WOO (Philadelphia)

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WOO was an

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
, from early 1922 until mid-1928.

History

WOO made its debut broadcast on the evening of April 24, 1922.[1]

WOO was first licensed on March 18, 1922 to John Wanamaker, and the station broadcast from a sound-proof room on the 2nd floor of the Wanamaker Department Store, adjacent to the Egyptian Hall, with the transmitter located on the 11th floor.[2] (Six days later, a second Wanamaker station, WWZ, was licensed to the New York City store.)[3] Note that the floors have since been renumbered, as the old 1st Floor was the first floor above the Main Floor, etc. The studio was on the present Third Floor.

At this time Wanamaker's already had extensive experience in radio, although primarily in point-to-point communication by Morse code rather than broadcasting. In 1911 American Marconi began operating two stations located at the Wanamaker stores in Philadelphia (WHE) and New York City (WHI). Previously Marconi had exclusively operated maritime and ship-to-shore facilities, and these were its first overland installations. The stations were used for Wanamaker's inter-company communication, and were also open to the general public, for sending telegrams between the two cities, in addition to ships along the Atlantic coast.[4] In 1914 the New York station was used to conduct radiotelephone experiments,[5] however the two stations never engaged in general broadcasting, and were operated separately from the later broadcasting stations, WOO in Philadelphia and WWZ in New York City.[6]

On December 1, 1921 the U.S. Department of Commerce, in charge of radio at the time, adopted a regulation formally establishing a broadcasting station category, which set aside the wavelength of 360 meters (833 kHz) for entertainment broadcasts, and 485 meters (619 kHz) for market and weather reports.[7] Some of the earliest radio stations were operated by department stores, used to promote the sale of radio receivers. Wanamaker's WOO was one of four Philadelphia department store stations established in the first half of 1922.[8]

WOO made its debut broadcast on April 24, 1922, which featured two speeches by Gifford Pinchot, who was conducting an ultimately successful gubernatorial campaign, that were separated by a one hour program of "orchestral selections".[1] The next day the Philadelphia Inquirer commented favorably on the Pinchot speeches, stating: "Although the only thing his eyes could see was the box into which he spoke, he visualized the thousands to whom he spoke and put punch and power into every telling point. His voice has excellent carrying quality and telephone messages received during the night told how clearly every word was heard."[9]

WOO was originally licensed for operation on the 360 meter "entertainment" wavelength, in a timesharing arrangement with the other local stations. Within a few months it was authorized to also transmit on the 485 meter "market and weather report" wavelength.[10] In late September 1922 the Department of Commerce set aside a second entertainment wavelength, 400 meters (750 kHz) for "Class B" stations that had quality equipment and programming,[11] and WOO was assigned use of this more exclusive wavelength.[12] In May 1923 additional "Class B" frequencies were made available, and one of the Philadelphia allocations, 590 kHz,[13] was assigned to WOO and WIP (now WTEL) on a timesharing basis.[14]

"The Organ at WOO" (1922)[15]

WOO was most famous for its broadcasts of Wanamaker Organ ("The World's Greatest Organ") concerts.[15] Its early schedule also included retransmissions of Naval Observatory time signals sent from station NAA in Arlington, Virginia.[16] In 1925 it was one of the stations linked up to a national network that broadcast Calvin Coolidge's inauguration, the first radio broadcast of a presidential inauguration.[17] A store booklet sent to listeners-in titled Broadcasting the World's Greatest Organ reported that "Wanamaker radio organ parties are given in homes in Porto Rico on broadcasting evenings; the great instrument has been heard in Berkeley, California; it is a delight to “listeners in” in trading posts along Hudson’s Bay...."

Wanamaker's eventually determined that the cost of running a radio station exceeded its benefits. The New York City station, WWZ, was shut down in the fall of 1923. Rodman Wanamaker died in March 1928, with his will placing the affairs of the store in the hands of a board of directors. It was then announced that as of June 1, 1928 WOO was also suspending operations. Station manager Charles Dryden released a statement noting that: "Investigations made by special inquiry among radio listeners during the past two years have revealed that broadcasting is not helping the store in general or in an advertising way, hence our decision to discontinue operations indefinitely."[18] He also noted that: "However, we will, by actually stopping broadcasting, be able to determine by test if the public is in favor of our return to the air. Our equipment and installation will remain intact for the present."[19] Because WOO had not yet been officially deleted, on November 11, 1928 it was reassigned to 1500 kHz as a low-powered "local" station, sharing time with Philadelphia-area stations WALK, WPSW and WHBW,[20] as part of a major reallocation implemented by the Federal Radio Commission's General Order 40. However, the station never resumed operations, and it was formally deleted on February 20, 1929.[21]

References

  1. ^ a b "Wanamaker News of the Day" (advertisement) Philadelphia Inquirer, April 24, 1922, page 11.
  2. ^ "Radio Broadcasting Station WOO", A Friendly Guide to Philadelphia and Wanamaker's, 1926, page 46.
  3. ^ "New Stations", Radio Service Bulletin, April 1, 1922, page 3.
  4. ^ "Department Stores and the Origins of American Broadcasting" (dissertation) by Ronald J. "Noah" Arceneaux, University of Georgia, 2007, pages 43-54.
  5. ^ "New York to Philadelphia by Wireless Telephone", The Wireless Age, June, 1914, page 725.
  6. ^ Arceneaux (2007) page 54.
  7. ^ "Amendments to Regulations", Radio Service Bulletin, January 3, 1922, page 10.
  8. ^ Arceneaux (2007) pages 81-86. The other three Philadelphia department store stations were WFI (now WFIL, licensed March 18, 1922 to Strawbridge & Clothier); WIP (now WTEL, licensed March 20, 1922 to Gimbel Brothers); and WDAR (now WFIL, licensed May 20, 1922 to the Lit Brothers).
  9. ^ "Pinchot Delivers Smashing Attack" by Richard J. Beamish, Philadelphia Inquirer, April 25, 1922, pages 1, 3.
  10. ^ "Alterations and Corrections", Radio Service Bulletin, September 1, 1922, page 8.
  11. ^ "Amendments to Regulations: Regulation 57", Radio Service Bulletin, September 1, 1922, pages 10-11.
  12. ^ "Alterations and Corrections", Radio Service Bulletin, October 2, 1922, page 7.
  13. ^ "Radio Conference Recommendations: New Wave Lengths", Radio Age, May 1923, page 11. Beginning with these assignments radio stations ended the practice of broadcasting market reports and weather forecasts on the separate 485 meter wavelength.
  14. ^ "Class B Calls and Waves", Radio Age, June 1923, page 12.
  15. ^ a b "Stations That Entertain You", Radio Broadcast, December 1922, page 138.
  16. ^ Arceneaux (2007) page 296.
  17. ^ "The First Radio Inauguration" by Otto Wilson, Wireless Age, April 1925, page 65.
  18. ^ "Here and There", Radio Broadcast, August 1928, page 197.
  19. ^ "Wanamaker Station Signing Off Today", Camden (New Jersey) Morning Post, June 1, 1928, page 23.
  20. ^ "Revised list of broadcasting stations, by frequencies, effective 3 a. m., November 11, 1928, eastern standard time", Second Annual Report of the Federal Radio Commission (June 30, 1928), page 214.
  21. ^ "Strike out all particulars", Radio Service Bulletin, February 28, 1929, page 13.