Erysimum

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Wallflower
)
"Wallflower" redirects here. For other uses, see Wallflower (disambiguation).

Erysimum
Erysimum scoparium
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Erysimum
L.
Species

Over 180, see text

Synonyms
  • Cheiranthus L.
and others

Erysimum, or wallflower, is a

siliques
.

Morphology

Wallflowers are

native to Morocco and Algeria, has white flowers. The floral pedicel ranges from 4 to 7 mm. Four free sepals somewhat saccate
, light green, 5–7 mm × 1.5–2 mm.

Etymology

The genus name Erysimum is derived from the Ancient Greek erysimon (ἐρύσιμον, Sisymbrium officinale[7] or Sisymbrium polyceratium  [d],[8] the hedgenettle), itself from the word eryo (ἐρύω) meaning to drag[9] or eryso, a form of rhyomai (ῥύομαι),[citation needed] meaning "to ward off" or "to heal" in reference to its medicinal properties.[10]

Distribution

Wallflowers are native to temperate Eurasia, North Africa and

endemic
to small areas, such as:

Cultivation

Most wallflower garden

forget-me-nots.[11]

The cultivar 'Bowles's Mauve'[12] has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[13] It can become a bushy evergreen perennial in milder locations. It is strongly scented and attractive to bees.

Ecology

Erysimum is found in a range of habitats across the northern hemisphere, and has developed diverse morphology and growth habits (herbaceous annual or perennial, and woody perennial). Different Erysimum species are used as food plants by the

Capra pyrenaica) in the Iberian Peninsula, feed on wallflower flowering and fruiting stalks. Erysimum crepidifolium (pale wallflower) is toxic to some generalist vertebrate herbivores.[14][15]

Most wallflowers are pollinator-generalists, their flowers being visited by many different species of bees, bee flies, hoverflies, butterflies, beetles, and ants. However, there are some specialist species. For example, Erysimum scoparium is pollinated almost exclusively by Anthophora alluadii.

Defensive compounds

Like most

phylogenetic analysis indicates that Erysimum diversification from other Brassicaceae species that do not produce cardiac glycosides began in the Pliocene (2.33–5.2 million years ago),[28][1]
suggesting relatively recent evolution of cardiac glycosides as a defensive trait in this genus.

Escape from herbivory

The evolution of novel chemical defenses in plants, such as cardenolides in the genus Erysimum, is predicted to allow escape from herbivory by specialist herbivores and expansion into new ecological niches.[29] The crucifer-feeding specialist Pieries rapae (white cabbage butterfly) is deterred from feeding and oviposition by cardenolides in Erysimum cheiranthoides.[30][31][32][33][34] Similarly, Anthocharis cardamines (orange tip butterfly), which oviposits on almost all crucifer species, avoids E. cheiranthoides.[35] Erysimum asperum (western wallflower) is resistant to feeding and oviposition of Pieris napi macdunnoughii (synonym Pieris marginalis, margined white butterfly).[36][37] Two crucifer-feeding beetles, Phaedon sp. and Phyllotreta sp., were deterred from feeding by cardenolides that were applied to their preferred food plants.[38][39] Consistent with the hypothesis of enhanced speciation after escape from herbivory, phylogenetic studies involving 128 Erysimum species indicate diversification in Eurasia between 0.5 and 2 million years ago, and in North America between 0.7 and 1.65 million years ago.)[1] This evolutionarily rapid expansion of the Erysimum genus has resulted in several hundred known species distributed throughout the northern hemisphere.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

Ethnobotanical uses of Erysimum

Erysimum species have a long history of use in traditional medicine. In

De Materia Medica by Pedanius Dioscorides (c. 70), which was the predominant European medical pharmacopeia for more than 1,500 years. Other medieval descriptions of medicinal herbs and their uses, including the Dispensatorium des Cordus by Valerius Cordus (1542), Bocks Kräuterbuch by Hieronymus Bock (1577), and Tabernaemontanus' Neuw Kreuterbuch by Jacobus Theodorus Tabernaemontanus (1588), also discuss applications of E. cheiri. In traditional Chinese medicine, Erysimum cheiranthoides has been used to treat heart disease and other ailments.[40] Although medical uses of Erysimum became uncommon in Europe after the Middle Ages,[41] Erysimum diffusum, as well as purified erysimin and erysimoside, have been applied more recently as Ukrainian ethnobotanical treatments.[42]

Selected species

Main article: List of Erysimum species

Gallery

References

  1. ^
    S2CID 82972738
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  2. ^
    PMID 16916944
    .
  3. ^
    OCLC 610871656
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  4. ^
    JSTOR 41769598
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  5. ^
    JSTOR 43922111
    .
  6. ^
    JSTOR 43922110
    .
  7. ISBN 9783487155715
  8. ^ Pedanius Dioscorides. De Materia Medica: Book 2  – via Wikisource.
  9. ^ Archibald William Smith A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins, p. 148, at Google Books
  10. ^ Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz. "Erysimum" Flora of North America. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  11. ISBN 978-1405332965
    .
  12. ^ "Erysimum 'Bowles's Mauve'". Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  13. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 45. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  14. OCLC 891791701
    .
  15. ^ Bleicher Schöterich (Erysimum crepidifolium). In: giftpflanzen.com.
  16. PMID 11198818
    .
  17. PMID 32252891
    .
  18. S2CID 53857970
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  19. ^
    S2CID 13763922
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  20. ^ Dussourd, DE; Hoyle, AM (2000). "Poisoned plusiines: toxicity of milkweed latex and cardenolides to some generalist caterpillars". Chemical Ecology. 10.
  21. S2CID 20866270
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  22. PMID 15641774
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  23. ^ Karowe, DN; Golston, V (2006). "Effect of the cardenolide digitoxin on performance of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) caterpillars". The Great Lakes Entomologist. 39.
  24. ^ Rassman, s; Johnson, MD; Agrawal, AA (2009). "Induced responses to herbivory and jasmonate in three milkweed species". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 35.
  25. ^
    doi:10.1101/761569
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  26. PMID 24512841
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  27. PMID 18031220
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  28. PMID 26516094
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  29. PMID 25349406
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  30. JSTOR 2395334
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  31. S2CID 24473740
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  32. S2CID 86713452
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  33. S2CID 32639023
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  34. S2CID 258932
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  35. JSTOR 3543560
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  36. S2CID 29074343
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  37. PMID 28563490
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  38. S2CID 84602063
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  39. S2CID 85648914
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  40. ^ Zhu, YC (1989). Plantae Medicinales Chinae Boreali-Orientalis. Harbin: Heilongjiang Science and Technology Publishing House.
  41. S2CID 93704423
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  42. S2CID 13763922
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External links

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