Wakanda
Wakanda | |
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First appearance | English[1] |
Wakanda (/wəˈkɑːndə, -ˈkæn-/), officially the Kingdom of Wakanda, is a fictional country appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the country first appeared in Fantastic Four #52 (July 1966).[2] Wakanda is located in sub-Saharan Africa and has been depicted as being in East Africa.[3] It is home to the superhero Black Panther.
Wakanda has appeared in comics and various media adaptations, such as in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, where it is depicted as the most technologically advanced nation on the planet.
Location
Some sources place Wakanda just north of Tanzania and exactly at Rwanda,[4] while others—such as Marvel Atlas #2[1]—show it at the north end of Lake Turkana, in between South Sudan, Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia (and surrounded by fictional countries like Azania, Canaan, and Narobia).[5]
Director Ryan Coogler stated that his depiction of Wakanda in the 2018 film Black Panther was inspired by the Southern African Kingdom of Lesotho.[6][7]
In recent stories by writer Ta-Nehisi Coates, Wakanda is located on Lake Victoria, near fellow fictional nations Mohannda, Canaan, Azania, and Niganda. This places these nations mostly in what in real life is the eastern half of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[8]
Birnin Zana is located within Wakanda. It is considered by some to be a
History
Before the emergence of the Wakandan nation, mystic beings known as Originators lived in the region. Originators were diverse races: Anansi (spider-like), Vanyan (ape-like), Creeping Doom (insectoid), Ibeji (two-headed humanoids)[11] and Children of Olokun (sea-creatures).[12][13]
The Originators were expelled from the region by the humans and the Orisha,[14] the pantheon of Wakanda consisting of Thoth, Ptah, Mujaji, Kokou and Bast, the Panther Goddess.[15][16]
In the distant past, a massive
Wakanda has an unusually high rate of mutation due to the dangerously mutagenic properties of the Vibranium Mound. A large number of these Wakandan Mutates are working for Erik Killmonger.[19]
Vibranium radiation has permeated much of Wakanda's flora and fauna, including the Heart-Shaped Herb eaten by members of the Black Panther Tribe (although T'Challa once allowed a dying Spider-Man to eat it in the hope that it would help him deal with a mysterious illness) and the flesh of the White Gorilla eaten by the members of the White Gorilla Tribe.
In the 2008 "Secret Invasion" storyline, Skrull forces led by Commander K'vvvr invade Wakanda and engage Black Panther and his forces. Due to heavy resistance to the deployment of technological developments, both sides are forced to fight with swords and spears. The Wakandan forces voluntarily wear panther masks; this prevents the Skrulls from focusing attacks on their leader. Despite losses, the Wakandans defeat the Skrulls. They kill every single one, including K'vvvr, and send their ship back, packed with the bodies. A warning against invading Wakanda is left written on the wall of the ship's control center.[20]
While under the cosmic power of the Phoenix Force, Namor attacks Wakanda for hiding the Avengers and destroys much of the country with a tidal wave. After the attack, all mutants (particularly those who were siding with Phoenix controlled mutants) are banned from entering Wakanda as stated by Black Panther. Some students from the Jean Grey school are attacked by the Wakandan people; the students barely flee with the help of Storm.[21]
When Hydra manipulates a sentient cosmic cube named Kobik into unknowingly replacing the real Captain America's Steve Roger with his Hydra counterpart, then enact their Secret Empire, Wakanda is under a threat to be taken over by the rise of terrorist group across the universe, with its king T'Challa getting captured and forced to surrender, until all heroes and some villains who rebel against Hydra finally find a way to get both Kobik and the real Steve Rogers back, while rescuing both T'Challa and the rest of both captured and manipulated heroes.[22][23] Once Hydra's empire has been undone, Wakanda expanded its legacy to form an intergalactic empire on Planet Bast, while also revoking the mutant ban in their country, such as allowing Storm to visit and help anytime.[24] The empire, now encompassing five galaxies, arises after a mission that sought the origin of Mena Ngai, the meteorite that brought the vibranium to Wakanda.[17][25]
In an alternative timeline set 2000 years in the distant past,
After N'Jadaka invades Earth, Queen Ramonda forms an alliance with the Originators to prevent total destruction.[38]
Characterization
Name
There are several theories about the etymology of Wakanda. The name may be inspired by a
Language
In the comics, Wakanda has three official languages: Wakandan, Yoruba and Hausa.[1] In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, characters from Wakanda are portrayed speaking the South African Xhosa language.[43][44] The Jabari Tribe are portrayed speaking a dialect similar to Igbo from Nigeria.[45][46]
In the 2018 film Black Panther and its 2022 sequel, the Wakandan language is depicted as being written in a Wakandan writing system based on the Nsibidi writing system; the Wakandan writing system was created for the film by production designer Hannah Beachler.[47]
Defenses
In the comics, Wakanda is the foremost
Wakandan religion
Wakanda contains a number of religious sects originating from various places in Africa, the Pantheon of Wakanda is known as The Orisha.
Panther cult
After the vibranium meteor fell, a number of Wakandans were painfully mutated into "demon spirits" and began attacking their fellow Wakandans.T'Challa's ancestor Olumo Bashenga began to close the vibranium mound to outsiders. He formed a religious order that guarded the mound and fought to keep the "demon spirits" from spreading across the kingdom. As the ceremonial and religious role, he took the title of Black Panther as chief of the Panther Tribe. As part of the cult's ceremonies, a Black Panther is entitled to the use of a heart-shaped herb. The herb enhances the physical attributes of the person who consumes it to near-superhuman levels, in a similar manner to the super-soldier serum.[72]
White Gorilla cult
The tribe that would become the Jabari worshiped Ngi, who was responsible for creating Gorilla-Man.[65] Ngi was based on the Yaounde deity of the same name.[73] Currently, the Jabari tribe worship the gorilla god Ghekre, based on the Baoulé deity of the same name.[60] Wakanda evolved from a hunter-warrior society, and was traditionally ruled by its greatest warrior. The dominant Black Panther Cult outlawed the rival White Gorilla Cult's worship in Wakanda. M'Baku (Man-Ape) of the Jabari tribe is one of Wakanda's greatest warriors, second only to T'Challa, the Black Panther himself. While T'Challa, king of Wakanda, is on a several-month leave of absence from Wakanda, the ambitious M'Baku plots to usurp the throne. M'Baku flouts T'Challa's edicts and revives the White Gorilla Cult, killing one of the rare white gorillas living in the jungles near Wakanda. M'Baku bathes in the gorilla's blood and eats its flesh which "mystically" confers the gorilla's great strength upon M'Baku. He tries to defeat T'Challa in combat, hoping to take over the country, but is beaten and banished from Wakanda.[74] According to the 2018 film, the White Gorilla cult, known in the film as the Jabari (or the Mountain Tribe), revere the (Hindu) monkey god, Hanuman.[75]
Lion cult
Little is known of the history of the Lion Goddess. She had apparently lost many worshipers over the years to the Cult of the Panther God, despite the fact that Sekhmet physically manifested before its followers, and the Panther God only appears to its priests.[64]
Crocodile cult
Sobek the Crocodile God, based on the deity of the same name, appears to be an ancient and somewhat neglected Wakandan deity.[60][76][77]
Cultural impact and legacy
Accolades
- In 2019, CBR.com ranked Wakanda 5th in their "10 Most Iconic Superhero Hideouts In Marvel Comics" list.[78]
- In 2020, CBR.com ranked Wakanda 1st in their "10 Most Powerful Fictional Nations In the Marvel Universe" list.[79]
- In 2021, Screen Rant included Wakanda in their "10 Most Important Fictional Marvel Comics Countries" list.[80]
- In 2022, CBR.com ranked Wakanda 5th in their "The Avengers' 10 Best Allies In Marvel Comics" list.[81]
Cultural impact
- In December 2019, it was discovered that the US Department of Agriculture's website listed Wakanda as a free-trade partner, with a list of traded goods which included ducks, donkeys and dairy cows. The USDA claimed the fictional country had been added to the list "by accident during a staff test" and removed it soon after the public became aware of it.[84][85]
- The Wakandan capital city, Birnin Zana, could offer an alternative for what future cities could be like in Africa.ecocitiesemerging across the continent.
- Senegalese-American singer solar-powered "real-life" Wakanda on 2,000 acres of coastal land in Senegal inspired by Birnin Zana. He first shared his concept for a futuristic, technologically advanced city in 2018 and said it would welcome members of the African diaspora.[87][88][10] The Washington Post reported that the project had secured $4 billion of the $6 billion investment necessary to build Akon City.[89]
- Technology writers have also compared Wakandan principles to those expressed in African technology research. Anti-colonial AI, for example, has been described as "in keeping with Wakandan principles" by developing technology for benevolent purposes. It also seeks "to avoid algorithmic exploitation and algorithmic oppression" in artificial intelligence.[89]
- The Wakanda name has also been adopted in small businesses. One example is Wakanda Place, an African and multicultural bar in Adelaide, South Australia. Entertainment at the bar includes DJs who play music from Africa and the African diaspora.[90]
- Social media users in freedom of expression in Indonesia. A presidential candidate for the 2024 Indonesian presidential election, Anies Baswedan, promised to guarantee freedom of expression in Indonesia and once tweeted, "Wakanda no more, Indonesia forever."[91]
In other media
Television
- Wakanda appears in the 1996 Fantastic Four episode "Prey of the Black Panther".
- Wakanda appears in the Black Panther TV series.
- Wakanda appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes.
- Wakanda appears in the Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers episode "His Majesty, Black Panther!"
- Wakanda appears in Shadow Councilwhile others are either high-ranking or less fortunate.
Film
- Wakanda appears in the Ultimate Avengers 2. This version is an extreme isolationistnation that views all outsiders as enemies.
- Wakanda appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes – Black Panther: Trouble in Wakanda.[92]
- Wakanda appears in the Disney XD short film Black Panther in … The Visitor.[93]
Marvel Cinematic Universe
Wakanda appears in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Inhabitants from this version of the country speak in the Xhosa language, as T'Challa's actor Chadwick Boseman developed using a "regional accent based on where Wakanda would be. He did great research on the very cultural aspects of the character. Even though it's a fictional culture, [he figured out] ways to tether it into real African culture."[94] Additionally, it is located at the northern end of Lake Turkana, at a fictional point bordering Ethiopia, South Sudan, Uganda, and Kenya. In real life, this area is actually a disputed border region known as the Ilemi Triangle, claimed by each of these countries. This follows the location of the country in the comics according to Marvel Atlas #2.
The film Black Panther further established that, in keeping with this map location, it is a landlocked country in the central mountains far from the coasts. Impassable mountains and jungles around its borders have helped Wakanda isolate itself from outsiders. Internally, Wakanda consists of lush river valleys, mountain ranges rich in natural resources, and a fabulous capital city that integrates space-age technology with traditional designs.
Wakanda consists of five tribes, four of which are united under the rule of the first Black Panther 10,000 years ago. As in the comics, the four tribes (The River tribe, the Mining tribe, the Merchant tribe, and the Border tribe[95]) worship Bast, the panther god, amongst others, and also have a strong spiritual tradition of ancestor worship.
- The River Tribe wear green clothes made from crocodile skin, with some males wearing a lip plate.
- The Mining Tribe are in charge of the Vibranium that is mined, stored, and utilized.
- The Merchant Tribe are responsible for trades and crafts of art, clothing and pieces of art. They also wear veils during a trade to maintain anonymity.
- The Border Tribe reside on the mountainous borders of Wakanda posing as farmers in order to deceive foreigners of Wakanda's wealth as well as their talent for breeding white rhinoceros for many purposes.
- The fifth tribe are the Jabari (or Mountain Tribe) who follow the White Gorilla cult of the god M'Bakurejects T'Challa as a worthy heir to the throne during his coronation and challenges him to ceremonial combat to claim it for himself. T'Challa wins the duel but lets M'Baku leave in peace.
The lords of each tribe sit on the king's council, and after the Mountain tribe assists T'Challa in his overthrow of the usurper,
Below are Wakanda's featured appearances:
- Wakanda is briefly shown on a holographic map in Hydra brainwashing. The film also introduces Black Panther to the MCU, ahead of his solo film.
- Wakanda's background and culture is further expanded in the aforementioned solo film, which establishes that, as in the comics, the Black Panther's superhuman abilities come from consuming the "heart-shaped herb", local vegetation that was mutated over millions of years following exposure to Vibranium.
- In .
- In Avengers: Endgame,[98] Wakandan troops restored from the Blip rally behind T'Challa in Wakanda before passing through portals to a battlefield in upstate New York to fight the forces of Thanos. Following the victory in that battle, Wakanda holds a celebration for the Blip's victims' restoration.
- In The Falcon and the Winter Soldier (2021), Barnes has a flashback showing his recuperation following his brainwashing being undone.
- In ninth episode, Shuri leads Pepper Pottsand the Dora Milaje to arrest Killmonger, but find he disappeared due to him having been recruited by the Watcher to help fight an alternate Ultron.
- On February 1, 2021, a Proximity Media.[99]
- In Namor and his army.[100]
Video games
- Wakanda appears as a stage in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2.
- Wakanda makes a cameo in Storm's ending in Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds.
- Wakanda's Vibranium mines appear as a level stage in Marvel Heroes.
- Wakanda appears as a stage in Disney Infinity 3.0.[101]
- Wakanda, merged with Monster Hunter 4's Val Habar to become Valkanda, appears as a stage in Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite.[102]
- Wakanda appears in Chronopolis.[103]
- A Wakandan embassy appears Marvel's Spider-Man series, developed by Insomniac Games. A Wakandan Flag is also a collectible Time Capsule item in the series' Miles Morales followup.
- Wakanda appears in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order.
- Wakanda appears in the digital collectible card game Marvel Snap.[104][105]
- Wakanda appears in the "Black Panther: War for Wakanda" DLC for Marvel's Avengers.[106] Five years prior, T'Challa was going to align Wakanda with the Avengers. However, following Captain America's assumed death and the Avengers' disbandment, he closed Wakanda's borders. In the present, after Captain America was found alive and Avengers is reassembled, A.I.M. hires Klaw to assist in their efforts to steal Vibranium and scientists from Wakanda, but T'Challa and Wakanda's forces work with the Avengers to repel the villains. After Klaw's demise, T'Challa relieves from his duty as a king and appointed his sister, Shuri as the country's new queen.
Books
Novels
- ISBN 978-1302902674.
- ISBN 9780316413206.
- ISBN 9781484787649.
- ISBN 9781338585476.
- ISBN 9780702302831.
Anthology
- ISBN 9781789095678.
Little Golden Books
Two Little Golden Books were published.[107]
- Berrios, Frank (2018). Black Panther. ISBN 9781524763886.
- Berrios, Frank (2018). Warriors of Wakanda. ISBN 9781984831729.
Mighty Marvel Chapter Books
- ISBN 9781368020145.
Miscellaneous
- Wiacek, Stephen. (2018). Marvel Black Panther: The Ultimate Guide. ISBN 9781465466266
- Horne, Karama. (2022); Black Panther: Protectors of Wakanda: A History and Training Manual of the Dora Milaje from the Marvel Universe. ISBN 9780760375808
- ISBN 9780744050301
- Womack, Ytasha. (2023). Black Panther: A Cultural Exploration. ISBN 9780760375617
See also
- List of fictional African countries
- Wakamba, a Bantuethnic group in Kenya.
- Wauconda, places in the United States with a similar sounding name
- Black Panther: Wakanda Forever, 2022 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Black Panther
References
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External links
- Wakanda at the Marvel Universe wiki
- The Origin of Black Panther and Wakanda
- A Guide to the Myths, Legends, and Gods of Wakanda
- World of Black Heroes: Wakanda Biography
- Black Panther at The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe
- The Religion of Black Panther
- Lion God at The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe
- Marvel Directory: Man-Ape
- Marvel Universe Online: Queen Divine Justice
- Black Panther series index
- Wakanda on Marvel Database, a Marvel Comics wiki