Wallonia
Wallonia
Wallonie ( Region | ||
---|---|---|
Community | ||
Capital | ||
GDP | ||
• Walloon Region | €115.394 billion (2021) | |
ISO 3166 code | BE-WAL | |
Celebration Day | Third Sunday of September | |
Most populous city | Charleroi | |
Website | www.wallonie.be |
Wallonia (
During the
The capital of Wallonia is
There is a German-speaking minority in eastern Wallonia, resulting from the annexation of three cantons previously part of the German Empire at the conclusion of World War I. This community represents less than 1%[6] of the Belgian population. It forms the German-speaking Community of Belgium, which has its own government and parliament for culture-related issues.
Wallonia borders
Terminology
The term "Wallonia" can mean slightly different things in different contexts. One of the three
Wallonia is a cognate of terms such as
History
The
The Carolingian dynasty dethroned the Merovingians in the 8th century. In 843, the Treaty of Verdun gave the territory of present-day Wallonia to Middle Francia, which would shortly fragment, with the region passing to Lotharingia. On Lotharingia's breakup in 959, the present-day territory of Belgium became part of Lower Lotharingia, which then fragmented into rival principalities and duchies by 1190. Literary Latin, which was taught in schools, lost its hegemony during the 13th century and was replaced by Old French.[14]
In the 15th century, the
Present-day Belgium was conquered in 1795 by the
Belgian period
In the 19th century, the area began to industrialize, and Wallonia was the first fully industrialized area in
The profitability of the heavy industries to which Wallonia owed its prosperity started declining in the first half of the 20th century, and the centre of industrial activity shifted north to Flanders. The loss of prosperity caused social unrest, and Wallonia sought greater autonomy in order to address its economic problems. In the wake of the
Geography
Wallonia is
.To the north of the Sambre and Meuse valley lies the Central Belgian plateau, which is characterized by
Subdivisions
The Walloon region covers 16,901 km2 (6,526 sq mi) and is divided into five provinces, 20 arrondissements and 262 cities or municipalities.
Province | Capital city | Population (1 January 2019)[2] |
Area[1] | Density | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Hainaut (Henegouwen) | Mons (Bergen) | 1,344,241 | 3,813 km2 (1,472 sq mi) | 353/km2 (910/sq mi) |
2 | Liège (Luik) | Liège (Luik) | 1,106,992 | 3,857 km2 (1,489 sq mi) | 288/km2 (750/sq mi) |
3 | Luxembourg (Luxemburg) | Arlon (Aarlen) | 284,638 | 4,459 km2 (1,722 sq mi) | 64/km2 (170/sq mi) |
4 | Namur (Namen) | Namur (Namen) | 494,325 | 3,675 km2 (1,419 sq mi) | 135/km2 (350/sq mi) |
5 | Walloon Brabant (Waals-Brabant) | Wavre (Waver) | 403,599 | 1,097 km2 (424 sq mi) | 368/km2 (950/sq mi) |
The province of Walloon Brabant is the most recent one, being formed in 1995 after the splitting of the province of Brabant.
Cities
The largest cities in Wallonia are:[18]
- Charleroi (204,146)
- Liège (195,790)
- Namur (110,428)
- Mons (92,529)
- La Louvière (81,138)
- Tournai (69,792)
- Seraing (63,500)
- Verviers (56,596)
- Mouscron (55,687)
- Herstal (38,969)
- Braine-l'Alleud (38,748)
- Châtelet (36,131)
The 10 largest groups of foreign residents in 2018 are:[citation needed]
Italy | 98,682 |
France | 81,148 |
Germany | 16,815 |
Morocco | 16,275 |
Spain | 16,040 |
Romania | 14,181 |
Portugal | 11,340 |
Turkey | 9,112 |
Netherlands | 7,534 |
Democratic Republic of Congo | 6,699 |
Science and technology
Contributions to the development of science and technology have appeared since the beginning of the country's history. The baptismal font of Renier de Huy is not the only example of medieval Walloon technical expertise: the words "houille" (coal)[19] or "houilleur" (coal miner) or "grisou" (damp) were coined in Wallonia and are Walloon in origin.
The economically important
Engineer
Three
In the present day, Bureau Greisch has acquired an international reputation as consulting engineer and architect in the fields of structures, civil engineering and buildings, including the Millau Viaduct in France.
Economy
Wallonia is rich in iron and coal, and these resources and related industries have played an important role in its history. In ancient times, the
In the 19th century, the area began to industrialize, mainly along the so-called sillon industriel. It was the first fully industrialized area in continental Europe,[16] and Wallonia was the second industrial power in the world, in proportion to its population and its territory, after the United Kingdom.[21] The sole industrial centre in Belgium outside the collieries and blast furnaces of Wallonia was the historic cloth making town of Ghent.[22]
The two World Wars curbed the continuous expansion that Wallonia had enjoyed up till that time. Towards the end of the 1950s, things began to change dramatically. The factories of Wallonia were by then antiquated, the coal was running out and the cost of extracting coal was constantly rising. It was the end of an era, and Wallonia has been making efforts to redefine itself. The restoration of economical development is high on the political agenda, and the government is encouraging development of industries, notably in cutting-edge technology and in business parks.[23] The economy is improving,[24] but Wallonia is not yet at the level of Flanders and is still suffering from difficulties.
The current Walloon economy is relatively diversified, although certain areas (especially around Charleroi and Liège) are still suffering from the steel industry crisis, with an unemployment rate of up to 30 percent. Nonetheless, Wallonia has some companies which are world leaders in their specialized fields, including
The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 105.7 billion € in 2018, accounting for 23% of Belgian economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €25,700 or 85% of the EU27 average in the same year.[30]
Politics and government
Belgium is a
Wallonia is also home to about 80 per cent of the population of the French Community of Belgium, a political level responsible for matters related mainly to culture and education, with the remainder living in Brussels. Wallonia is also home to the small German-speaking Community of Belgium in the east, which has its own government and parliament for culture-related issues. Although in Flanders, the Flemish Region assigned all of its powers to the Flemish Community, the Walloon Region remains in principle distinct from and independent from the French Community, and vice versa. Despite this, the French Community's parliament is almost entirely composed of members of Wallonia's and Brussels' parliaments, so the bodies are governed by the same individuals. Additionally, the French Community of Belgium has controversially begun referring to itself exclusively as the 'Wallonia-Brussels Federation' to emphasize the links between the French Community, Wallonia and Brussels.
The Walloon Region has a
History of Walloon autonomy
"From 1831, the year of Belgium's independence, until the federalization of the country in 1970, Wallonia has increasingly asserted itself as a region in its own right."
Symbols
The first appearance of the French word Wallonie as a reference to the romance world as opposed to Germany is said to date from 1842.[32] Two years later, it was first used to refer to the Romance part of the young country of Belgium.[33] In 1886, the writer and Walloon militant Albert Mockel, first used the word with a political meaning of cultural and regional affirmation,[34] in opposition with the word Flanders used by the Flemish Movement. The word had previously appeared in German and Latin as early as the 17th century.[35]
The rising of a Walloon identity led the
An anthem,
Religion
The population of Wallonia is predominantly of Christian heritage. In 2016, 68% of residents of Wallonia declared themselves to be
Languages
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2023) |
Official languages
French is the official language of Wallonia and by far the most used; in the East Cantons, German is also official.[38] The German-speaking Community of Belgium accounts for about 2% of the region's population. Belgian French, which is also spoken in the Brussels-Capital Region, is similar to that spoken in France, with slight differences in pronunciation and some vocabulary differences, notably the use of the words septante (70) and nonante (90), as opposed to soixante-dix and quatre-vingt-dix in France.
There are noticeable Walloon accents, with the accent from Liège and its surroundings being perhaps the most striking. Other regions of Wallonia also have characteristic accents, often linked to the regional language.
Regional languages
Culture
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2023) |
Literature
In Walloon
Literature is written principally in French but also in Walloon and other regional languages, colloquially called Walloon literature. Walloon literature (regional language not French) has been printed since the 16th century. But it did have its golden age, paradoxically, during the peak of the Flemish immigration to Wallonia in the 19th century: "That period saw an efflorescence of Walloon literature, plays and poems primarily, and the founding of many theaters and periodicals."[39]
The New York Public Library possesses a surprisingly large collection of literary works in Walloon, quite possibly the largest outside Belgium, and its holding are representative of the output. Out of nearly a thousand, twenty-six were published before 1880. Thereafter the numbers rise gradually year by year, reaching a peak of sixty-nine in 1903, and then they fall again, down to eleven in 1913. See 'Switching Languages', p. 153. Yves Quairiaux counted 4800 plays for 1860–1914, published or not. In this period plays were almost the only popular show in Wallonia. But this theater remains popular in the present-day Wallonia: Theater is still flourishing, with over 200 non-professional companies playing in the cities and villages of Wallonia for an audience of over 200,000 each year.[40]
There are links between French literature and (the very small) Walloon literature. For instance
For Jean-Marie Klinkenberg, "the dialectal culture is no more a sign of attachment to the past but a way to participate to a new synthesis".[42]
In French
In their 'Histoire illustrée des lettres française de Belgique', Charlier and Hanse (editors), La Renaissance du livre, Bruxelles, 1958, published 247 pages (on 655 ), about the "French" literature in the Walloon provinces (or Walloon principalities of the Middle-Age, sometimes also Flemish provinces and principalities), for a period from the 11th to the 18th century. Among the works or the authors, the
In Picard
Picard is spoken in Hainaut Province of western Belgium. Notable Belgian authors who wrote in Picard include Géo Libbrecht, Paul Mahieu, Paul André, Francis Couvreur and Florian Duc.
Mosan art, painting, architecture
Gustave Serrurier-Bovy (Liège, 1858 – Antwerp, 1910)[48] architect and furniture designer, credited (along with Paul Hankar, Victor Horta and Henry van de Velde) with creating the Art Nouveau style, coined as a style in Paris by Bing.[49]
George Grard (1901—1984) was a Walloon sculptor, known above all for his representations of the female, in the manner of Pierre Renoir and Aristide Maillol, modelled in clay or plaster, and cast in bronze.
During the 19th and 20th centuries many original
Music
There was an important musical life in
The vocal music of the so-called Franco-Flemish School developed in the southern part of the Low Countries and was an important contribution to Renaissance culture. Robert Wangermée and Philippe Mercier wrote in their encyclopedic book about the Walloon music that Liège, Cambrai and Hainaut Province played a leading part in the so-called Franco-Flemish School.[51]
Among them were
Henri Pousseur is generally regarded as a member of the Darmstadt School in the 1950s. Pousseur's music employs serialism, mobile forms, and aleatory, often mediating between or among seemingly irreconcilable styles, such as those of Schubert and Webern (Votre Faust), or Pousseur's own serial style and the protest song "We shall overcome" (Couleurs croisées). He was strongly linked to the social strikes in Liège during the 1960s.[53] He worked also with the French writer Michel Butor.
Cinema
Walloon films are often characterized by
Festivals
The Ducasse de Mons (Walloon French for Kermesse), is one of the UNESCO Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. It comprises two important parts: the procession, the descent and the ascent of the shrine of Waltrude, and the combat between Saint George and the dragon. The combat (after the procession), plays out on the Trinity Sunday between 12:30 pm and 1:00 pm on the Mons's central square. It represents the fight between Saint George (the good) and the dragon (the evil). The dragon is a mannequin carried and moved by the white men (fr:Hommes blancs). The dragon fights Saint George by attacking with his tail. Saint George on his horse turns clockwise and the dragon turns in the other direction. Saint George finally kills the dragon.
The Gilles of Binche and the giants' procession in Ath are also UNESCO Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
Cuisine
Wallonia is famous for a number of different foods and drinks, a great many of which are specialties of certain cities or regions. The Liège waffle a rich, dense, sweet, and chewy waffle native to Liège, is the most popular type of waffle in Belgium, and can be found in stores and even vending machines throughout the country. Cougnou, or the bread of Jesus, is a sweet bread typically eaten around Christmas time and found throughout the region.
Other specialties include
A signature Walloon sausage is called Belgian Trippe among the Walloon community of Northeastern Wisconsin on the Door Peninsula. It is a blend of pork and cabbage made differently from household to household and probably based on a traditional Walloon sausage such as Boudin Verte d'Orp. Cussette is a fresh cheese which gets its airborne P. roqueforti culture from a tradition of making it in the kitchen. This is aged only one week at 30 degrees C, until it develops a faint blue cast and a tang. Walloon headcheese differs from the German in that it is more finely ground, includes bits of cartilage, and is allowed to sit for a month or two in a cool place before being eaten.
In terms of drink, Wallonia mirrors Belgium as a whole; beer and wine are both popular, and a great diversity of beers are made and enjoyed in Wallonia. Installed in Bierghes in the Senne valley, the Gueuzerie Tilquin is the only gueuze blendery in Wallonia. Wallonia boasts three of the seven Trappist beers (from Chimay, Orval and Rochefort) in addition to a great number of other locally brewed beers. Wallonia is also home to the last bastion of traditional rustic saison, most notably those produced at the Brasserie de Silly and the Brasserie Dupont (located in Tourpes, in the region of Western Hainaut Province historically known for its production of rustic farmhouse ales). Jupiler, the best-selling beer in Belgium, is brewed in Jupille-sur-Meuse in Liège. Wallonia also home to a Jenever called Peket, and a May wine called Maitrank.
Transportation
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2023) |
Airports
The two largest cities in Wallonia each have an airport. The
Railways, motorways, buses
Wallonia has an extensive and well-developed rail network, served by the Belgian National Railway Company,
Wallonia's numerous motorways fall within the scope of the TransEuropean Transport network programme (TEN-T). This priority programme run by the European Union provides more than 70,000 km of transport infrastructure, including motorways, express rail lines and roadways, and has been developed to carry substantial volumes of traffic.[61]
Waterways
With traffic of over 20 million tonnes and 26 kilometres of quays, the autonomous port of Liège (PAL) is the third largest inland port in Europe.[62] It carries out the management of 31 ports along the Meuse and the Albert Canal. It is accessible to sea and river transporters weighing up to 2,500 tonnes, and to push two-barge convoys (4,500 tonnes, soon to be raised to 9,000 tonnes). Even if Wallonia does not have direct access to the sea, it is very well connected to the major ports thanks to an extensive network of navigable waterways that pervades Belgium, and it has effective river connections to Antwerp, Rotterdam and Dunkirk.[63]
On the west side of Wallonia, in Hainaut Province, the Strépy-Thieu boat lift, permits river traffic of up to the new 1350-tonne standard to pass between the waterways of the Meuse and Scheldt rivers. Completed in 2002 at an estimated cost of €160 million (then 6.4 billion Belgian francs) the lift has increased river traffic from 256 kT in 2001 to 2,295 kT in 2006.
International relations
Trade
The Walloon Export and Foreign Investment Agency (AWEX) is the Wallonia Region of Belgium's government agency in charge of foreign trade promotion and foreign investment attraction.[64]
The AWEX organizes regular trade missions to the promising market of Kazakhstan, where it has a representative office in Almaty. In 2017, the AWEX together with the Flanders Investment and Trade brought a delegation of 30 companies to Astana and Almaty, the two largest cities in Kazakhstan.[65]
Twin towns and sister states
See also
References
Footnotes
- ^ German: Wallonien [vaˈloːni̯ən] ⓘ or Wallonie [valoˈniː]; Dutch: Wallonië [ʋɑˈloːnijə] ⓘ; Walloon: Waloneye or Walonreye
- ^ German: Wallonische Region; Dutch: Waals gewest; Walloon: Redjon walone
Notes
- ^ a b c "be.STAT". Bestat.statbel.fgov.be.
- ^ a b "Structuur van de bevolking | Statbel". Statbel.fgov.be.
- ^ "Vlaamse overheid – Taalwetwijzer – Wetgeving". Vlaanderen.be.
- ^ "EU regions by GDP, Eurostat". Retrieved 18 September 2023.
- ^ The Belgian Constitution (PDF). Brussels, Belgium: Belgian House of Representatives. May 2014. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
Article 3: Belgium comprises three Regions: the Flemish Region, the Walloon Region and the Brussels Region. Article 4: Belgium comprises four linguistic regions: the Dutch-speaking region, the French-speaking region, the bilingual region of Brussels-Capital and the German-speaking region.
- ^ "BBC – Languages – Languages". Bbc.co.uk.
- ^ "Gouvernement de Wallonie". Wallonie.be. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ For example, the CIA World Factbook states Wallonia is the short form and Walloon Region is the long form. The Invest in Wallonia website Archived 2009-09-08 at the Wayback Machine and the Belgian federal government Archived 2009-02-21 at the Wayback Machine use the term Wallonia when referring to the Walloon Region.
- ^ "Walloon". Etymonline.com.
- ^ "Welsh | Etymology, origin and meaning of the name Welsh by etymonline". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ (French) Albert Henry, Histoire des mots Wallons et Wallonie, Institut Jules Destrée , Coll. «Notre histoire», Mont-sur-Marchienne, 1990, 3rd ed. (1st ed. 1965), foodnote 13 p. 86.
- ^ Footnote: In medieval French, the word Liégeois referred to all the inhabitants of the Principality vis-à-vis the other inhabitants of the Low Countries, the word Walloon being applied specifically to the French-speaking inhabitants vis-à-vis the other inhabitants of the Principality. Stengers, Jean (1991). "Depuis quand les Liégeois sont-ils des Wallons?". In Hasquin, Hervé (ed.). Hommages à la Wallonie [mélanges offerts à Maurice Arnould et Pierre Ruelle] (in French). Brussels: éditions de l'ULB. pp. 431–447.
- ^ a b (in French) Maurice Delbouille Romanité d'oïl Les origines : la langue – les plus anciens textes in La Wallonie, le pays et les hommes Tome I (Lettres, arts, culture), La Renaissance du Livre, Bruxelles,1977, pp.99–107.
- ^ a b c d e f g "A young region with a long history (from 57BC to 1831)". Gateway to the Walloon Region. Walloon Region. 22 January 2007. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
- .
- ^ a b "Wallonie : une région en Europe" (in French). Ministère de la Région wallonne. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
- ^ a b "The region asserts itself (from 1840 to 1970)". Gateway to the Walloon Region. 22 January 2007. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
- ^ "Belgium: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". Archived from the original on 28 March 2006.
- ^ "HOUILLE : Définition de HOUILLE". cnrtl.fr.
- ^ Allan H. Kittel, "The Revolutionary Period of the Industrial Revolution", Journal of Social History, Vol. I, n° 2 (Winter 1967), pp. 129–130.
- ISBN 2-87035-000-7
- ^ "Welcome". erih.net. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013.
- ^ "Walloon incentives - Portal Wallonia". Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
- ^ "Wallonia battles wasteland image". BBC News. 6 October 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
- ^ According to La Libre Belgique on 26 August 2010: 9.8 million visitors in 2009 (2.8 in Brussels), 6% of the regional economy (15% in Brussels)
- ^ "AGC Flat Glass: Leadership through innovation". Uwe.be. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
- ^ "Carmeuse: expansion through partnership and knowledge". Uwe.be. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
- ^ "IBA's growth still accelerating". Uwe.be. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
- ^ "Sonaca: Increasing visibility in North America". Uwe.be. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
- ^ "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018". Eurostat.
- ^ "Official Website of the Walloon Region". Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2009.
- ^ There is also a mention of Wallonie in 1825 : (in French) « les Germains, au contraire, réservant pour eux seuls le noble nom de Franks, s'obstinaient, dès le onzième siècle, à ne plus voir de Franks dans la Gaule, qu'ils nommaient dédaigneusement Wallonie, terre des Wallons ou des Welsches » Augustin Thierry, Histoire de la conquête de l'Angleterre par les Normands, Éd. Firmin Didot, Paris, 1825, tome 1, p. 155. read online
- ^ (in French) Albert Henry, Histoire des mots Wallons et Wallonie, Institut Jules Destrée, Coll. «Notre histoire», Mont-sur-Marchienne, 1990, 3rd ed. (1st ed. 1965), p. 12.
- ^ (in French) «C'est cette année-là [1886] que naît le mot Wallonie, dans son sens politique d'affirmation culturelle régionale, lorsque le Liégeois Albert Mockel crée une revue littéraire sous ce nom» Philippe Destatte, L'identité wallonne p. 32.
- ISBN 978-2-87209-857-6, p. 47
- ^ "AllStates Flag Co., Inc". Allstates-flag.com. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ a b lesoir.be (28 January 2016). "75% des francophones revendiquent une identité religieuse". lesoir.be. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
- Belgian Senate. May 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
La Belgique comprend quatre régions linguistiques : la région de langue française, la région de langue néerlandaise, la région bilingue de Bruxelles-Capitale et la région de langue allemande.
- ISBN 978-0-8032-2747-7
- ^ "The Walloon language page". skynet.be. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ISBN 1-58811-054-0
- ^ Benoît Denis et Jean-Marie Klinkenberg, Littérature : entre insularité et activisme in Le Tournant des années 1970. Liège en effervescence, Les Impressions nouvelles, Bruxelles, 2010, pp. 237–253, p. 252. French : Ancion monte l'Ubu rwèen 1975 (...) la culture dialectalisante cesse d'être une marque de passéisme pour participer à une nouvelle synthèse...
- ISBN 2-7089-4779-6p. 220. French: Le latin apporté en Gaule par les légions romaines avait fini par éclater en de multiples dialectes (...) peu à peu, pour répondre aux besoins des pouvoirs publics et religieux se forme une langue standard. Dans ce processus qui aboutira à l'élaboration du français, la Wallonie est présente dès les premières heures.
- ^ An Paenhuysen Surrealism in the Provinces. Flemish and Walloon Identity in the Interwar period in Image&Narrative, n° 13, Leuven November, 2005
- ^ "L'écrivain français le plus dans le monde". Tdg.ch. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Maigret and his master". theage.com.au. 14 September 2003.
- ISBN 9780231144223.
- ^ "Gustave Serrurier-Bovy | artnet". Artnet.com.
- ^ Your Antique Furniture Guide, Art Nouveau in Belgium, Efi-costarica.com. Accessed 29 June 2023.
- ^ French Le troisième grand Maître de l'Ars Nova in Robert Wangermée et Philippe Mercier, La musique en Wallonie et à Bruxelles, La Renaissance du livre, Bruxelles, 1980, Tome I, pp. 37–40.
- ^ Robert Wangermée et Philippe Mercier, La musique en Wallonie et à Bruxelles, La Renaissance du livre, Bruxelles, 1980, Tome I, p. 10.
- ISBN 9782870096000.
- ^ The "Trois Visages de Liege", (...) full of provocative sound collages [evokes..] not only moments in sonic civic history, but the sounds of its historical events as well: wildcat strikes and their ensuing violence in 1960, protests against new laws being enacted, etc. See Acousmatrix 4: Scambi/Trois Visages de Liege/Paraboles Mix
- ISBN 0-8108-3603-3).
- ^ Cinéma wallon et réalité particulière, in TOUDI, n° 49/50, septembre-octobre 2002, p. 13.
- ^ "les films repères dans l'histoire du cinéma". autourdu1ermai.fr.
- ^ "The Arts & Faith Top 100 Films". Artsandfaith.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ "Dinant". Archived from the original on 19 August 2010. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- ^ "Ardenne Ham". Practicallyedible.com. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ The Simon and Schuster international pocket food guide, 1981.
- ^ "AWEX". Investinwallonia.be. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ "Liege port authority". Liege.port-autonome.be. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
- ^ "Qui sommes-nous? – logistics in Wallonia". Logisticsinwallonia.be.
- ^ "AWEX (WALLONIA FOREIGN TRADE AND INVESTMENT AGENCY)". Skywin.be.
- ^ "Economic cooperation between Kazakhstan and Belgium discussed in Brussels". Mfa.kz. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
- ^ "ベルギー3地域と「友好交流及び相互協力に関する覚書」を締結". Pref.aichi.jp. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ^ "Maryland Sister States Program". Maryland Secretary of State. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
Further reading
- Johannes Kramer (1984). Zweisprachigkeit in den Benelux-ländern (in German). Buske Verlag. ISBN 978-3-87118-597-7.
External links
Media related to Wallonia at Wikimedia Commons