Walter Munk
Walter Munk | |
---|---|
Born | Walter Heinrich Munk October 19, 1917 |
Died | February 8, 2019[3]
Bakerian Lecture (1986) William Bowie Medal (1989) Vetlesen Prize (1993) Kyoto Prize (1999) Prince Albert I Medal (2001) Crafoord Prize (2010) | (aged 101)
Scientific career | |
Fields | Oceanography, geophysics |
Thesis | Increase in the period of waves traveling over large distances : with applications to tsunamis, swell, and seismic surface waves (1946) [1] |
Doctoral advisor | Harald Ulrik Sverdrup |
Doctoral students | Charles Shipley Cox, June Pattullo[2] |
Walter Heinrich Munk (October 19, 1917 – February 8, 2019)
Munk's career began before the outbreak of World War II and ended nearly 80 years later with his death in 2019. The war interrupted his doctoral studies at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (Scripps), and led to his participation in U.S. military research efforts. Munk and his doctoral advisor Harald Sverdrup developed methods for forecasting wave conditions which were used in support of beach landings in all theaters of the war. He was involved with oceanographic programs during the atomic bomb tests in Bikini Atoll.
Beginning in 1975, Munk and Carl Wunsch developed ocean acoustic tomography to exploit the ease with which sound travels in the ocean and use acoustical signals for measurement of broad-scale temperature and current. In a 1991 experiment, Munk and his collaborators investigated the ability of underwater sound to propagate from the Southern Indian Ocean across all ocean basins, with the aim of measuring global ocean temperature. The experiment was criticized by environmental groups, who expected that the loud acoustic signals would adversely affect marine life. Munk continued to develop and advocate for acoustical measurements of the ocean throughout his career.
For most of his career, he was a professor of
Early life and education
In 1917, Munk was born to a
In 1932, Munk was performing poorly in school because he was spending too much time skiing, so his family sent him from Austria to a boys' preparatory school in upper New York state.[13][9]: 14 His family envisioned a career for him in finance with a New York bank connected to the family business.[9]: 14 He worked at the family's banking firm for three years and studied at Columbia University.[9]: 14
Munk hated banking. In 1937, he left the firm to attend the
In 1939, Munk asked Sverdrup to take him on as a doctoral student. Sverdrup agreed, although Munk recalled him saying "I can't think of a single job that's going to become available in the next ten years in oceanography".[12] Munk's studies were interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. He completed his doctoral degree in oceanography at Scripps under the University of California, Los Angeles in 1947.[1][9]: 105 He wrote it in three weeks and it is the "shortest Scripps dissertation on record." He later realized that its principal conclusion is wrong.[13]
Wartime activities
In 1940, Munk enlisted the
Predicting surf conditions for Allied landings
In 1943, Munk and Sverdrup began looking for a way to predict the heights of ocean surface waves. The Allies were preparing for a
Officials at the time estimated that many lives were saved by these predictions.[17]: 321 Munk commented in 2009:[18]
The Normandy landing is famous because weather conditions were very poor and you may not realize it was postponed by General Eisenhower for 24 hours because of the prevailing wave conditions. And then he did decide, in spite of the fact that conditions were not favorable, it would be better to go in than lose the surprise element, which would have been lost if they waited for the next tidal cycle [in] two weeks.
Oceanographic measurements during atomic weapons tests in the Pacific
In 1946, the United States tested two fission
Later association with the military
Munk continued to have a close association with the military in later decades. He was one of the first academics to be funded by the Office of Naval Research, and had his last grant from them when he was 97.[14] In 1968, he became a member of JASON, a panel of scientists who advise the Pentagon, and he continued in that role until the end of his life.[19] He held a Secretary of the Navy/Chief of Naval Operations Oceanography Chair from 1985 until his death in 2019.[9]: 99, 105
Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics
After receiving his doctorate in 1947, Munk was hired by Scripps as an assistant professor of geophysics. He became a full professor there in 1954,[20] but his appointment was at the Institute of Geophysics (IGP) at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). In 1955, Munk took a sabbatical at Cambridge, England.[9]: 75 His experience at Cambridge led to the idea of starting a new IGP branch at Scripps.[9]: 75
At the time of Munk's return to Scripps, it was still under the administration of UCLA, as it had been since 1938. It became part of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) when that campus was founded in 1958.[21] Revelle, its director at the time, was a primary advocate for establishing the La Jolla campus.[22] At this time Munk was considering offers for new positions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, but Revelle encouraged Munk to remain in La Jolla.[9]: 75 Munk's founding of IGP at La Jolla was concurrent with the creation of the UCSD campus.
The IGPP laboratory was built between 1959 and 1963 with funding from the University of California, the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the
In the late 1980s, plans for an expansion of IGPP were developed by Judith and Walter Munk, and Sharyn and John Orcutt, in consultation with a local architect, Fred Liebhardt.[23] The Revelle Laboratory was completed in 1993. At this time the original IGPP building was renamed the Walter and Judith Munk Laboratory for Geophysics. In 1994 the Scripps branch of IGPP was renamed the Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics.[23]
Research
Munk's career in oceanography and geophysics touched on disparate and innovative topics. A pattern of Munk's work was that he would initiate a completely new topic; ask challenging, fundamental questions about the subject and its larger meaning; and then, having created an entirely new sub-field of science, move on to another new topic.[3][25] As Carl Wunsch, one of Munk's frequent collaborators,[26] commented:[9]: vi
[Walter has] a sometimes uncanny ability to delineate the essence—that had eluded his predecessors—of a central problem. He has the knack of defining a field in a way that requires decades of subsequent work by others to fully flesh-out, while he himself moves on. One of his explicitly stated themes is that it is more important to ask the right questions than it is to give the right answers.
Wind-driven gyres
In 1948, Munk took a year's sabbatical to visit Sverdrup in
The model predicted the five main ocean gyres (pictured), with rapid, narrow currents in the west flowing towards the poles and broader, slower currents in the east flowing away from the poles.[28] Munk coined the term "ocean gyres," a term now widely used.[9]: 34 The currents predicted for the western boundaries (e.g., for the Gulf Stream and the Kuroshio Current) were about half of the accepted values at the time, but those only considered the most intense flow and neglected a large return flow. Later estimates agreed well with Munk's predictions.[27]
Rotation of the Earth
In the 1950s, Munk investigated irregularities in the Earth's rotation –
Project Mohole
In 1957, Munk and
Ocean swell
Starting in the late 1950s, Munk returned to the study of
Ocean tides
Between 1965 and 1975, Munk turned to investigations of ocean tides, partly motivated by their effects on the Earth's rotation. Modern methods of time series and spectral analysis were brought to bear on tidal analysis, leading to work with David Cartwright developing the "response method" of tidal analysis.[44] With Frank Snodgrass, Munk developed deep-ocean pressure sensors that could be used to provide tidal data far from any land.[13][45] One highlight of this work was the discovery of the semidiurnal amphidrome midway between California and Hawaii.[46]
Internal waves: The Garrett–Munk spectrum
At the time of Munk's dissertation for his master's degree in 1939,
According to Munk,[9]: 48 they chose a spectrum that could be factored into a function of frequency times a function of vertical wave number. The resulting spectrum, now called the Garrett-Munk Spectrum, is roughly consistent with a large number of diverse measurements that had been obtained over the global ocean. The model evolved over the subsequent decade, denoted GM72, GM75, GM79, etc.,[48] according to the year of publication of the revised model. Although Munk expected the model to be rapidly obsolete, it proved to be a universal model that is still in use. Its universality is interpreted as a sign of profound processes governing internal wave dynamics, turbulence and fine-scale mixing.[13] Klaus Hasselmann commented in 2010, "...the publication of the GM spectrum has indeed been extremely fruitful for oceanography, both in the past and still today."[9]: 50
Ocean acoustic tomography
Beginning in 1975, Munk and
The follow-up to this experiment was the 1996–2006 Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) project in the North Pacific Ocean.[7][52][53] Both HIFT and ATOC engendered considerable public controversy concerning the possible effects of man-made sounds on marine mammals.[54][55][56][7] In addition to the decade-long measurements obtained in the North Pacific, acoustic thermometry has been employed to measure temperature changes of the upper layers of the Arctic Ocean basins,[57] which continues to be an area of active interest.[58] Acoustic thermometry has also been used to determine changes to global-scale ocean temperatures using data from acoustic pulses traveling from Australia to Bermuda.[59][60]
Tomography has come to be a valuable method of ocean observation,[61] exploiting the characteristics of long-range acoustic propagation to obtain synoptic measurements of average ocean temperature or current. Applications have included the measurement of deep water formation in the Greenland Sea in 1989,[62] measurement of ocean tides,[63][64] and the estimation of ocean mesoscale dynamics by combining tomography, satellite altimetry, and in situ data with ocean dynamical models.[65]
Munk advocated for acoustical measurements of the ocean for much of his career, such as his 1986
Tides and mixing
In the 1990s, Munk returned to the work on the role of tides in producing mixing in the ocean.
Munk's enigma
In his later work, Munk focused on the relation between changes in ocean temperature, sea level, and the transfer of mass between continental ice and the ocean.[75][76] This work described what came to be known as "Munk's enigma", a large discrepancy between observed rate of sea level rise and its expected effects on the earth's rotation.[77][78][79]
Awards
Munk was elected to the
Among the many other awards and honors Munk received are the Golden Plate Award of the
In 1993, Munk was the first recipient of the
Two marine species have been named after Munk. One is Sirsoe munki, a deep-sea worm. The other is Mobula munkiana, also known as Munk's devil ray, a small relative of giant manta rays living in huge schools, and with a remarkable ability to leap far out of the water.[95][96] A 2017 documentary, Spirit of Discovery (Documentary), follows Munk in an expedition with the discoverer, his former student Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara, to Cabo Pulmo National Park in Baja Mexico, the place where the species was first found and described.[97][3][98]
Personal life
After
: 20Munk married Martha Chapin in the late 1940s. The marriage ended in divorce in 1953.[9]: 31 On June 20, 1953, he married Judith Horton. She was an active participant at Scripps for decades, where she contributed to campus planning, architecture, and the renovation and reuse of historical buildings. The Munks were frequent traveling companions.[13] Judith died in 2006.[99] In 2011, Munk married La Jolla community leader Mary Coakley.[100]
Munk remained actively engaged in scientific endeavors throughout his life, with publications as late as 2016.[101][102] He turned 100 in October 2017.[103] He died of pneumonia on February 8, 2019, at La Jolla, California, aged 101.[3][104]
Publications
Scientific papers
Munk published 181 scientific papers. They were cited over 11,000 times, an average of 63 times each. Some of the most highly cited papers in the Web of Science database are listed below.
- Munk, W. H. (1950). "On the wind-driven ocean circulation". Journal of Meteorology. 7 (2): 79–93. .
- Cox, Charles; Munk, Walter (November 1, 1954). "Measurement of the Roughness of the Sea Surface from Photographs of the Sun's Glitter". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 44 (11): 838. S2CID 27889078.
- Munk, Walter H. (August 1966). "Abyssal recipes". Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts. 13 (4): 707–730. .
- Munk, W. H.; Cartwright, D. E. (May 19, 1966). "Tidal Spectroscopy and Prediction". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 259 (1105): 533–581. S2CID 122043855.
- Garrett, Christopher; Munk, Walter (January 20, 1975). "Space-time scales of internal waves: A progress report". Journal of Geophysical Research. 80 (3): 291–297. S2CID 54665169.
- Munk, Walter; Wunsch, Carl (February 1979). "Ocean acoustic tomography: a scheme for large scale monitoring". Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers. 26 (2): 123–161. .
- Garrett, C; Munk, W (January 1979). "Internal Waves in the Ocean". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 11 (1): 339–369. .
- Munk, Walter; Wunsch, Carl (December 1998). "Abyssal recipes II: energetics of tidal and wind mixing". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 45 (12): 1977–2010. .
Books
- W. Munk and G.J.F. MacDonald, The Rotation of the Earth: A Geophysical Discussion, Cambridge University Press, 1960, revised 1975.ISBN 0-521-20778-9
- W. Munk, P. Worcester, and C. Wunsch, Ocean Acoustic Tomography, Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-521-47095-1[106]
- S. Flatté (ed.), R. Dashen, W. H. Munk, K. M. Watson, and F. Zachariasen, Sound Transmission through a Fluctuating Ocean, Cambridge University Press, 1979. ISBN 978-0-521-14245-8.
References
- ^ a b Walter Munk (1946). "Increase in the period of waves traveling over large distances: with applications to tsunamis, swell, and seismic surface waves". University of California, Los Angeles Library. p. 41. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
- ^ Day, Deborah. "Walter Heinrich Munk Biography" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d e f g "Obituary Notice: Walter Munk, World-Renowned Oceanographer, Revered Scientist". Scripps Institution of Oceanography. February 8, 2019. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
- ^ Dicke, William (February 9, 2019). "Walter H. Munk, Scientist-Explorer Who Illuminated the Deep, Dies at 101". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 10, 2019. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
- ^ NBC 7 Staff. "World-Renowned Oceanographer Walter Munk Dies at 101". NBC 7 San Diego. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
{{cite news}}
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- ^ a b c Lawrence Armi (September 28, 1994). "Transcript of Oral History interview of Walter Munk". American Meteorological Society Oral History Project, National Center for Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on February 17, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
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- ^ Munk, Walter H. (1940). Internal waves in the Gulf of California (Thesis). California Institute of Technology.
- ^ U.S. Navy (April 8, 2014), Dr Walter Munk explains his role in Operation Overlord, archived from the original on May 15, 2019, retrieved June 7, 2018
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- ^ a b Spindel, R.C.; Worcester, P.F. (2016). "Walter H. Munk: Seventy-Five Years of Exploring the Seas" (PDF). Acoustics Today. 12 (1): 36–42. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 19, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
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- ^ "Project Mohole". IODP. Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
- ^ Steinbeck, John (April 14, 1961). "High drama of bold thrust through the ocean floor: Earth's second layer is tapped in prelude to MOHOLE". Life Magazine. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ Sweeney, Daniel (1993). "Why Mohole was no hole". Invention and Technology Magazine – American Heritage. Vol. 9. pp. 55–63. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
- ^ The National Academies. "Project Mohole: Commemorating the Accomplishments of Project Mohole 1961-2011". Archived from the original on July 1, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
- ^ Winterer, Edward L. (2000). "Scientific Ocean Drilling, from AMSOC to COMPOST". 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press (US).
- ^ Waters, Hannah (July 2012). "FLIP: The FLoating Instrument Platform". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
- ^ Munk, Walter (1964). "Excerpts from Waves Across the Pacific". Palmyra Atoll Digital Archive. Archived from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
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- ^ Groundswell Society (February 23, 2019). "Dr. Walter Munk Scholarship". Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
- ^ In 2019, the Groundswell Society established the Dr. Walter Munk Scholarship "to support a student intending to pursue a career in oceanography, meteorology, or marine biology."[42]
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- ^ G. Notarbartolo di Sciara (1987). "A revisionary study of the genus Mobula Rafinesque, 1810 (Chondrichthyes, Mobulidae), with the description of a new species". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Vol. 91. pp. 1–91.
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She said the cause of death was pneumonia.
- doi:10.1119/1.10629. p. 316
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External links
- Oral History interview transcript with Walter Munk on 30 June 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives
- Oral history interview transcript with Walter Munk on 2 July 2004, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
- Waves Across the Pacific on YouTube(1967) – a documentary showcasing Munk's research on waves generated by Antarctic storms. The film documents Munk's collaboration as they track storm-driven waves from Antarctica across the Pacific Ocean to Alaska. The film features scenes of early digital equipment in use in field experiments with Munk's commentary on how unsure they were about using such new technology in remote locations.
- One Man's Noise: Stories of An Adventuresome Oceanographer on YouTube(1994) – a television program on the work and life of Walter Munk produced by the University of California.
- Perspectives on Ocean Science: Global Sea Level: An Enigma on YouTube(2004) – a seminar on global sea level and climate change by Walter Munk. (YouTube link)
- The Sound of Climate Change Archived May 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (2010) – Munk's Crafoord Prize Lecture
- Spirit of Discovery (2017) – a documentary showcasing Munk as he goes in search of Mobula munkiana a species that bears his name.
- A Conversation with Walter Munk (2019) – Carl Wunsch interviews Walter Munk about his life, career, and scientific events and people during his life on the occasion of his 100th birthday in 2017.
- The Heard Island Feasibility Test
- Tributes to Walter Munk (Scripps)