Władysław Bortnowski
Władysław Bortnowski | |
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Polish–Bolshevik War
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Awards | See awards and decorations |
Władysław Bortnowski (12 November 1891 – 21 November 1966) was a Polish historian, military commander and one of the highest ranking
Education and the Great War
Bortnowski was born on 12 November 1891 in
Polish–Ukrainian War and Polish–Soviet War
On 31 October 1918,
With the onset of the
Interwar period
After the conclusion of the
On 1 January 1932, Bortnowski was promoted to the rank of brigadier general by President Ignacy Mościcki.[4] Starting from 12 October 1935, he served as an Inspector General of the Armed Forces at Toruń. In the autumn of 1938, Bortnowski took command of the Independent Operational Group Silesia which took participation in the occupation of Czechoslovak territory resulting from the Munich Agreement. Specifically, Bortnowski's troops occupied the Czechoslovak territory of Trans-Olza. The popularity of Bortnowski after his successful invasion and occupation of Trans-Olza was so great back in Poland, that he was planned to replace Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły as commander-in-chief when the latter was to run for the presidency in the planned 1940 elections.[5]
Prior to the outbreak of the
September Campaign
During the
On 9 September, Bortnowski subordinated the Pomeranian Army under the Poznań Army led by General Tadeusz Kutrzeba. Next, the combined forces of the Pomeranian and Poznań Armies took part in the Battle of the Bzura, a counter-offensive devised by Kutrzeba. Bortnowski's forces were most notable for fighting near the outskirts of Łowicz and Sochaczew.
On 14 September, he was ordered to retreat onto the northern side of the Bzura River which resulted in the definite retreat of both the Pomeranian and Poznań Armies towards Warsaw. On 21 September, Borntowski was captured by German forces and held as a prisoner-of-war.
German captivity and post-war life
Bortnowski spent the rest of World War II in various Nazi prisoner-of-war camps, such as
Controversy
Prior to his death on 22 September, General Mikołaj Bołtuć, an officer serving in Bortnowski's Pomeranian Army, allegedly criticized Bortnowski's leadership during the September Campaign. He supposedly regretted that he had not "during the first days of the war – during the Battle of Tuchola Forest, put a bullet through his (Bortnowski's) head and assumed command". Additionally, he allegedly stated that "if I die, let it be known that the Army and I died because of this son-of-a-bitch".
The above-mentioned statements made by General Bołtuć were publicised by General Wiktor Thommée. On the other hand, Bołtuć's statements regarding Bortnowski and his leadership during September 1939 were contrary to the general opinion of the other officers who had served under Bortnowski's command in the Pomeranian Army.
General Bołtuć, who was remembered positively by Bortnowski himself, was supposedly hot-tempered in both word and action. During the September Campaign, Bołtuć dismissed both commanders of the two divisions that were part of his Operational Group. It is alleged that as a result of the bombardment during the
On the other hand, General Bortnowski had known of the tactical absurdity and had unsuccessfully appealed several times to his superiors prior to the invasion. Bołtuć's reaction and criticisms may be justified through the Clausewitzian philosophy in which the commander of a losing army holds the heaviest burden for the loss since he holds full responsibility for his army. With that interpretation, Bołtuć's criticisms of Bortnowski are justified in that Bortnowski was the commanding officer of the Pomeranian Army.[7]
Awards and decorations
Among the military decorations he received are:
- Silver Cross of Virtuti Militari
- Commander of the Legion of Honour (France)
- Cross of Independence (Krzyż Niepodległości)
- Commander's Cross with Star of the Polonia Restituta[8](earlier Officer's Cross)
- Cross of Valour (Krzyż Walecznych – 4 times)
- Gold Cross of Merit (Krzyż Zasługi)
- Latvian Order of Lāčplēsis – Third Class[9] Order Number 1904
References
- ^ Zielinski, Marek. "Władysław Bortnowski". Pilsudski.org. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
- ^ (in Polish) Dziennik Personalny M.S.Wojsk nr 106 z 15 October 1925 r.
- ^ (in Polish) Dziennik Personalny M.S.Wojsk. Nr 4 z 28 February 1928 r.
- ^ (in Polish) Zarządzenie Prezydenta RP z dnia 10 December 1931 r. w: Dziennik Personalny MSWojsk. Nr 10 z 11 December 1931 r., s. 395
- )
- ^ Zielinski, Marek. "Władysław Bortnowski". Pilsudski.org. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
- ^ (in Polish) R. Ziobroń. Historia żołnierza tułacza. Działalność emigracyjna gen. Władysława Bortnowskiego, Rzeszów 2009
- ^ (in Polish) Dziennik Personalny Ministerstwa Spraw Wojskowych nr 123 z 20 November 1925
- ^ (in Polish) Dziennik Personalny Spraw Wojskowych nr 9 z 4 February 1926
Bibliography
- Konrad Ciechanowski, Armia "Pomorze" 1939, Warszawa, 1983. (in Polish)
- Jerzy Kirchmayer: Pamiętniki, Warszawa, 1987. (in Polish)
- Tadeusz Kryska-Karski i Stanisław Żurakowski, Generałowie Polski Niepodległej, Warszawa, 1991. (in Polish)
- Kazimierz Pindel, Obrona Narodowa 1937–1939, Warszawa, 1979. (in Polish)
- Piotr Stawecki, Słownik biograficzny generałów Wojska Polskiego 1918–1939, Warszawa 1994. (in Polish)
- General Władysław Bortnowskiego Archive in the collections of the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America (in Polish)