Walter Krueger
Walter Krueger | |
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Battles/wars | |
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Walter Krueger (26 January 1881 – 20 August 1967) was an American soldier and
Born in
Between the wars, Krueger served in a number of command and staff positions, and attended the Naval War College at his own request. In 1941, he assumed command of the Third Army, which he led in the Louisiana Maneuvers. He expected, because of his age, to spend the war at home training troops, but in 1943 he was sent to General Douglas MacArthur's Southwest Pacific Area as commander of the Sixth Army and Alamo Force, which he led in a series of successful campaigns against the Japanese.
As an army commander, Krueger grappled with the problems imposed by vast distances, inhospitable terrain, unfavorable climate, and an indefatigable and dangerous enemy. He balanced the fast pace of MacArthur's strategy with the more cautious approach of managing subordinates who often found themselves confronted by unexpectedly large numbers of Japanese troops. In 1945 at the Battle of Luzon, Krueger faced the Japanese army under Tomoyuki Yamashita and Krueger outmaneuvered his enemies like he had in the 1941 exercises. This was Krueger's largest, longest, and final battle.
Krueger retired to
Education and early life
Walter Krueger was born on 26 January 1881 in
The family subsequently settled in
Early military service
On 17 June 1898, Krueger enlisted for service in the Spanish–American War with the 2nd United States Volunteer Infantry. He reached Santiago de Cuba a few weeks after the Battle of San Juan Hill, and spent eight months there on occupation duties, rising to the rank of sergeant. Mustered out of the volunteers in February 1899, he returned home to Ohio, planning to become a civil engineer.[5][6]
However, many of his comrades were re-enlisting for service in the
Krueger returned to the United States with the 30th Infantry in December 1903. The regiment moved to Fort Crook, Nebraska. In September 1904, he married Grace Aileen Norvell, whom he had met in the Philippines. They had three children: James Norvell, born on 29 July 1905; Walter Jr., born on 25 April 1910; and Dorothy Jane, who was born on 24 January 1913.[8] Both James and Walter Jr. attended the United States Military Academy, James graduating with the class of 1926, and Walter Jr. with the class of 1931.[5] Dorothy married an army officer, Aubrey D. Smith, of the class of 1930.[9]
In 1904, Krueger attended the Infantry-Cavalry School at
With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, Krueger was offered a post as an observer with the German Army but was forced to turn it down due to familial commitments. Instead, he was posted to the 10th Infantry of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard.[13] The regiment was mobilized on 23 June 1916 and served along the Mexican border for five months as part of the Mexican Punitive Expedition under Major General John J. Pershing, although no National Guard units fought Mexican troops. The unit was mustered out in October 1916.[14]
Afterwards, Krueger remained with the National Guard. He trained units, and helped establish a school for officers at the University of Pennsylvania. In an article in the Infantry Journal, he called for a large, national, conscript army similar to those of European countries, arguing that this would be in accord with America's democratic values.[15]
World War I
After the United States commenced hostilities against Germany in April 1917, Krueger was assigned to the newly activated 84th Division, a National Army formation created largely from draftees, at Camp Zachary Taylor as its Assistant Chief of Staff G-3 (Operations). He became the 84th's chief of staff, with the rank of major, as of 5 August 1917. In February 1918, he was sent to Langres, France, to attend the General Staff School of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). The school had been created by the AEF's commander, General John J. Pershing, and his staff, "to instruct and bring up to date many officers who never had any formal or specific staff training". All officers from divisions that were not under orders for France were ordered to return home in May 1918, but Krueger stayed on as G-3 of the 26th "Yankee" Division, an Army National Guard formation.[16]
The French government requested that Krueger be sent home due to his German origin, and Krueger was re-posted to the 84th Division, but he soon returned to France, as the 84th Division embarked for France in August 1918. He was not destined to remain with the division for very long, however, as in October he became chief of staff of the Tank Corps of the AEF, a job which he found both rewarding and frustrating, as "he was tied to his desk most of the day, which he did not particularly enjoy", although he hoped that such a position might result in quick promotion.[17]
After the armistice with Germany on November 11, which ended the fighting, he became assistant chief of staff of VI Corps and, after that was disbanded in April 1919, served in the same role with IV Corps on occupation duty, advancing to the rank of temporary colonel. His stay was short, however, as IV Corps was also broken up in May, although his somewhat brief service had given Krueger experience in dealing with larger units and formations. For his service in the war, he was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal in 1919.[18] The citation for his DSM reads:
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Colonel (Infantry) Walter Krueger (ASN: 0-1531), United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. Colonel Krueger served as Assistant in the Bureau of Militia Affairs; Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3, and Acting Chief of Staff, 84th Division, Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3, 26th Division, Chief of Staff, Tank Corps, Instructor, Line School, Langres, France, Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3, 4th Corps, and Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3, 6th Corps. By his high professional attainments, superior zeal, loyal devotion to duty, soldierly character, and his dominant leadership, he has exercised a determining influence upon the commands with which he has served, and has contributed in a marked degree to the success of the military operations of our forces.[19]
Interwar years
With the end of the war, Krueger returned to the United States on 22 June 1919 and was initially posted to the
He paid a four-month visit to Germany in 1922 as part of the War College's Historical Section, during which he examined documents related to World War I in the German War Archives. These informed his lectures on the war, and he argued that much of the German Army's effectiveness was attributable to its system of
From 1922 to 1925, Krueger served in the War Plans Division of the
While with the Joint Planning Committee, he worked on War Plan Orange, the plan for a war with Japan, and War Plan Tan, for a war with Cuba.[21] Krueger considered the problems of inter-service cooperation. At his own request, he attended the Naval War College at Newport, Rhode Island, in 1925 and 1926. He continued to ruminate on the nature of command. "Doctrine", he wrote, "knits all the parts of the military force together in intellectual bonds."[22]
Krueger came to feel the prospects for promotion in the infantry were very poor, and in 1927 he tried to transfer to the
In June 1932, Krueger became commander of the
He was promoted to temporary major general in February 1939, when he became commander of the 2nd Infantry Division at Fort Sam Houston, Texas.[28] The 2nd Infantry Division was at the time being used as the Proposed Infantry Division (PID). With Lesley J. McNair as commander of the 2nd Division Artillery and chief of staff of the PID, the PID tested of the US Army's new triangular division concept. As a result of the lessons learned from the PID's training and exercises, Krueger was able to offer recommendations for improvements to the triangular division concept, including taking advantage of mechanization and fast-paced tactics. The troops who took part in the PID experiment called themselves the "Blitzkruegers"; the triangular division model was adopted, and became the Army's standard design for infantry divisions in World War II.[29]
World War II
Training in the United States
Krueger became commander of
The
In the second phase, Krueger had a superior force, and had to advance on
Krueger wrote to a friend that:
There's nothing that I should like better than to have a command at the front. I should love to try to "rommel" Rommel. However, I am sure that younger men will be selected for tasks of that nature, in fact for all combat commands. I shall be 62 this coming January [1943], and though I am in perfect health, can stand a lot of hardship and people tell me I look and act ten years younger, I do not delude myself.[37]
Sixth Army
It therefore came as a surprise when Krueger was informed that a theater commander had requested his services.
The War Department approved Krueger's transfer to SWPA, but did not approve MacArthur's request for Third Army headquarters. There were only three American divisions in SWPA: the
Krueger took with him several key members of the Third Army staff, including Brigadier General George Honnen as chief of staff, Colonel
Honnen had health problems, and spent much of April, May and June 1943 in hospital before being ordered home on 18 June. He was replaced by Brigadier General
Bismarck Archipelago
The geographical, engineering and logistical difficulties of conducting operations in SWPA were driven home by Alamo Force's first operation, Operation Chronicle, the occupation of Woodlark and Kiriwina Islands in June 1943. Despite the fact that the operation was unopposed by the Japanese, it was subject to delays. Krueger visited Kiriwina, where road work and airbase development were held up by heavy rains, on 11 July. He was dissatisfied with the rate of progress and relieved the task force commander. The arrival of additional engineers sped up the base development effort, and No. 79 Squadron RAAF commenced operations from Kiriwina on 18 August.[47]
He was also concerned by reports of the invasion of Kiska in the Aleutian Islands in August 1943, in which a large Allied force invaded an island that had already been evacuated by the Japanese. If this could happen, it was also possible that a force might attack where the Japanese were unexpectedly strong. Different levels of command sometimes came up with widely varying estimates of Japanese strength because they used different methods to estimate it.[48]
An attempt to obtain information for Operation Dexterity, the attack on New Britain, with a joint Army-Navy reconnaissance team raised issues of inter-service cooperation. The Navy was mainly interested in gathering hydrographic data rather than information on the state of the Japanese defenders. Because of a breakdown in communications, the PT boat that was supposed to collect the team was unable to rendezvous with it, and the team had to spend eleven more days on the island. Finally, the Navy tried to prevent the Army commander from briefing Alamo Force headquarters on what had occurred.[48]
Krueger decided that he needed to have his own strategic reconnaissance capability. In November 1943, he formed the Alamo Scouts as a special unit for reconnaissance and raiding. An Alamo Scouts Training Center for volunteers was established on Fergusson Island, not far from Alamo Force's headquarters on Goodenough Island, under the command of Colonel Frederick W. Bradshaw, whom Krueger had first encountered during the Louisiana maneuvers. The top graduates of the six-week training course were assigned to the Alamo Scouts; the other graduates were returned to their units where they could be used for similar work. By the end of the war, Alamo Scouts teams had conducted 106 missions.[48][49]
In what became a standard procedure in SWPA, MacArthur's General Headquarters (GHQ) nominated the objectives, set the target date, and allocated the troops to the operation, leaving Alamo Force to work out the details. MacArthur was not inflexible, however, and allowed Krueger to alter the staging areas, and postpone the operation by a month. Krueger's concerns about the possibility of high casualties in securing the
Krueger accepted reports of a Japanese counterattack at Saidor, and sent reinforcements in response, but the attack did not eventuate. Because the 32nd Infantry Division was required for the upcoming
Krueger did what he could to accelerate the movement of units of Major General Innis P. Swift's 1st Cavalry Division to the Admiralty Islands in response to urgent pleas from Brigadier General William C. Chase, who managed to defeat the numerically superior Japanese forces. Krueger was unimpressed with Chase. "His task", Krueger wrote to Swift, "was undoubtedly a difficult one, but did not, in my judgment, warrant the nervousness apparent in some of his despatches. This, and his failure to obey repeated positive orders to furnish detailed information of his situation and his losses, his closing his radio station during long periods, and his evident ignorance that reinforcements could not reach him by the times he demanded, were not calculated to inspire confidence."[55]
New Guinea Campaign
Over the next few months, the tempo of operations increased, forcing the Sixth Army to plan and execute multiple operations simultaneously.
Krueger visited the beachhead with MacArthur and Eichelberger on the first day. After inspecting the beachhead, they went to the USS Nashville for ice cream sodas, whereupon MacArthur suggested, in view of the victory at Hollandia, they could accelerate the campaign timetable by moving on to Wakde-Sarmi immediately. Krueger was willing to consider the idea, although he had already ordered the troops designated for Wakde-Sarmi, the 32nd Infantry Division, to reinforce the position at Aitape, where he expected a major Japanese counterattack. Eichelberger was vehemently opposed, and the matter was dropped.[57][59]
Krueger moved his headquarters to Hollandia in May 1944. The swampy area with its restricted anchorages proved unsuitable for a major airbase complex, although fighter strips were constructed, and it was developed as a staging area.[60] MacArthur was compelled to press on with the Wakde-Sarmi project lest his troops become stranded without adequate air cover. A shortage of shipping meant that the operation had to be carried out by the troops in the Hollandia area, so Krueger nominated the 163rd Regimental Combat Team for Wakde, while the rest of the 41st Infantry Division captured Sarmi. However, with only days to go, doubts surfaced about the viability of construction in the Sarmi area, and Biak was substituted. In view of the difficulties involved in changing plans, and moving the troops around, MacArthur agreed to postpone both operations, Wakde until 17 May and Biak to 27 May.[61]
As a result, Alamo Force became involved in desperate fighting on three different fronts simultaneously. The landing at Wakde was opposed by nearly twice as many Japanese troops than had been expected.[62] When Krueger discovered that the Japanese were massing for an assault on the American position, he ordered a pre-emptive attack. "Krueger", wrote Edward Drea, "was too good a soldier to stand pat and wait for a Japanese attack."[63] Official historian Robert Ross Smith noted that "This decision, based upon the scanty, incomplete information concerning Japanese strength and dispositions available to General Krueger at the time, was destined to precipitate a protracted and bitter fight."[64] However, even if Krueger had known the true size of the Japanese force, he might still, under the circumstances, have taken the same approach.[65]
The estimates of the number of Japanese troops on Biak were out by a similar margin, resulting in heavy casualties. In the
MacArthur put pressure on Krueger for results, and Krueger in turn put pressure on Fuller. Krueger decided that Fuller had too many responsibilities as both task force commander and division commander, and decided to supersede him by sending Eichelberger to take over the task force. Fuller then submitted his resignation. Eichelberger's chief of staff, Brigadier General
Meanwhile, Japanese forces under Lieutenant General Hatazō Adachi attacked Alamo Force's position at Aitape in the Battle of Driniumor River. Krueger called for an energetic defense, but the cautious commander of XI Corps, Major General Charles P. Hall, retained nine battalions around the airbase at Tadji. This left Brigadier General Clarence A. Martin without the resources to implement Krueger's strategy, and he conducted a fighting withdrawal instead. Krueger travelled to Aitape where Hall presented him a counterattack plan, which he approved. By August, the fighting had ended and Adachi had been defeated.[69]
Philippines campaign
MacArthur accelerated his timetable yet again in September 1944, and brought forward the planned
An additional five Japanese divisions and two mixed brigades were sent to Leyte, and the battle became one of grinding attrition.
In January 1945, the Sixth Army embarked on its largest, longest and last campaign, the
MacArthur did not believe there were anywhere near that number. In fact, General Tomoyuki Yamashita had 287,000 troops on Luzon.[78] For the first time since Louisiana in 1941, Krueger was able to maneuver his army as a single body instead of having elements employed on multiple battles on scattered islands.[79] He regarded Yamashita's employment of armor as poor. Instead of using the 2nd Armored Division for a decisive counterattack against the vulnerable flank, Yamashita frittered away its strength in piecemeal efforts.[80]
As the campaign unfolded, Krueger was pressured by MacArthur to capture
Krueger was promoted to general on 5 March 1945.
This proved unnecessary when Japan surrendered, and in September 1945 the Sixth Army took up occupation duty in Japan. Krueger established his headquarters in Kyoto, and assumed responsibility for Kyushu, Shikoku and southern Honshu.[86] The Sixth Army remained in Japan until it handed over its occupation responsibilities to the Eighth Army on 31 December 1945. It was deactivated on 25 January 1946,[87] and Krueger retired in July.[88] For his service as commander of the Sixth Army in World War II, Krueger was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, an oak leaf cluster to his Distinguished Service Medal, and the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. He was awarded a second oak leaf cluster to his Distinguished Service Medal for his part in the Occupation of Japan.[89]
Later life
Krueger retired to
Colonel Horton White, Krueger's former intelligence officer, approached him with an offer from
Krueger kept in contact with his wartime colleagues. He was proud of the subsequent accomplishments of members of his wartime staff, and traveled to New York each year to celebrate MacArthur's birthday with MacArthur and other former senior commanders of the Southwest Pacific Area. He lectured at Army Schools and civic organizations, offering opinions on subjects such as the value of training, the benefit of universal military service, and the need for a unified defense establishment.[92]
Kinsella v. Krueger
Krueger's retirement was marred by family tragedies. His son James was dismissed from the army in 1947 for
By six votes to three, a U.S. Army court-martial found Dorothy guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced her "to be confined at hard labor for the rest of her natural life".
However, in 1955, in a similar case involving another woman, Clarice B. Covert, who had killed her husband in England with an axe, Federal District Court Judge
When his old friend Fay Babson wrote a letter in 1960 complaining about not being promoted before retirement, Krueger replied that:
I wish you would compare your situation with mine for a moment. You are fortunate in having a loving wife by your side and three wonderful children. I, on the other hand, have lost my precious wife, my son Jimmie's career ended in disgrace and my only daughter's tragic action broke my heart. All the promotions and honors that have come to me cannot possibly outweigh these heartaches and disappointments. If true happiness is the aim of life—and I believe it is—then you are more fortunate than I and I would gladly trade with you.[100]
Death and legacy
Krueger's health began to decline in the late 1950s. He developed glaucoma in his right eye, and sciatica in his left hip. In 1960, he had a hernia operation, followed by kidney surgery in 1963. Nonetheless, he continued to attend MacArthur's birthday in New York. He died from pneumonia at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, on 20 August 1967,[100] and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.[101] His papers are in the Cushing Memorial Library at Texas A&M University.[102]
Although Krueger led a large force in operations over a large area for over two years, appearing on the cover of
History has not given him due credit for his greatness. I do not believe that the annals of American history have shown his superior as an Army commander. Swift and sure in the attack, tenacious and determined in defense, modest and restrained in victory—I do not know what he would have been in defeat, because he was never defeated.[107]
Dates of rank
No pin insignia in 1898 | Enlisted, 2nd U.S. Volunteer Infantry: 17 June 1898 |
No pin insignia in 1898 | Enlisted, 12th Infantry: 1 June 1899 |
No pin insignia in 1901 | Second lieutenant, United States Army : 2 February 1901
|
First lieutenant , United States Army: 10 October 1905
| |
Captain , United States Army: 17 June 1916
| |
National Guard : 10 July 1916
| |
Captain , United States Army: 27 October 1916
| |
National Army : 5 August 1917
| |
Lieutenant colonel, Temporary: 13 June 1918 | |
Colonel, Regular Army: 6 May 1919 | |
Major, Regular Army: 1 July 1920 | |
Lieutenant colonel, Regular Army: 27 April 1921 | |
Colonel, Regular Army: 1 August 1932 | |
Brigadier general, Regular Army: 1 May 1936 | |
Major general, Regular Army: 1 February 1939 | |
Lieutenant general, Army of the United States: 16 May 1941 | |
Major general, Retired List: 31 January 1945 (Retained on active duty.) | |
General, Army of the United States: 5 March 1945 | |
General, Retired List: 20 July 1946[108] |
Notes
- ^ a b Holzimmer 2007, pp. 10–11.
- ^ "Historia ratusza" (in Polish). Zlotowskie.pl. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
- ^ a b c Holzimmer 2007, p. 11.
- ^ a b c Collins 1983, p. 15.
- ^ a b c d "Old Soldier". Time. 29 January 1945. Archived from the original on 12 March 2008.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 12.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, pp. 15–16.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, pp. 16, 18, 20.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 236.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, pp. 18–20.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, pp. 18–23.
- ^ MacDonald 1989, p. 17.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, pp. 24–25.
- ^ "Brief History of the 110th Infantry". Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, pp. 24–26.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, pp. 26–29.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, pp. 28–29.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 29.
- ^ "Valor awards for Walter Krueger".
- ^ a b Holzimmer 2007, pp. 29–35.
- ^ a b Holzimmer 2007, pp. 36–39.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 42.
- ^ MacDonald 1989, p. 23.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, pp. 46–47.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 49.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 51.
- ^ a b Holzimmer 2007, pp. 52–55.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 63.
- ^ Gabel 1992, p. 67.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 66.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, pp. 69–70.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, pp. 73–76.
- ^ a b Krueger 1953, p. 4.
- ^ a b Gabel 1992, pp. 64–67.
- ^ Gabel 1992, pp. 96–99.
- ^ Gabel 1992, p. 103.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 97.
- ^ Krueger 1953, p. 3.
- ^ a b Holzimmer 2007, p. 102.
- ^ Krueger 1953, pp. 3–6.
- ^ Krueger 1953, pp. 3–6, 375–376.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 127.
- ^ Krueger 1953, p. 24.
- ^ Krueger 1953, p. 10.
- ^ a b Krueger 1953, p. 76.
- ^ Krueger 1953, pp. 29, 76.
- ^ Miller 1959, pp. 58–59.
- ^ a b c Holzimmer 2007, pp. 110–115.
- ^ Krueger 1953, p. 29.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, pp. 116–116.
- ^ Krueger 1953, pp. 34–35.
- ^ Krueger 1953, pp. 36–38.
- ^ Dexter 1961, p. 732.
- ^ Krueger 1953, pp. 45–49.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 140.
- ^ Krueger 1953, p. 95.
- ^ a b Taafe 1998, pp. 82–83.
- ^ Taafe 1998, p. 100.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, pp. 144–147.
- ^ Taafe 1998, p. 99, 102.
- ^ Taafe 1998, pp. 122–123.
- ^ Drea 1992, pp. 134–135.
- ^ Drea 1992, pp. 133.
- ^ Smith 1953, p. 238.
- ^ Taafe 1998, pp. 142–143.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 157.
- ^ Taafe 1998, p. 156.
- ^ Taafe 1998, pp. 165–169.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, pp. 171–175.
- ^ Krueger 1953, p. 143.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 187.
- ^ Krueger 1953, pp. 193–195.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 194.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, pp. 204–205.
- ^ Spector 1985, p. 514.
- ^ Holzimmer 1995, pp. 662–663.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 210.
- ^ a b Drea 1992, pp. 181–187.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 212.
- ^ Krueger 1953, pp. 256–257.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, pp. 216–219.
- ^ Krueger 1953, pp. 243–245.
- ^ Krueger 1953, pp. 246–252.
- ^ a b Holzimmer 2007, p. 224.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, pp. 227–228.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, pp. 235–236.
- ^ Krueger 1953, p. 369.
- ^ Ancell & Miller 1996, pp. 178–170.
- ^ "Valor Awards for Walter Krueger". Military Times. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 242.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 243.
- ^ a b Holzimmer 2007, pp. 242–248.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 249.
- ^ a b c d "Neurotic Explosion". Time. 19 January 1953.
- ^ Wiener 1988, pp. 6–7.
- ^ "We Want Them Accountable". Time. 5 December 1955. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
- US Supreme Court. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
- US Supreme Court. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
- ^ Holzimmer 2007, p. 250.
- ^ a b Holzimmer 2007, p. 251.
- ^ Burial Detail: Krueger, Walter (Section 90, 794) – at ANC Explorer
- ^ "Inventory of the General Walter Krueger Papers: 1943–1945". Texas A&M University. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
- ^ "Walter Krueger Middle School". North East Independent School District. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2008.
- ^ a b Holzimmer 2007, p. 252.
- ^ Manchester 1978, p. 410.
- ^ Drea 1984, p. 138.
- ^ MacArthur 1964, p. 170.
- ^ Official Register of Commissioned Officers of the United States Army. 1948. Vol. II. p. 2291.
References
- Ancell, R. Manning; Miller, Christine (1996). The Biographical Dictionary of World War II Generals and Flag Officers: The US Armed Forces. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29546-8.
- ISSN 0019-9532. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- Dexter, David (1961). The New Guinea Offensives. Canberra: OCLC 2028994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2006.)
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help - OCLC 11327410.
- Drea, Edward J. (1992). MacArthur's Ultra: Codebreaking and the War Against Japan 1942–1945. Lawrence: OCLC 23651196.
- Gabel, Christopher R. (1992). The U.S. Army GHQ Maneuvers of 1941. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, U.S. Army. OCLC 71320615.
- Holzimmer, Kevin C. (October 1995). "Walter Krueger, Douglas MacArthur, and the Pacific War: The Wakde-Sarmi Campaign as a Case Study". The Journal of Military History. 59 (4). Society for Military History: 661–686. JSTOR 2944497.
- Holzimmer, Kevin C. (2007). General Walter Krueger: Unsung Hero of the Pacific War. Lawrence: ISBN 978-0-7006-1500-1.
- Krueger, Walter (1953). From Down Under to Nippon: The Story of the 6th Army In World War II. Lawrence: Zenger Pub. ISBN 0-89201-046-0.
- OCLC 220661276.
- MacDonald, John H. (1989). General Walter Krueger: A Case Study on Operational Command. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. Archived from the original(PDF) on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
- OCLC 3844481.
- Miller, John Jr (1959). The War in the Pacific: Cartwheel: The Reduction of Rabaul. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. OCLC 1355535.
- Smith, Robert Ross (1953). The Approach to the Philippines (PDF). United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History. OCLC 1260896. Archived from the original(PDF) on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
- OCLC 10998802.
- Taafe, Stephen R. (1998). MacArthur's Jungle War: The 1944 New Guinea Campaign. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. OCLC 37107216.
- JSTOR 29759264.
Further reading
- Taaffe, Stephen R. Marshall and His Generals: U.S. Army Commanders in World War II (2011) excerpt
- "Aubrey Dewitt Smith, Colonel, United States Army". ArlingtonCemetery.net. 6 November 2022. An unofficial website.