finnish units – not even a single battalion. Finnish forces had managed to retreat. At the same time more and more Finnish reserves were arriving at the VKT-defense line, where terrain was much more favorable for defenders than for the armored Red Army units. The Soviet 21st Army also faced logistics issues after its fast 120 km advance to west.
Virojoki–Lappeenranta offensive
Mannerheim had asked for German help, and on June 17 Gefechtsverband Kuhlmey arrived in Finland, followed on June 21 by the 303rd Assault Gun Brigade (at half strength) and the 122nd Infantry Division. Also, new German anti-tank weapons, Panzerfausts and Panzerschrecks, were issued to Finnish army troops. Late on June 21, German foreign minister von Ribbentrop arrived to Finland in an attempt to extract political concessions from the military help.
On June 21, Stavka ordered continued attacks on the Imatra–Lappeenranta–Virojoki defence line, on the Salpa Line sector of the front. Another group would attack northwards to Käkisalmi (now Priozersk, Russia) and surround the Finns defending the eastern VKT-line while preparations would be made for an advance towards Kotka, Kouvola and the Kymi river.[10][11]
On June 21 the Finnish government asked for Soviet peace terms. The response arrived on the next day and it demanded Finnish capitulation before any conditions could be presented. This created confusion in the Finnish government, where Ryti and Tanner were willing to repeat the inquiry about the conditions, while others opposed the capitulation. During the meeting Marshal Mannerheim was called, and he stated that the Soviet demand constituted an unconditional surrender. When Paasikivi's negotiation trip to Moscow in March 1944, which was initiated by the Soviet ambassador in Stockholm, but turned out to be a Soviet dictation of terms,
With Finnish army reinforcements, there were 268,000 Finnish army troops with 2,350 guns (of which 1,030 field artillery, 393 heavy mortars), 110 tanks/assault guns and 250 planes facing the two Red Army Fronts; 40% of the men and guns, and all the tanks were on the Isthmus. In total, the Red Army had a 1.7:1 advantage in men, 5.2:1 advantage in guns, and 6–7:1 advantage in planes and tanks against the Finnish army. However Finnish forces with 14 infantry divisions (a' 13,200), one armour division (9,200), 5 infantry brigades (a' 6,700), one cavalry regiment (4,300), 7 independent front border jaeger battalions, coastal defence forces and HQ/Corps artillery units even with full strength had less than 230,000 men. Less than 40 Finnish tanks and assault guns were modern (StuG III, T-34, KV-1) and less than 60 aircraft too (Bf 109 dayfighter and Ju 88 medium bomber). With these figures Red Army material advantage was about 1:20 at mid June 1944 (armour and aircraft).[11]
The offensive continued on June 25, when the Red Army breached the VKT-line at Tali, between the
The Soviet troops tried to penetrate deep west after the Battle of Ihantala: in Äyräpää until July 18 and in Karelian Front even in early August. All offensives continued until very end – when there was no chance of a final decisive breakthrough. There hardly were any "limited objectives" on the Karelian Isthmus and Karelia. In the official history of the Great Patriotic War, failed offensives usually disappeared from memory as happened with the Vyborg–Petrozavodosk offensive. After Vyborg, the plan was to reach the Kymi river.[10][11]
Koivisto landing operation
After the Soviet offensive on the Karelian Isthmus pushed north past
Tienhaara
After capturing Viborg, the lead elements of the 21st Army attempted to push forward along the main road leading north from Viborg. Strong artillery support, narrow area of operations, and very favorable terrain made it possible for the Finnish 61st Infantry Regiment to hold the Soviet advance, forcing the 21st Army to attempt to find a more suitable location for breaching the Finnish VKT-line.
Tali–Ihantala
After 21st Army easily cleared the defending Finnish troops from Viborg on June 20, the Soviet forces attempted to press on the offensive, but met stubborn Finnish resistance at Tali and were forced to stop. After bringing fresh troops to the front the 21st Army managed to push Finnish lines to Ihantala but failed to create any breakthroughs. The battle fought over the area is considered to be the largest battle in the history of the Nordic countries.
The Soviet 23rd Army joined the offensive by attempting to break through the Finnish lines between Tali and Vuoksi towards Noskua but the repeated Soviet attacks were halted by the highly efficient Finnish artillery. In the end, the battle of Tali–Ihantala was a defensive strategic victory for the Finnish army. It blocked the possibility for the Soviet army to break through to the Finnish heartland and the road to Helsinki. Soviet military losses peaked on 28 June when Leningrad Front reported that it had lost during that single day over 5,000 soldiers including 1,800 killed in action, over 25% more than on 14 June when they reported losing almost 4,000 (including nearly 700 killed in action). The Finnish artillery caused a high proportion of these losses, concentrating deadly firepower with 250 artillery pieces sending 2,000 shells to one small target area the size of just 6 hectares in one minute. Red Army units saw no chances to penetrate through this fire power. The terrain favored the defenders forcing Soviet armor units into narrow death traps. Finnish radio intelligence intercepted many Red Army signals, giving data for effective artillery and air power counterattacks.
Viborg Bay
After the initial efforts of the 21st Army in Tali–Ihantala did not produce a breakthrough, the Leningrad Front ordered the 59th Army to capture the islands dominating the Viborg Bay and perform an amphibious landing on the opposing shore. Though the landings on the islands were ultimately successful, the attempted crossing failed.
Vuosalmi
As the 21st Army was unable to advance, the 23rd Army attempted a crossing in the Vuosalmi region of the Vuoksi waterway. Though Soviet forces successfully pushed Finnish troops from Äyräpää ridge dominating the crossing and managed to create a strong bridgehead on the opposing side, the defending Finnish troops were able to contain it.
Svir–Petrozavodsk offensive
The Soviet Union's Karelian Front attacked in the Olonets sector of White Karelia on June 20. Weakened Finnish forces proved unable to stop the offensive which reached Olonets on June 25 and on June 29 took Petrozavodsk, one of the main goals of the operation. The long advance and the delaying tactics of the Finnish forces sapped the Soviet strength and the main push of the 7th Army stopped at the Finnish U-line. The Soviet 7th Army and the 32nd Army tried to go around the U-line attacking further to the north but failed to break through the defending Finnish units in battles fought in the wilderness of Karelia. The last attempt to resume the offensive was made further north by two divisions of the Soviet 32nd Army which were defeated by counterattacking Finns in the Battle of Ilomantsi.
Svir
The Finnish Army had previously withdrawn most of its forces from the southern shore of the Svir River, so when the Red Army offensive started on 21 June, it did not achieve the desired surprise. The Karelian Front's Soviet 7th Army –
Tuloksa landing operation
On June 23, 70th
Landing caused some trouble for the defending Finns as it cut the railroad line running along the coast of lake Ladoga. Cutting of the road was of less consequence as Finns had already previously constructed new parallel roads further inland in fear of landing. However the heavy traffic of the withdrawing forces totally ruined the new road forcing some of the equipment to be abandoned. Though the Finns managed to withdraw to the new defensive line the advancing Soviet units broke through the new line at Vitele already on June 28 forcing the Finns to continue delaying the advancing Soviets while withdrawing towards the 'U'-line. For the Red Army the Svir–Petrozavodsk offensive cost losses of at least 45,000 soldiers while Finnish losses were 11,000. The Soviets themselves estimated having captured 933 Finnish artillery pieces and 18,000 rounds of ammunition however many of the guns had been spiked.[31]
Nietjärvi
The Finnish Army retreated further, delaying the Karelian Front's advance, allowing for the U-line, running northwards from Pitkäranta to Loimola and Kivijärvi, to be reinforced. The first 7th Army units reached the U-line on July 10, but were fatigued following the long offensive and failed to breach the defence line. Soviet attempts to break through the U-line at Nietjärvi ended with clear Soviet failure on July 17 when a Finnish counterattack regained the lost positions on the U-line causing severe losses to the Soviet 114th Division. Once the attempts to gain breakthrough into the Finnish U-line had failed Red Army attempted to go around the line by flanking it through the frontier north of the line. As Finns countered the flanking maneuvers the fighting extended far into the frontier in a makeshift extension of the U-line however Soviet 7th Army managed neither to flank the extending Finnish line nor to break through it. Soviet losses in Nietjärvi were 7,000 KIA, MIA and WIA while Finnish forces lost 1,200 soldiers.
Ilomantsi
North of the U-line the Soviet 32nd Army, which consisted of
Aftermath
The offensive succeeded in reclaiming East Karelia and driving the Finnish army to the northern side of Viborg Bay and the Vuoksi River. It also reopened the original route of the
Despite the losses suffered, the Finnish army managed to avoid encirclement of battalion-size units[Notes 4] and benefited from supplies delivered by Germany.[38]
Based on documents found after 1991 in Russia the most important point of the plan - the destruction of Finnish forces in Karelian Isthmus in a determined time and reaching a certain line (Kotka) - had failed.[39][40] Despite that, the psychological effect of the offensive on the Finnish leadership should not be underestimated. Even though the Finns had stopped the offensive at the Karelian Isthmus after 100 km and the Battle of Ilomantsi had shown that the Finnish army was still a viable fighting force,[41] it was estimated that should the Soviet offensive continue at its full strength, the Finnish army would be able to last for three months at most. For Finland the overall situation required peace especially when Germans had not much chance to keep Finns on their side longer.[41] At the same time western allies had already made their crucial breakthrough in Normandy and were driving fast to the east.
During the height of the offensive in June 1944, the Finns asked for negotiations and the Soviets responded with a demand for surrender, which in Finland was interpreted as an ambiguous demand for unconditional surrender and rejected. After the fighting had reached a stalemate in August 1944, another attempt to seek peace was made by Finland. In September 1944 the Soviets offered peace terms that were roughly the same as in April 1944, though some of the demands, which had been seen by the Finns as impossible to concede to, were reduced. The $600 million war reparations were halved and the time to pay them off was extended.[42][43] This was probably in part brought about by international pressure exerted on the Soviets, especially by the U.S. and Britain.[44] However, after the ceasefire the Soviets demanded that payments be based on 1938 prices which nearly doubled the actual amount to be paid,[42][43] and so the Finns complained that the Soviets only pretended to lower the reparations.[44]
Despite not achieving all of the goals set by the Stavka, the offensive forced Finland from the war and to accept Soviet peace terms,[6][11][14][15][16] or at least was an important factor leading to the ceasefire negotiations that were resumed a month after the offensive had ended.[17][35][45][46]
In Soviet propaganda, this offensive was listed as one of Stalin's ten blows.
Notes
- ^ Soviet "irrecoverable" losses include killed, dead from wounds, non-combat deaths and missing. "Medical" casualties include wounded and sick.[2]
- David Glantz agrees with Krivosheev's figures, but says that fighting in the Viborg area between June 21 – July 14 is not included and estimates the additional casualties at 30,000, thus bringing the total Soviet casualties to about 100,000.[6]
- ^ Finnish historiography uses titles Kesän 1944 suurhyökkäys (lit. 'Summer 1944 great offensive') or Kesän 1944 torjuntataistelut (lit. 'Summer 1944 Defensive Battles').
- ^ Opinion in the Finnish HQ was that pocketed units are wasted and should therefore try to escape.[citation needed] Soviet combat practice helped the Finnish army; the official history of IR 58, which fought against the Soviet army starting from Valkeasaari to Viborg, notes that several times Finnish units were able to survive only because of the rigid adherence to operating area boundaries by the Soviet units, and inappropriate micromanagement by Soviet army commanding officers.[37][verification needed]
References
- ^ a b c Zolotarev (1999), p. 13
- ^ a b c d e Krivosheev (1997)
- ^ #Arkistolaitos, Suomen sodissa 1939–45 menehtyneet Arkistolaitos, Suomen sodissa 1939–45 menehtyneiden tietokanta. National Archive Service, military casualties of Finland during war period 1939–45. http://kronos.narc.fi/menehtyneet/
- ^ Tiihonen,1999, Doctor of Philosophy Tapio Tiihonen studied and checked Soviet data and loss reports of units and reinforcements. He found Soviet losses higher than Manninen. Tiihonen, 2000 (Decision at the Isthmus 1944)
- ^ Manninen (1994), The numbers available in Krivosheyev's books are only up to the capture of Viborg at the Karelian Isthmus thus missing the heavy fighting between June 21 – July 15 at Karelian Isthmus. Manninen had estimated those numbers based on the daily casualty reports of the Leningrad Front in the archives of the Soviet Ministry of Defense.
- ^ a b Glantz (2002), p. 458.
- ^ Reiter 2009, pp. 134–137.
- ^ Newton (1995)
- ^ Gilbert, p. 536"
- ^ a b c d e Zolotarev (1999), pp. 97–98
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k (in Russian) Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. Наступление советских войск на Карельском перешейке и в Южной Карелии Archived 2011-09-30 at the Wayback Machine По замыслу Ставки войска Ленинградского и Карельского фронтов при содействии Краснознаменного Балтийского флота, Ладожской и Онежской военных флотилий мощными ударами должны были разгромить противостоящего противника, овладеть Выборгом, Петрозаводском и выйти на рубеж Тикшеозеро, Сортавала, Котка. Операцию начинали войска Ленинградского фронта, затем в наступление переходил Карельский фронт.
- ^ a b c Platonov (1964)
- ^ Glantz (2002), pp. 443, 458
- ^ a b Gebhardt (1989), p. 2
- ^ a b Glantz (1998), pp. 201–03
- ^ a b Erickson (1993), pp. 329–30
- ^ a b c d e f Moisala (1988)
- ^ Bergstrom (2008)
- ^ a b Moisala & Alanen (1988) pp. 58–59, 66–67
- ^ Lunde (2011) pp. 259–60
- ^ Lunde (2011) p. 302
- ^ Lunde (2011) p. 270
- ^ Jowett, P., Snodgrass, B. (2006). Finland at War 1939–45, Osprey Publishing, p. 12.
- ^ Dagens Nyheter, July 3, 1944
- ^ Svenska Dagbladet, July 3, 1944
- ISBN 978-1-4539-0061-1.
- ^ Tapio Tiihonen (2000). Ratkaisu Kannaksella 1944 [Decision at the Isthmus 1944]. Espoo: Fenix. pp. 77–79.
The Voroshilov committee prepared the conditions for Finnish capitulation for nine and a half months. The secretary of the committee, S. Bazarov handed these to the "secret police man" of the Foreign Ministry, V. Dekanozov on 26 June [...] The "sekretno projekt" for the surrender of Finland, handed by Barazov to Dekanozov, is dated to 28 June. The signature of the agreement would have meant a complete economic, political, and social subduction of Finland to the Soviet Union [...] The agreement was to be signed by attorneys from both the Soviet and Finnish governments and armed forces. Already the preamble of the agreement made it clear to Finland, what it was about: "The Finnish Government and the Supreme Command of the Defence Forces acknowledge the complete defeat of the Finnish Armed Forces in the war against the U.S.S.R. and announce the unconditional surrender of Finland, requesting the cessation of acts of war."
- ^ Turtola (2001), p. 168, Dr. Turtola discovered a Soviet draft for "The Unconditional Surrender of Finland" from the Russian Foreign Ministry archive in Moscow, dated June 1944. Here are the relevant passages from the document: "The Finnish Government and the Supreme Command of the Defence Forces acknowledge the complete defeat of the Finnish Armed Forces in the war against the U.S.S.R. and announce the unconditional surrender of Finland, requesting the cessation of acts of war."; "5. As this document takes effect, the Finnish Government and the Supreme Command of the Finnish Defence Forces commit themselves without delay in calling to Finland all Finnish troops on other fronts and in disarming them."; "7. The Supreme Command of the Finnish Defence Forces will carry out the disarming of all Finnish land, air, and naval forces according to the orders, schedule, and sequence given by the Supreme Command of the Soviet Military Forces, under its supervision. 8. Since the moment of signing this document until when the Supreme Command of the Soviet Military Forces has taken under its control all communications connections in Finland, all radio broadcasts in Finnish territory are forbidden, and Finnish telegraph, telephone, and radio connections to other countries will be cut off. 9. The Finnish Government and the Supreme Command of the Finnish Defence Forces will secure the transportation of military troops of the U.S.S.R. in Finnish territory by rail and by other means of transportation and the needed supplies to the troops. 10. To fulfill the terms of surrender and to secure the interests of the U.S.S.R., the Supreme Command of the Soviet Military Forces – by its own military forces and at its own discretion – will occupy partially or fully the territory of Finland, her harbours, the archipelago of Åland, and the islands of the Gulf of Finland. The Government of the U.S.S.R. will make use of all the rights of an occupying power in the occupied territories of Finland. The Supreme Command of the Soviet Military Forces will publish its own orders and directives. The Finnish Government and the Finnish people will by all means try to contribute to the execution of these orders and directives. To serve this aim, the Finnish Government will without delay give an order to all the authorities of the central and local government, to the judicial system, public organisations, and all civil servants to remain in their previous positions, to obey orders unconditionally, and to carry out their duties conscientiously, until the Supreme Command of the Soviet Military Forces gives its directives."
- ^ Baryshnikov (2006)
- ISBN 978-1-935149-48-4.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Nenye P.261
- ^ Juutilainen (1994), pp. 145–47
- ^ Mannerheim (1952), pp. 459–60
- ^ Keijo Korhonen (1969). "Finland and the Soviet Union". Essays on Finnish foreign policy. Finnish Political Science Association. p. 29.
'...in a northwesterly and westerly direction and take the Kotka and Kouvola areas, holding the line at the Kymi river... 21st and 23rd armies failed to carry out by the end of June the duties assigned to them. The enemy offered stubborn resistance and repelled all attacks.' The account continues: 'On 13 July, however, preparations for attack were interrupted on orders from the front to go over to defensive positions.'
- ^ a b Tapio Tiihonen (2000). Ratkaisu Kannaksella 1944 [Decision at the Isthmus 1944]. Espoo: Fenix. p. 29.
Sunnitelman tärkein kohta, suomalaisten tuhoaminen määrätyn ajan sisällä ja tietylle linjalle tultaessa oli epäonnistunut. The most important point of the plan, the destruction of the Finns in a determined time and reaching a certain line, had failed.
- ISBN 978-1472815262.
- ^ Saressalo (1983)
- ISBN 978-1-935149-48-4.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Mannerheim (1953), p. 500
- ^ Ziemke (2002), p. 388
- ^ a b Mannerheim (1952), p. 484
- ^ a b Mannerheim (1952), p. 499
- ^ a b Mannerheim (1953), p. 509
- ^ a b Ziemke (2002), p. 390
- ^ Platonov (1964), p. 486
- ^ Vehviläinen (2002), p. 143
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Further reading
- Ilya Moshansky: Sturm Karelskogo Vala. Vyborgsko-Petrozavodskaja strategicheskaja nastupatelnaja operazija 10 ijuna – 9 avgusta 1944 goda., "Vojennaja Letopis", BTV-MN, Moscow, 2005.