Wallis Simpson

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"Duchess of Windsor" redirects here. For the ducal title, see Duke of Windsor.

Wallis Simpson
Duchess of Windsor (more)
A photo of Wallis
BornBessie Wallis Warfield
(1896-06-19)June 19, 1896[a]
Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania, U.S.
DiedApril 24, 1986(1986-04-24) (aged 89)
Paris, France
BurialApril 29, 1986
Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore, Berkshire, England
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1916; div. 1927)​
​
​
(m. 1928; div. 1937)​
Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor
​
​
(m. 1937; died 1972)​
HouseWindsor (by marriage)
FatherTeackle Wallis Warfield
MotherAlice Montague
SignatureWallis Simpson's signature

Wallis, Duchess of Windsor (born Bessie Wallis Warfield, later Spencer and then Simpson; June 19, 1896[a] – April 24, 1986) was an American socialite and wife of former king Edward VIII. Their intention to marry and her status as a divorcée caused a constitutional crisis that led to Edward's abdication.

Wallis grew up in

King of the United Kingdom
, Wallis divorced Ernest to marry Edward.

The King's desire to marry a woman who had two living ex-husbands threatened to cause a constitutional crisis in the United Kingdom and the Dominions, ultimately leading to his abdication in December 1936 to marry "the woman I love".[1] After abdicating, Edward was made Duke of Windsor by his brother and successor, George VI. Wallis married Edward six months later, after which she was formally known as the Duchess of Windsor, but was not allowed to share her husband's style of "Royal Highness".

Before, during, and after the

governor of the Bahamas, and the couple moved to the islands until he relinquished the office in 1945. In the 1950s and 1960s, they shuttled between Europe and the United States, living a life of leisure as society celebrities. After Edward's death
in 1972, Wallis lived in seclusion and was rarely seen in public. Her private life has been a source of much speculation, and she remains a controversial figure in British history.

Early life and education

A six-month-old Wallis with her mother, Alice Warfield

An only child, Bessie Wallis (sometimes written "Bessiewallis") Warfield was born on June 19, 1896, in Square Cottage at Monterey Inn, a hotel directly across the road from the Monterey Country Club, in Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania.[2] A summer resort close to the Maryland–Pennsylvania border, Blue Ridge Summit was popular with Baltimoreans escaping the season's heat, and Monterey Inn, which had a central building, as well as individual wooden cottages, was the town's largest hotel.[3][4]

Wallis's father was Teackle Wallis Warfield, the fifth and youngest son of

Henry Mactier Warfield, a flour merchant, described as "one of the best known and personally one of the most popular citizens of Baltimore", who ran for mayor in 1875.[5] Her mother was Alice Montague, a daughter of stockbroker William Latane Montague. Wallis was named in honor of her father (who was known as Wallis) and her mother's elder sister, Bessie (Mrs. D. Buchanan Merryman), and was called Bessie Wallis until, at some time in her youth, the name Bessie was dropped.[6]

According to a wedding announcement published in

Seaboard Air Line Railway. Initially, they lived with him at the four-story row house, 34 East Preston Street, that he shared with his mother.[10]

Wallis as a ten-year-old schoolgirl

In 1901, Wallis's aunt Bessie Merryman was widowed, and the following year Alice and Wallis moved into her four-bedroom house on West Chase Street, Baltimore, where they lived for at least a year until they settled in an apartment, and then a house, of their own. In 1908, Wallis's mother married her second husband, John Freeman Rasin, son of prominent Democratic party boss Isaac Freeman Rasin.[11]

On April 17, 1910, Wallis was confirmed at Christ Episcopal Church, Baltimore, and between 1912 and 1914 her uncle paid for her to attend

Kirk Silverware.[13] A fellow pupil at one of Wallis's schools recalled, "She was bright, brighter than all of us. She made up her mind to go to the head of the class, and she did."[14] Wallis was always immaculately dressed and pushed herself hard to do well.[15] A later biographer wrote of her, "Though Wallis's jaw was too heavy for her to be counted beautiful, her fine violet-blue eyes and petite figure, quick wits, vitality, and capacity for total concentration on her interlocutor ensured that she had many admirers."[16]

First marriage

Wallis and her first husband, Earl W. Spencer, 1918

In April 1916, Wallis met

First World War in 1917, Spencer was posted to San Diego as the first commanding officer of a training base in Coronado, known as Naval Air Station North Island; they remained there until 1921.[20]

In 1920, Edward, Prince of Wales, visited San Diego, but he and Wallis did not meet.[21] Later that year, Spencer left his wife for a period of four months, but in the spring of 1921 they were reunited in Washington, D.C., where Spencer had been posted. They soon separated again, and in 1922, when Spencer was posted to the Far East as commander of the USS Pampanga, Wallis remained behind, continuing an affair with an Argentine diplomat, Felipe de Espil.[16] In January 1924, she visited Paris with her recently widowed cousin Corinne Mustin,[22] before sailing to the Far East aboard a troop carrier, USS Chaumont. The Spencers were briefly reunited until she fell ill, after which she returned to Hong Kong.[23]

Wallis toured China, and while in Beijing stayed with Katherine and Herman Rogers, who were to remain her longterm friends.

Madame Wellington Koo—she managed to master only one Chinese phrase: "Boy, pass me the champagne".[29][30] By September 1925, she and her husband were back in the United States, though living apart.[31] Their divorce was finalized on December 10, 1927.[32]

Second marriage

By the time her marriage to Spencer was dissolved, Wallis had become involved with

Register Office in Chelsea, London.[34] Wallis had telegraphed her acceptance of his proposal from Cannes, where she was staying with her friends, Mr. and Mrs. Rogers.[35]

The Simpsons temporarily set up home in a furnished house with four servants in

Wall Street Crash, and her mother died penniless on November 2, 1929. Wallis returned to England and with the shipping business still buoyant, the Simpsons moved into a large flat with a staff of servants.[37]

Through a friend, Consuelo Thaw, Wallis met Consuelo's sister

King George V and Queen Mary, and heir apparent to the British throne. Between 1931 and 1934, he met the Simpsons at various house parties, and Wallis was presented at court. Ernest was beginning to encounter financial difficulties, as the Simpsons were living beyond their means, and they had to fire a succession of staff.[40]

Relationship with Edward, Prince of Wales

The Prince of Wales and Wallis in Kitzbühel, Austria, February 1935

In January 1934, while Lady Furness was away in New York City, Wallis allegedly became Edward's mistress.[41] Edward denied this to his father, despite his staff seeing them in bed together as well as "evidence of a physical sexual act".[42] Wallis soon ousted Furness, and Edward distanced himself from a former lover and confidante, the Anglo-American textile heiress Freda Dudley Ward.[43]

By the end of 1934, Edward was irretrievably besotted with Wallis, finding her domineering manner and abrasive irreverence toward his position appealing; in the words of his official biographer, he became "slavishly dependent" on her.

Rosaura in August 1934 that she fell in love with Edward.[44] At an evening party in Buckingham Palace, he introduced her to his mother; his father was outraged,[45] primarily on account of her marital history, as divorced people were generally excluded from court.[46] Edward showered Wallis with money and jewels,[47] and in February 1935, and again later in the year, he holidayed with her in Europe.[48] His courtiers became increasingly alarmed as the affair began to interfere with his official duties.[49]

In 1935, the head of the

Metropolitan Police Commissioner that Wallis was also having an affair with Guy Marcus Trundle, who was "said to be employed by the Ford Motor Company".[50] Rumors of an affair were doubted, however, by Captain Val Bailey, who knew Trundle well and whose mother had an affair with Trundle for nearly two decades,[51] and by historian Susan Williams.[52]

Abdication crisis

Main article: Abdication of Edward VIII
Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson on holiday in Yugoslavia, 1936

On January 20, 1936, George V died at Sandringham and Edward ascended the throne as Edward VIII. The next day, he broke royal protocol by watching the proclamation of his accession from a window of St James's Palace, in the company of the still-married Wallis.[53] It was becoming apparent to court and government circles that the new king meant to marry her.[54] Edward's behaviour and his relationship with Wallis made him unpopular with the Conservative-led British government, as well as distressing his mother and his brother the Duke of York.[55] The British media remained deferential to the monarchy, and no stories of the affair were reported in the domestic press, but foreign media widely reported their relationship.[56] After the death of George V, before her divorce from her second husband, Wallis reportedly said, "Soon I shall be Queen of England [sic]."[57]

The monarch of the United Kingdom is

bigamous if her first divorce had been challenged in court.[60]

The British and Dominion governments believed that a twice-divorced woman was politically, socially, and morally unsuitable as a prospective consort.[61] Wallis was perceived by many in the British Empire as a woman of "limitless ambition"[62] who was pursuing the King because of his wealth and position.[63]

Wallis had already filed for divorce from her second husband on the grounds that he had committed adultery with her childhood friend Mary Kirk and the

British prime minister, Stanley Baldwin, on a way to marry Wallis and keep the throne. Edward suggested a morganatic marriage, where he would remain king but Wallis would not be queen, but this was rejected by Baldwin and the prime ministers of Australia, Canada, and the Union of South Africa.[61] If Edward were to marry Wallis against Baldwin's advice, the government would be required to resign, causing a constitutional crisis.[65]

Herman and Katherine Rogers (left) with Wallis and Lord Brownlow in France, 1936

Wallis's relationship with Edward had become public knowledge in the United Kingdom by early December. She decided to flee the country as the scandal broke, and was driven to the south of France in a dramatic race to outrun the press.

John Theodore Goddard, Wallis's solicitor, stated: "[his] client was ready to do anything to ease the situation but the other end of the wicket [Edward VIII] was determined." This seemingly indicated that Edward had decided he had no option but to abdicate if he wished to marry Wallis.[71]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Edward signed the

Instrument of Abdication on December 10, 1936, in the presence of his three surviving brothers, the Dukes of York, Gloucester and Kent. Special laws passed by the Parliaments of the Dominions finalized Edward's abdication the following day, or in Ireland's case one day later. The Duke of York then became King George VI. On December 11, Edward said in a radio broadcast, "I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility, and to discharge my duties as King as I would wish to do, without the help and support of the woman I love."[1]

Edward left Britain for Austria, where he stayed at Schloss Enzesfeld, the home of Baron Eugen and Baroness Kitty de Rothschild. Edward had to remain apart from Wallis until there was no danger of compromising the granting of a decree absolute in her divorce proceedings.[72] Upon her divorce being made final in May 1937, she changed her name by deed poll to Wallis Warfield, resuming her maiden name.[73] The couple were reunited at the Château de Candé, Monts, France, on May 4, 1937.[72]

Third marriage: Duchess of Windsor

Château de Candé, Monts, France

Wallis and Edward married one month later on June 3, 1937, at the Château de Candé, lent to them by French millionaire Charles Bedaux.[74] The date would have been King George V's 72nd birthday; Queen Mary thought the wedding had been scheduled for then as a deliberate slight.[75] No member of Edward's family attended. Wallis wore a "Wallis blue" Mainbocher wedding dress.[76] Edward presented her with an engagement ring that consisted of an emerald mount in yellow gold set with diamonds, and the sentence "We are ours now" was engraved on it.[77] While the Church of England refused to sanction the wedding, Robert Anderson Jardine, Vicar of St Paul's, Darlington, offered to perform the service, an offer that was accepted by the couple.[78] Guests included Randolph Churchill, Baron Eugène Daniel von Rothschild, and the best man, Major Fruity Metcalfe.[78] The marriage produced no children. In November, Ernest Simpson married Mary Kirk.[79]

Edward was created

Queen Elizabeth II) as "Shirley", as in Shirley Temple.[86] Wallis bitterly resented the denial of the royal title and the refusal of Edward's relatives to accept her as part of the family.[16][87] Within the household of the Duke and Duchess, the style "Her Royal Highness" was used by those who were close to the couple.[88]

According to the wife of former

Duchess of Devonshire, after the death of the Duke of Windsor, "probably the theory of their [the Windsors'] contemporaries that Cake [a Mitford nickname for the Queen Mother] was rather in love with him [the Duke] (as a girl) & took second best, may account for much."[89]

Wallis and Edward with Adolf Hitler, 1937

Wallis and Edward lived in France in the pre-war years. In 1937, they made a

Nazi sympathizer. Duke Carl Alexander of Württemberg told the FBI that Wallis and leading Nazi Joachim von Ribbentrop had been lovers in London.[92] There were even rather improbable reports during the Second World War that she kept a signed photograph of Ribbentrop on her bedside table.[93]

Edward wrote in the New York

Daily News of December 13, 1966: "In a roundabout way [Hitler] encouraged me to infer that Red Russia was the only enemy and that it was in Britain's interest and in Europe's too, that Germany be encouraged to strike east and smash Communism forever ... I confess frankly that he took me in. ... I thought the rest of us could be fence-sitters while the Nazis and the Reds slogged it out."[94]

Second World War

As the German troops advanced into France in 1940, the Windsors fled south from their Paris home, first to Biarritz then to Spain in June. Wallis told United States ambassador to Spain Alexander W. Weddell that France had lost because it was "internally diseased".[95] The couple moved to Portugal in July. They stayed in Cascais, at Casa de Santa Maria, the home of Ricardo do Espírito Santo e Silva, a banker who was suspected of being a German agent.[96][97]

In August 1940, the Duke and Duchess traveled by commercial liner to

Sir Alexander Hardinge wrote that her suspected anti-British activities were motivated by a desire for revenge against a country that rejected her as its queen.[106] The couple returned to France and retirement after the defeat of Nazi Germany.[16]

Later life

Wallis and Edward at the White House for dinner with President Richard Nixon, 1970

In 1946, when Wallis was staying at Ednam Lodge, the home of the

Cartier the following year. However, in 1960, career criminal Richard Dunphie confessed to the crime. The stolen pieces were only a small portion of the Windsor jewels, which were either bought privately, inherited by the Duke, or given to Edward when he was Prince of Wales.[107]

In 1952 the Windsors were offered the use of a house by the Paris municipal authorities. The couple lived at

ocean liners. They bought a second house in the country, Moulin de la Tuilerie or "The Mill" in Gif-sur-Yvette, where they soon became close friends with their neighbors, Oswald and Diana Mosley.[109] Years later, Diana Mosley said that Wallis and Edward shared her and her husband's views that Hitler should have been given a free hand to destroy Communism.[110]

In 1965, the Duke and Duchess visited London as Edward required eye surgery for a

Sydney Johnson.[115]

Widowhood

Upon Edward's death from throat cancer in 1972, Wallis traveled to the United Kingdom to attend his funeral,[116] staying at Buckingham Palace during her visit.[117] She became increasingly frail and eventually succumbed to dementia, living the final years of her life as a recluse, supported by both her husband's estate and an allowance from the Queen.[118] She suffered several falls and broke her hip twice.[119]

After Edward's death, Wallis's French lawyer,

Caroline Blackwood's The Last of the Duchess, written in 1980 but not published until 1995, after Blum's death.[122] Later, royal biographer Hugo Vickers called Blum a "Satanic figure ... wearing the mantle of good intention to disguise her inner malevolence".[123]

In 1980, Wallis lost her ability to speak.[124] Towards the end, she was bedridden and did not receive any visitors, apart from her doctor and nurses.[125]

Death

Main article: Death and funeral of Wallis, Duchess of Windsor

Wallis died on April 24, 1986, at her home in the Bois de Boulogne, Paris, at the age of 89 from

Prince Philip, attended both the funeral ceremony and the burial, as did their son Charles and daughter-in-law Diana.[128] Diana said afterwards that it was the only time she had seen the Queen weep.[129]

Wallis was buried next to Edward in the

Royal Burial Ground near Windsor Castle, as "Wallis, Duchess of Windsor".[128] Prior to an agreement with Elizabeth II in the 1960s, Wallis and Edward had previously planned for a burial in a purchased cemetery plot at Green Mount Cemetery in Baltimore, where Wallis's father was interred.[130]

In recognition of the help France gave to the Windsors in providing them with a home, and in lieu of death duties, Wallis's collection of Louis XVI style furniture, some porcelain, and paintings were made over to the French state.[131] The British royal family received no major bequests. Most of her estate went to the Pasteur Institute medical research foundation, on the instructions of Suzanne Blum. The decision took the royal family and Wallis's friends by surprise, as she had shown little interest in charity during her life.[132]

In a

his son's death in the car crash that also claimed the life of Diana, Princess of Wales, the sale raised more than £14 million for charity in 1998.[128]

Legacy

Wax figures of Wallis and Edward at the Royal London Wax Museum, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

Wallis was plagued by rumors of other lovers. The gay American Jimmy Donahue, an heir to the Woolworth fortune, said he had a liaison with her in the 1950s, but Donahue was notorious for his inventive pranks and rumor-mongering.[136][c] Wallis's memoir The Heart Has Its Reasons was published in 1956, and biographer Charles Higham said that "facts were remorselessly rearranged in what amounted to a self-performed face-lift". He describes Wallis as "charismatic, electric and compulsively ambitious".[138]

Fictional depictions of the Duchess include the novel Famous Last Words (1981) by Canadian author Timothy Findley, which portrays her as a manipulative conspirator,[139] and Rose Tremain's short story "The Darkness of Wallis Simpson" (2006), which depicts her more sympathetically in her final years of ill health.[140] Hearsay and conjecture have clouded assessment of Wallis's life, not helped by her own manipulation of the truth. But, in the opinion of her biographers, there is no document that proves directly that she was anything other than a victim of her own ambition, who lived out a great romance that became a great tragedy.[141] In the words of one, "she experienced the ultimate fairy tale, becoming the adored favorite of the most glamorous bachelor of his time. The idyll went wrong when, ignoring her pleas, he threw up his position to spend the rest of his life with her."[141] Wallis herself is reported to have summed up her life in a sentence: "You have no idea how hard it is to live out a great romance."[142]

Titles and styles

Cypher of Wallis and Edward

Wallis resumed her maiden surname by deed poll on May 7, 1937,[143] but continued to use the title "Mrs".[73]

The Duchess of Windsor was unofficially styled Her Royal Highness within her own household.[88]

Works

  • The Duchess of Windsor (1949). "The Duchess of Windsor's Tongue-In-Cheek Guide To Entertaining". Vogue (UK ed.).
  • The Duchess of Windsor (1956) The Heart Has Its Reasons

Notes

  1. ^ a b According to 1900 census returns, she was born in June 1895, which author Charles Higham asserted was before her parents' marriage (Higham, p. 4). Author Greg King, wrote that, though Higham's "scandalous assertion of illegitimacy enlivens the telling of the Duchess's life", "the evidence to support it is slim indeed", and that it "strains credulity" (King, p. 11).
  2. Park Avenue (Manhattan), Joanne Cummings, the wife of Nathan Cummings
    , said of Wallis, "She grew up in the South, at a certain time, with certain prejudices." Source: Menkes, p. 88
  3. ^ Lady Pamela Hicks remembered the Duke being "in tears" with her father Earl Mountbatten of Burma because Wallis was with Donahue.[137]

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  129. ISBN 9781471150982
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  143. ISBN 978-1-84119-096-9

Sources

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