Walter Baldwin Spencer

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other people named Walter Spencer, see Walter Spencer (disambiguation).

Sir Baldwin Spencer
Born23 June 1860
Stretford, Lancashire
Died14 July 1929(1929-07-14) (aged 69)
Hoste Island, Chile
NationalityBritish
AwardsClarke Medal (1923)
Scientific career
FieldsAnthropologist

Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer

Frank Gillen.[1] Spencer introduced the study of zoology at the University of Melbourne and held the title of Emeritus Professor until his death in 1929.[2] He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society
in 1900 and knighted in 1916.

Early life and education

Spencer was born on 23 June 1860 in Stretford, Lancashire, England to Martha (née Circuit) and Rueben Spencer.[1] He was educated at Old Trafford school and Manchester School of Art, where he received training in drawing.[1][3]

In 1879, Spencer began study at

Owens College (University of Manchester), where he first developed an interest in evolutionary biology.[1][3] In 1884, he obtained a BA in biology from the University of Oxford, with first-class honours.[4] Through his time at Oxford, Spencer attended lectures by anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor, which began a lifelong interest in the field.[5]

As a graduate, Spencer worked as a teaching assistant to his former professor Henry Nottidge Moseley, where he aided in the transferral of General Pitt-Rivers's collection of anthropological artefacts from the South Kensington Museum to Oxford University, which had built a museum to house it.[1][3][5] He obtained a fellowship at Lincoln College, Oxford in 1886.[1]

Career

Move to Melbourne

Having already contributed various papers to scientific journals, one of which, on the

Melbourne
in June 1886 was elected to that chair in January 1887.

Spencer arrived in Australia in March of that year and set about organising his new school (the chair had just been founded), successfully receiving a building grant of £8000 to develop new lecture rooms and laboratories. He showed much capability as a lecturer and organiser, and also took a full part in the general activities of the university. His interests were not confined to his university duties; he took a leading part in the proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, and the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, and did valuable work for those bodies.

Expeditions and museum work

In 1894 a new field was opened up for Spencer when he joined the

D. J. Mulvaney, writing about Spencer in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, tells us that while Spencer was "a kindly humanitarian in practice, in theory he saw Aboriginal people simply as dehumanised 'survivals' from an early stage of social development" and that while records are invaluable, he nonetheless made "unacceptable value judgements" on indigenous Australians.[6]

Spencer was recruited as science writer for the Australasian by its editor, David Watterston.[7]

Spencer had been appointed a trustee of the public library in 1895. When Sir Frederick McCoy died in May 1899, Spencer became honorary director of the national museum. He was to do an enormous amount of work in the following years, and to present to the museum many valuable collections of sacred and ceremonial Aboriginal objects collected during his journeys. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, London.

In 1900 and in 1901 he spent 12 months in the field with Gillen going from Oodnadatta to Powell Creek and then eastward to Borraloola on the Gulf of Carpentaria. They were assisted with their work by the artist and interpreter known to Europeans as Jim Kite, Erlikilyika, who lived at Charlotte Waters telegraph station, where Gillen had previously spent some years.[8] Their experiences and studies formed the basis of the next book, The Northern Tribes of Central Australia, which appeared in 1904, dedicated to David Syme, who had given £1000 towards the cost of the expedition. Patrick ("Pado") Byrne, telegraph master at Charlotte Waters, corresponded with Spencer for many years and collected biological specimens. Spencer named a small marsupial known locally as the kowari in recognition of Byrne's contribution as Dasyuroides byrnei.[9]

In 1904, Spencer became president of the professorial board, an office he was to hold for seven years. There was then no paid

Victorian Football League from 1919 to 1925.[10]
In 1911 at the request of the Commonwealth government he led an expedition in the Northern Territory sent to make inquiries into conditions there, and in the following year he published his Across Australia and also accepted the position of special commissioner and chief Protector of Aborigines. The story of this will be found in Native Tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia (1914).

The Baldwin Spencer Building at the University of Melbourne

In 1914 Spencer was honorary secretary for the meeting of the

British Association for the Advancement of Science held in Melbourne. He also did work for the national museum. In 1916 at the request of the Felton Bequest's committee he went to England to obtain an art adviser for the Felton Bequest. He took an interest in Australian artists. He had been made CMG in 1904 and in 1916 he was created a KCMG in 1919 he resigned his professorship and in 1920 became vice-president of the trustees of the public library of Victoria. Spencer was awarded the Clarke Medal in 1923.[11]

Clashes with Carl Strehlow

Spencer held very different views on the

Aranda people (now often referred to as Arrernte) from missionary Carl Strehlow. Spencer's more pessimistic view saw decline, while Strehlow saw creativity and a future for them. Strehlow's son, Ted Strehlow, mentions this in his book Songs of Central Australia (1971), defending his father from Spencer's criticism. He shows that Spencer and Gillen were limited by their lack of language competence when extracting information from Indigenous peoples, whereas his father was a fluent speaker and writer of the local languages.[12] Spencer and Gillen famously described the Aranda as "naked savages... chanting songs of which they do not know the meaning" in The Northern Tribes of Central Australia (1904).[13]

A controversy arose in anthropological circles, after Spencer wrote "angry and to some degree defamatory letters" to

James Frazer, Robert Ranulph Marett, A.C. Haddon, Spencer and later Bronisław Malinowski. The debate centred on whether Aboriginal people were primitive, on a lower level of evolution than Europeans (Frazer and Spencer's view) or a decadent people who had previously been on a higher level of culture (Strehlow's view).[12]

From 1912 to 1922, Spencer attempted to shut down Strehlow's Hermannsburg Mission. In his 1913 report as Special Commissioner and Chief Protector, Spencer proposed taking all Aboriginal children away from their parents and setting up reserves where the children would be denied any contact with their parents, be prevented from speaking their languages and made incapable of living in the bush. While recognising that "this will undoubtedly be a difficult matter to accomplish and will involve some amount of hardship so far as the parents are concerned", Spencer justified it on the grounds that "once the children have grown to a certain age and have become accustomed to camp life with its degrading environment and endless roaming about in the bush, it is almost useless to try and reclaim them".[15] So he thought it essential to take them away, for "then they will gradually lose the longing for a nomad life and will in fact become incapable of securing their living in the bush". He was particularly keen to make sure that "half-caste" children had no contact with camp life. Hermannsburg was to be taken away from the Lutherans and "serve as a reserve for the remnants of the southern central tribes where they can, under proper and competent control, be trained to habits of industry".[16] However, when the Administrator of the Northern Territory, John A. Gilruth, came down from Darwin in 1913 to see whether these negative reports were true, he was impressed with what he saw and decided that the Strehlows and the mission should remain.

Further travels

Spencer paid two more visits to the centre of Australia, one in 1923 with

Magallanes and then went in a little schooner to Ushuaia at the south of Tierra del Fuego
.

Personal life

Spencer married Mary Elizabeth ('Lillie') Bowman in January 1887.[1] The couple had two daughters, and a son who died in infancy.[1]

Death

Spencer died from heart failure on 14 July 1929 during an expedition to Tierra del Fuego, Chile/Argentina.[17] The events leading to his death are recorded in Spencer's own journal entries, and that of his research assistant Jean Hamilton.[17] He was buried in Magallanes (Punta Arenas), Chile.[18]

Legacy

In 2009, an Australian Research Council project was established with the aim of aggregating and digitising the original Spencer and Gillen collection.[19]

The Baldwin Spencer Building at the University of Melbourne was built in 1888 and named for Spencer in 1920. it was listed on the Victorian Heritage Register on 24 June 1992.[20]

In 1976, Australia Post issued a postage stamp bearing Spencer's portrait.

Spencer is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of Australian lizards:

Varanus spenceri.[21]

See also: Category:Taxa named by Walter Baldwin Spencer

Selected works

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i
    ISSN 1833-7538
    . Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  2. ^ Centre, Australian Science and Technology Heritage. "Spencer, Walter Baldwin - Faculty of Science at the University of Melbourne Biographical entry". www.austehc.unimelb.edu.au. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  3. ^
    OCLC 13882828
    .
  4. ^ "Spencer, Walter Baldwin - biography". www.anbg.gov.au. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  5. ^
    JSTOR 41505556
    .
  6. ^ D. J. Mulvaney, 'Spencer, Sir Walter Baldwin" Australian Dictionary of Biography https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/spencer-sir-walter-baldwin-8606
  7. ^ Hurst, John. "Watterston, David (1845–1931)".
    ISSN 1833-7538
    . Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  8. ^ Baldwin Spencer, Walter (1901–1902). Gibson, Jason (ed.). "Walter Baldwin Spencer's Diary from the Spencer and Gillen Expedition, 1901-1902". Edited and annotated by Jason Gibson; transcribed by Heather Milton. Museums Victoria. p. 11, footnote 26.
  9. ^ Spencer, Walter Baldwin (1901–1902). Gibson, Jason (ed.). "Walter Baldwin Spencer's Diary from the Spencer and Gillen Expedition, 1901-1902". Edited and annotated by Jason Gibson; transcribed by Heather Milton. Museums Victoria. p. 13, note 31.
  10. ISBN 9781854714343
    .
  11. ^ "Clarke Medal". Royal Society of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  12. ^
    ISBN 978-1-921536-77-9. PDF
  13. OL 6943256M
    .
  14. ^ Strehlow, Carl; Leonhardi, Moritz; Städtisches Völkermuseum (Frankfurt am Main, Germany) (1907–1920). Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stamme in Zentral-Australien. Joseph Baer & Co.
  15. ^ Spencer, Walter Baldwin; Australia. Department of External Affairs (1913), Preliminary report on the Aboriginals of the Northern Territory, Bulletin of the Northern Territory, no. 7, Dept. of External Affairs, p. 23, retrieved 11 November 2022
  16. ^ Spencer, Walter Baldwin; Australia. Department of External Affairs (1913), Preliminary report on the Aboriginals of the Northern Territory, Bulletin of the Northern Territory, no. 7, Dept. of External Affairs, p. 20a, retrieved 11 November 2022
  17. ^
    OCLC 4516170
    .
  18. ^ Among the Fuegians: Sir Baldwin Spencer's Last Journey, Jean Hamilton, 1930 prose travel
  19. ^ "Spencer & Gillen - A journey through Aboriginal Australia". spencerandgillen.net. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  20. ^ "Baldwin Spencer Building, Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number H0921, Heritage Overlay HO350". Victorian Heritage Database. Heritage Victoria. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  21. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5
    . ("Spencer, W.B.", p. 250).
  22. ^ "Review of The Northern Tribes of Central America by Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Spencer". The Oxford Magazine. 23. The Proprietors: 100. 23 November 1904.

Further reading

External links

Awards
Preceded by Clarke Medal
1923 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Baldwin_Spencer&oldid=1217188100"