Walter Mondale

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Walter Mondale
Elmer Andersen
  • Karl Rolvaag
    • Preceded byMiles Lord
    Succeeded byRobert Mattson
    Personal details
    Born
    Walter Frederick Mondale

    (1928-01-05)January 5, 1928
    Ceylon, Minnesota, U.S.
    DiedApril 19, 2021(2021-04-19) (aged 93)
    Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.
    Political partyDemocratic
    Spouse
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1955; died 2014)​
    Children
    Education
    Signature
    Corporal
    Unit3rd Armored Division Artillery
    Walter Mondale's voice
    Mondale on Central American civil wars and internal conflicts
    Recorded October 21, 1984

    Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (January 5, 1928 – April 19, 2021) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 42nd

    U.S. senator from Minnesota from 1964 to 1976, he was the Democratic Party's nominee in the 1984 presidential election, but lost to incumbent Ronald Reagan in an Electoral College and popular vote landslide
    .

    Mondale was born in

    fair housing, tax reform and the desegregation of schools; he served on the Church Committee.[1]

    In

    District of Columbia
    .

    After his defeat, Mondale joined the Minnesota-based law firm

    Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs.[2]

    Early life

    Walter Frederick Mondale was born on January 5, 1928, in

    Norwegian immigrants, with some distant German ancestry.[7] Mondale's paternal grandfather Frederik Mundal had emigrated from Norway with his family in 1856, eventually settling in southern Minnesota in 1864.[8] The surname Mondale derives from that of Mundal, a valley and town in the Fjærland region of Norway.[9] His mother was born in Iowa, the daughter of an immigrant father, Robert Cowan, who was born in Seaforth, Ontario; she was of Scottish and English descent.[10]

    In his youth, Mondale's family thought the names "Walter" and "Frederick" were too stilted for a boy, so they called him "

    cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1951.[15]

    As Mondale could not afford to attend law school, he enlisted in the

    cum laude with a Bachelor of Laws in 1956. In law school, he served on the Minnesota Law Review and as a law clerk for Minnesota Supreme Court Justice Thomas F. Gallagher. In 1955, Mondale married Joan Adams, whom he met on a blind date. He then practiced law in Minneapolis for four years before entering politics.[18]

    Entry into politics

    Mondale became involved in national politics in the 1940s. At age 20, he was visible in Minnesota politics by helping organize Hubert Humphrey's successful Senate campaign in 1948. Humphrey's campaign assigned Mondale to cover the staunchly Republican 2nd district. Mondale, who had grown up in the region, was able to win the district for Humphrey by a comfortable margin.[19]

    After working with Humphrey, Mondale went on to work on several campaigns for Orville Freeman. Mondale worked on Freeman's unsuccessful 1952 campaign for the governorship as well as his successful campaign in 1954 and his 1958 reelection campaign.[20]

    In 1960, Freeman appointed Mondale Minnesota Attorney General following the resignation of Miles Lord. At the time he was appointed, Mondale was 32 years old and had been practicing law for four years. He was elected to the post in his own right in 1962.[21]

    External videos
    video icon "Interview with Walter Mondale" conducted in 1986 for the Eyes on the Prize documentary in which his efforts to effect a compromise at the 1964 Democratic National Convention between the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party and the official Democratic delegates.

    During his tenure as Minnesota Attorney General, the case

    Sister Kenny Foundation.[23]

    At the 1964 Democratic National Convention, Mondale played a major role in the proposed but ultimately unsuccessful compromise by which the national Democratic Party offered the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party two at-large seats.[24]

    Mondale also served as a member of the President's Consumer Advisory Council from 1960 to 1964.[15]

    U.S. Senate (1964–1976)

    Senator Walter F. Mondale

    On December 30, 1964,

    vice president of the United States. Mondale was elected to the Senate for the first time in 1966, defeating Republican candidate Robert A. Forsythe by a margin of 53.9% to 45.2%.[25]

    In

    re-elected to the Senate with over 57% of the vote,[27] even as Republican President Richard Nixon carried Minnesota.[28] He served in the 88th, 89th, 90th, 91st, 92nd, 93rd, and 94th congresses.[29]

    Policies

    Mondale worked hard to build up the center of the party on economic and social issues. Unlike his father, a fervent liberal, he was not a crusader for

    Fair Housing Act, which prohibits discrimination in housing and created the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity as the primary enforcer of the law.[33]

    During

    Lyndon Johnson's presidency, Mondale supported the Vietnam War. After Nixon became president in 1969, Mondale began to oppose the war and participated in legislation to restrict Nixon's ability to prolong it. Mondale supported abortion rights.[34][35]

    Committees

    Mondale rotated on and off numerous committees, including the

    Labor and Public Welfare Committee; the Budget Committee; and the Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee. He also served as chairman of the Select Committee on Equal Education Opportunity and the Intelligence Committee's Domestic Task Force. He additionally served as chairman of the Labor and Public Welfare Committee's subcommittee on Children and Youth and the Senate subcommittee on social security financing.[36]

    In 1975, Mondale served on the Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, chaired by Idaho Senator Frank Church, that investigated alleged abuses by the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation.[37]

    Documents declassified in 2017 show that the National Security Agency had created a file on Mondale as part of its monitoring of prominent U.S. citizens whose names appeared in Signals intelligence.[38]

    Apollo 1 accident (1967)

    In 1967, Mondale served on the Aeronautical and Space Sciences Committee, then chaired by

    Robert C. Seamans to appoint and oversee an investigative panel.[39]

    In February, a reporter leaked to Mondale the existence of

    George Mueller.[40]

    Both Seamans and Mueller had also been called to testify at this session. Mueller denied the report's existence, though he must have been aware of it, as he had appended his own strongly worded letter to the copy sent to North American Aviation president

    Lee Atwood.[41]

    Seamans was afraid Mondale might be in possession of a copy (he was not), so he admitted that NASA often reviewed its contractors' performance, with both positive and negative results, but claimed that was nothing extraordinary. Under repeated questioning from Mondale, Webb promised that he would investigate whether the "Phillips Report" existed, and if so, whether a controlled release could be made to Congress. Immediately after the hearing, Webb saw the Phillips report for the first time.[40]

    The controversy spread to both houses of Congress and grew (through the efforts of Mondale's fellow committee member, Republican Margaret Chase Smith to include the second-guessing of NASA's original selection in 1961 of North American as the prime Apollo spacecraft contractor, which Webb became forced to defend). The House NASA oversight committee, which was conducting its own hearings and had picked up on the controversy, was ultimately given a copy of the Phillips report.[39]

    While the committee, as a whole, believed that NASA should have informed Congress of the Phillips review results in 1966, its final report issued on January 30, 1968, concluded (as had NASA's own accident investigation completed on April 5, 1967) that "the findings of the [Phillips] task force had no effect on the accident, did not lead to the accident, and were not related to the accident". Yet Mondale wrote a minority opinion accusing NASA of "evasiveness,... lack of candor, ... patronizing attitude exhibited toward Congress, ... refusal to respond fully and forthrightly to legitimate congressional inquiries, and ... solicitous concern for corporate sensitivities at a time of national tragedy".[42]

    Mondale explained his actions in a 2001 interview: "I think that by forcing a public confrontation about these heretofore secret and deep concerns about the safety and the management of the program, it forced NASA to restructure and reorganize the program in a way that was much safer."[40]

    Vice presidency (1977–1981)

    Further information: 1976 United States presidential election and Presidency of Jimmy Carter
    Carter (left) and Mondale at the 1976 Democratic National Convention

    When Jimmy Carter won the Democratic nomination for

    1976, he chose Mondale as his running mate. Mondale campaigned for the ticket in various states. While campaigning in Toledo, Ohio he said that the country needed a strong president to stop inflation and added that President Gerald Ford did not have the guts to stand up to big businesses.[43] The ticket was narrowly elected on November 2, 1976, and Mondale was inaugurated as Vice President of the United States on January 20, 1977. He also became the first vice president to live at Number One Observatory Circle.[44][45]

    Under Carter, Mondale traveled extensively throughout the nation and the world advocating the administration's foreign policy. His travels also included a visit to the USS Midway (CV-41), which was on station at the time in the Indian Ocean, during the Iran hostage crisis. Mondale was the first vice president to have an office in the White House and established the concept of an "activist Vice President". He began the tradition of weekly lunches with the president, which continues to this day. More importantly, he expanded the vice president's role from figurehead to presidential advisor, full-time participant, and troubleshooter for the administration. Subsequent vice presidents have followed this model.[46] In 1979, Twin Cities Public Television produced a documentary about his trip to Norway, titled Walter Mondale: There's a Fjord in Your Past, a play on the well-known advertising slogan "There's a Ford in Your Future".[47][48]

    Mondale and Carter in January 1979

    Mondale cast one tie-breaking vote in the U.S. Senate on November 4, 1977, allowing the Social Security financing bill to be passed.[49][50]

    1980 election

    Further information: 1980 United States presidential election

    Carter and Mondale were renominated at the

    XIII Olympic Winter Games in Lake Placid, New York.[51]

    Carter and Mondale were the longest-living post-presidential team in American history. On May 23, 2006, they had been out of office for 9,254 days (25 years, 4 months and 3 days), surpassing the former record established by President John Adams and Vice President Thomas Jefferson, both of whom died on July 4, 1826. On September 8, 2012, Carter surpassed Herbert Hoover as the president with the longest retirement from office. On April 23, 2014, Mondale surpassed Richard Nixon as the vice president with the longest retirement from office at 12,146 days (33 years, 3 months and 3 days). At the time of his death, Mondale was the oldest living U.S. vice president and Carter was (and remains) the oldest living U.S. president.[52]

    Post-vice presidency (1981–2021)

    1984 presidential campaign

    Main article: Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign
    Further information: 1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries and 1984 United States presidential election

    After losing the 1980 election, Mondale returned briefly to the practice of law at

    Winston and Strawn, a large Chicago-based law firm, but he intended to return to politics before long.[53]

    Mondale ran for the Democratic Party presidential nomination in the

    New Hampshire primary in March, but Mondale had much of the party leadership behind him. To great effect, Mondale used the Wendy's slogan "Where's the beef?" to describe Hart's policies as lacking depth. Jackson, widely regarded as the first serious African-American candidate for president, held on longer, but Mondale gained the nomination with the majority of delegates.[54]

    A Mondale—Ferraro bumper sticker

    At the

    pro-choice. Much more controversy erupted over her changing positions about the release of her husband's tax returns, and her own ethics record in the House. Ferraro was on the defensive throughout much of the campaign, largely negating her breakthrough as the first woman on a major national ticket. She was also the first Italian American to reach that level in American politics.[56]

    When Mondale made his acceptance speech at the Democratic Convention, he said: "By the end of my first term, I will reduce the Reagan budget deficit by two‑thirds. Let's tell the truth. It must be done, it must be done. Mr. Reagan will raise taxes, and so will I. He won't tell you. I just did."[57] While this was meant to show that Mondale would be honest with voters, it was instead largely interpreted as a campaign pledge to raise taxes to spend on domestic programs, which was unappealing to many voters.[58]

    Mondale and Ferraro campaigning in 1984

    Mondale ran a

    budget deficits. However, the incumbent was popular, and Mondale's campaign was widely considered ineffective. Mondale was also perceived as supporting the poor at the expense of the middle class. In the first televised debate he performed unexpectedly well, which led many to question Reagan's age and capacity to endure the grueling demands of the presidency (Reagan was the oldest person to serve as president—73 at the time—while Mondale was 56). In the next debate on October 21, 1984, Reagan deflected the issue by quipping, "I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience."[59]

    Mondale was defeated in a landslide, receiving 37,577,352 votes (40.6% of the popular vote), and winning only the District of Columbia and his home state of Minnesota (even there his margin of victory was fewer than 3,800 votes),[60] securing only 13 electoral votes to Reagan's 525. The result was the worst electoral college defeat for any Democratic Party candidate in history, and the worst for any major-party candidate since Alf Landon's loss to Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936.[61]

    Private citizen and ambassador

    Official portrait as Ambassador, 1993

    Mondale returned to private law practice with

    National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. During Bill Clinton's presidency, he was United States Ambassador to Japan from 1993 to 1996, chaired a bipartisan group to study campaign finance reform, and was Clinton's special envoy to Indonesia in 1998.[9]

    Until his appointment as Ambassador to Japan, Mondale was a Distinguished University Fellow in Law and Public Affairs at the

    Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota. In 1990, he established the Mondale Policy Forum at the Humphrey Institute. The forum has brought together leading scholars and policymakers for annual conferences on domestic and international issues.[62]

    Mondale spoke before the U.S. Senate on September 4, 2002, delivering a lecture on his service, with commentary on the transformation of the office of the vice president during the Carter administration, the Senate cloture rule for ending debate, and his view of the future of the Senate. The lecture was a part of a continuing Senate "Leaders Lecture Series" that ran from 1998 to 2002.[63]

    2002 U.S. Senate election and beyond

    Main articles: 2002 United States Senate elections and 2002 United States Senate election in Minnesota

    In 2002, Democratic Senator Paul Wellstone from Minnesota, who was running for reelection, died in a

    plane crash
    11 days before the November 5 election. Mondale replaced Wellstone on the ballot at the urging of Wellstone's relatives. The Senate seat was the one Mondale had held before resigning to become vice president in 1977.

    Mondale with Joe Biden in 2015

    During his debate with the Republican nominee, former

    St. Paul Mayor Norm Coleman, Mondale emphasized his experience, while painting Coleman as right-wing partisan in-line with then-president Bush.[64]

    Mondale unexpectedly lost the election, receiving 1,067,246 votes (47.34%) to Coleman's 1,116,697 (49.53%). Upon conceding defeat, Mondale said, "At the end of what will be my last campaign, I want to say to Minnesota, you always treated me well, you always listened to me."[65]

    In 2004, Mondale became co-chairman of the

    2008.[67] On June 3, 2008, following the final primary contests, Mondale endorsed Senator Barack Obama, who had clinched the nomination the previous evening, and won the presidency.[68]

    Following the

    2008 Senate election by 312 votes, with Coleman contesting the election results until June 30, 2009.[70] Mondale and Senator Amy Klobuchar stood with Franken in the United States Senate chamber when Franken was sworn in on July 7, 2009.[71]

    Mondale then stood again with Senator Klobuchar when Tina Smith was sworn in on January 3, 2018. He endorsed Klobuchar for president in February 2019.[72]

    Family and personal life

    Joan and Walter Mondale in 1984

    Mondale's wife, Joan Mondale, was a national advocate for the arts and was the Honorary Chairman of the Federal Council on the Arts and Humanities during the Carter Administration. On February 3, 2014, she died at a hospice in Minneapolis surrounded by family members.[73]

    The Mondales' eldest son, Ted, is an entrepreneur and the CEO of Nazca Solutions, a technology fulfillment venture. He is also a former Minnesota state senator. In 1998, Ted Mondale unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for Minnesota governor, running as a fiscal moderate who had distanced himself from labor.[74]

    The Mondales' daughter, Eleanor, was a television personality. She also had radio talk shows in Chicago and a long-running program on WCCO (AM) in Minneapolis. She died of brain cancer at her home in Minnesota on September 17, 2011, at the age of 51.[75]

    Their younger son, William Hall Mondale, is a former assistant Attorney General of Minnesota.[76]

    Mondale had a residence near

    Shakespeare and historical accounts, barbecuing, skiing, watching Monty Python, and playing tennis.[77]

    Mondale was the recipient of numerous distinctions. He was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa as an honoris causa initiate at the University of South Carolina in 1981. Mondale also maintained strong ties to the University of Minnesota Law School. In 2002 the school renamed its building Walter F. Mondale Hall. Mondale contributed cameo appearances to the law school's annual T.O.R.T. ("Theater of the Relatively Talentless") productions and allowed his name to be used as the nickname of the school's hockey team: the "Fighting Mondales".[78]

    Mondale had deep connections to his ancestral Norway. Upon entering the Senate in 1964, he took over the seat of vice president Hubert Humphrey, another

    Honorary Consul-General of Norway, representing the Norwegian state in Minnesota.[80]

    In 2015, Mondale was awarded the Public Leadership in Neurology Award from the American Academy of Neurology for raising awareness for brain health, having lost both his wife and daughter to brain diseases.[81]

    Death

    Dear Team,
    Well my time has come. I am eager to rejoin Joan and Eleanor. Before I Go I wanted to let you know how much you mean to me. Never has a public servant had a better group of people working at their side!
    Together we have accomplished so much and I know you will keep up the good fight.
    Joe in the White House certainly helps.
    I always knew it would be okay if I arrived some place and was greeted by one of you!
    My best to all of you!
    Fritz

    —Mondale's final message to his staff[82]

    Mondale died of

    natural causes in his sleep at his home in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on April 19, 2021, at the age of 93.[83][84][85] On the day before his death, he had several phone conversations with Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, Joe Biden, Kamala Harris, and Minnesota governor Tim Walz. Mondale also emailed a final message to his staff, as he and his family had come to the conclusion that "his death was imminent".[86][87] At the time of his death, Mondale was the oldest living former U.S. vice president
    .

    Carter said in a statement: "Today I mourn the passing of my dear friend Walter Mondale, who I consider the best vice president in our country's history [...] Rosalynn and I join all Americans in giving thanks for his exemplary life, and we extend our deepest condolences to his family."[88][89] Carter had last seen Mondale in person at the Carter Center in June 2019.[90]

    President Biden paid tribute to Mondale in a public statement, calling him a "dear friend and mentor" who had "defined the vice presidency as a full partnership, and helped provide a model for my service".[91] On April 20, 2021, Biden ordered all flags at government properties, office buildings and public grounds to be flown at half-staff until that Tuesday evening in honor of Mondale.[92][93]

    External videos
    video icon Walter Mondale Memorial Service, May 1, 2022, C-SPAN

    Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, funeral services for Mondale were delayed. Two public services were initially planned for September 2021, one in his home state of Minnesota and the other in Washington D.C.;[94] both were later postponed.

    A memorial service was later held on May 1, 2022, at the Northrop Auditorium on the Minneapolis campus of the University of Minnesota. Attendees included family, friends, state and national leaders, including President Joe Biden.[95]

    Electoral history

    Main article: Electoral history of Walter Mondale

    Records

    In the "Walter F. Mondale Papers" at the Minnesota Historical Society, digital content is available for research use. Contents include speech files, handwritten notes, memoranda, annotated briefings, schedules, correspondence, and visual materials. The collection includes senatorial, vice presidential, ambassadorial, political papers and campaign files, and personal papers documenting most aspects of Mondale's 60‑year-long career, including all of his public offices, campaigns, and Democratic Party and other non-official activities.[96]

    The University of Minnesota Law Library's Walter F. Mondale website is devoted to Mondale's senatorial career. Mondale's work is documented in full text access to selected proceedings and debates on the floor of the Senate as recorded in the Congressional Record.[97]

    Books

    • Mondale, Walter F. (1975). The Accountability of Power: Toward a Responsible Presidency. New York: D. McKay Company.
      OCLC 924994584
      .
    • Mondale, Walter; Hage, Dave (2010). The Good Fight: A Life in Liberal Politics. New York: Scribner.
      OCLC 965579928
      . Mondale's memoir.

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    Legal offices
    Preceded by Attorney General of Minnesota
    1960–1964     		Succeeded by
    Robert Mattson
    U.S. Senate
    Preceded by
    Hubert Humphrey
    		 U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Minnesota
    1964–1976
    Served alongside: Eugene McCarthy, Hubert Humphrey     		Succeeded by
    Wendell Anderson
    Party political offices
    Preceded by Democratic nominee for Attorney General of Minnesota[1]: 518 
    1960, 1962     		Succeeded by
    Wayne H. Olson
    Preceded by
    Hubert Humphrey
    		 Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Minnesota
    (Class 2)
    1966, 1972     		Succeeded by
    Wendell Anderson
    Preceded by Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States
    1976, 1980     		Succeeded by
    Preceded by Democratic nominee for President of the United States
    1984     		Succeeded by
    Preceded by Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Minnesota
    (Class 2)
    2002     		Succeeded by
    Political offices
    Preceded by Vice President of the United States
    1977–1981     		Succeeded by
    Diplomatic posts
    Preceded by
    United States Ambassador to Japan

    1993–1996     		Succeeded by
    1. ^ Donovan, Joseph. State of Minnesota Legislative Manual 1963-1964 (PDF). Retrieved December 26, 2022.
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Mondale&oldid=1217767793"