Waka-jumping
In
In 2001, legislation was enacted that required
Waka is a Māori language word that originally meant a large Māori canoe (although it can also mean any other vehicle).[2] Hence, the term waka-jumping is a variant of the seafaring term "jump ship" – to leave a ship's crew abruptly and against the terms of a fixed-term contract (or naval enlistment).
Legislation
The implementation of the mixed-member proportional (MMP) electoral system after a referendum in 1993 led to a series of defections and re-alignments as the former two-party system adjusted to the change. This led to the rise and fall of a number of political parties in New Zealand, including the creation of New Zealand First and ACT. The new political climate tended to favour the establishment of new political parties since in former times, dissidents had often simply become independent MPs.[citation needed] In the two previous parliaments before the 2001 act had been passed, 22 MPs defected.[3]
Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Act 2001
The frequency of waka-jumping made New Zealand enact the Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Act 2001, which had been introduced by
However, parties were still able to find ways around this law. When the
In December 2003, the ACT Party caucus voted to expel Donna Awatere Huata, an ACT list MP who became an independent after she had been charged with fraud.[8] The expulsion became the subject of litigation, and Awatere Huata was not expelled from Parliament until a Supreme Court decision handed down in November 2004.[9] A proposed bill to replace the act in 2005 failed.[10]
Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Act 2018 and repeal attempt
The Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Act 2018 received Royal Assent on 3 October 2018 and entered into force in New Zealand the next day.[11] The provisions on waka-jumping now appear as section 55A of the Electoral Act 1993.[12] Under those provisions, members of Parliament who choose to leave their party or are expelled from their party are also expelled from Parliament if the leader of the party under which they were elected issues appropriate notice to the Speaker that the MP should be expelled, with the seat becoming vacant.[13][14] Unlike the 2001 act, the 2018 act did not have a sunset clause and so remains in force until it is deliberately repealed. The act was passed as part of the coalition agreement between New Zealand First and the Labour Party and supported through Parliament "begrudgingly" by the Green Party under the terms of its own confidence-and-supply agreement with Labour.[13][15]
A member's bill in the name of National Party MP David Carter with the intent of repealing the Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Act 2018 was introduced into Parliament in July 2020.[16] The Green Party defied other government parties to support the repeal bill, with the first reading in Parliament passing by 64 to 55 votes.[17] Carter's Electoral (Integrity Repeal) Amendment Bill was then referred to the justice select committee.[18] After the 2020 New Zealand general election, the bill's second reading was held on 12 May and 14 June 2021, and the Labour Party used its majority of 65 seats to block its passage.[19]
List of waka-jumpers
Below is a list of notable waka-jumpers:[20]
MMP era
Historic waka-jumpers
See also
Notes
- 1.by-electionin his Tauranga electorate.
- 2.resulting contestin Te Tai Hauauru.
- 3.by-electionin his constituency of Te Tai Tokerau.
References
- ^ "Maori Party vote vital to save 'waka-jumping act'". The New Zealand Herald. 23 October 2005. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
- ^ "waka". Māori Dictionary. Te Aka Māori Dictionary. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ^ "Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Bill — First Reading". New Zealand Parliament. 6 December 2005. Archived from the original on 17 February 2019.
- ^ "Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Act 2001". Act No. 105 of 21 December 2001 (PDF).
- ^ Geddis, Andrew (2002). "Party-hopping". New Zealand Law Journal: 137–138.
- ISBN 0-86469-463-6.
- ^ Geddis, Andrew (11 January 2018). "Who controls the past now, controls the future". Pundit. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
- ^ "ACT Caucus Votes to Expel Donna Awatere Huata" (Press release). ACT New Zealand. Scoop. 16 December 2003. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ^ Taylor, Kevin (19 November 2004). "Awatere facing expulsion from Parliament after court decision". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ^ "Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Bill 3-1 (2005), Government Bill". New Zealand Legislation. Parliamentary Counsel Office. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
- ^ "New Zealand Acts: Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Act 2018". New Zealand Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ^ "New Zealand Legislation: Electoral Act 1993". New Zealand Legislation. Parliamentary Counsel Office. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ^ a b Craig McCulloch (27 September 2018). "Waka-jumping bill passes into law after heated debate". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ^ Zane Small (2 July 2020). "National Party 'prepared to work with the Greens' to repeal 'waka-jumping' legislation". Newshub. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ^ "Waka jumping bill finally passes, with begrudging support of Green Party". Stuff. 27 September 2018. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ "Members' bills: Defying sad odds". Radio New Zealand. 2 July 2020. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ "Dead rat spat back up: Green Party vote to repeal waka jumping law with National, infuriating Winston Peters". Stuff. 29 July 2020. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ "Electoral (Integrity Repeal) Amendment Bill — First Reading". New Zealand Parliament. 29 July 2020. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
- ^ "Electoral (Integrity Repeal) Amendment Bill — Second Reading". New Zealand Parliament. 9 June 2021. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
- ^ Johns, Geraldine (16 August 1991). "Few go alone and survive". The New Zealand Herald. p. 9.
- ISBN 1869401387.
- ^ Ensor, Jamie. "Meka Whaitiri: Te Pāti Māori to make announcement". Newshub. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
- ^ Lynch, Jenna. "Elizabeth Kerekere resigns from the Green Party; to sit as an Independent MP". Newshub. Retrieved 7 May 2023.