Portraits of Periodical Offering
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The Portraits of Periodical Offering (
Drawings and paintings with short descriptions were used to record the expression of these ambassadors and to a lesser extent to show the cultural aspects of these ethnic groups. These historical descriptions beside the portrait became the equivalent of documents of diplomatic relations with each country. The drawings were reproduced in woodblock printing after the 9th century and distributed among the bureaucracy in albums. The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Imperial Qing by Xie Sui (謝遂), completed in 1751, gives verbal descriptions of outlying tribes as far as the island of Britain in Western Europe.
Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang (526–539 CE)
The Portraits of Periodical Offering of The original of the work was lost, but three copies or derived works are known.
Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang (526–539 CE) (Song dynasty copy of the 11th century CE)
A surviving edition of this work is a copy from the
The envoys from right to left were: the
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The remaining countries, now lost, are thought to have been: Gaojuli 高句麗 (Goguryeo), Yutian 於闐 (Hotan in Xinjiang), Xinluo 新羅 (Silla), Kepantuo 渴盤陀 (Tashkurgan 塔什干 in present-day Xinjiang),[8] Wuxing fan 武興藩 (in Shanxi), Gaochang 高昌 (Turpan), Tianmen Man 天門蠻 (somewhere between Henan, Hubei, and Guizhou), Dan 蜑 Barbarians of Jianping 建平蠻 (between Hubei and Sichuan), and Man 蠻 Barbarians of Linjiang 臨江蠻 (East Sichuan). There may also have been: Zhongtianzhu 中天竺, Bei tianzhu 北天竺 (India), and Shiziguo 獅子國 (Sri Lanka), for a total of twenty-five countries.[3]
Individual portraits
Some of the main portraits are:
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Hephthalite(滑 Hua) ambassador -
Persian ambassador (波斯 Bosi) -
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Kucha ambassador (龜茲 Qiuci) -
Kumedh ambassador (胡蜜丹 Humidan) -
Kabadiyanambassador (呵跋檀 Kebotan) -
Langkasuka ambassador (狼牙脩 Lang-ga-siu) to the Southern Liang court 516-520 CE -
Qiang ambassador (鄧至 Dengzhi)
Tang dynasty The Gathering of Kings (circa 650 CE)
A Tang period painting consisting in a version of the Liang portraits of Periodical Offerings, entitled The Gathering of Kings (王會圖, Wanghuitu).[9] It was probably made by Yan Liben.
From right to left, the countries are Lu (魯國) which is a reference to the
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Individual portraits
Some of the main portraits are:
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Man fromKhotan (于闐國 Yutian) visiting the Chinese Tang dynastycourt, in Wanghuitu circa 650 CE -
Ambassador fromWanghuitu(王会图), circa 650 CE -
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Ambassador fromWanghuitu(王会图), circa 650 CE -
Ambassador fromWanghuitu(王会图), circa 650 CE -
Ambassador fromWanghuitu(王会图), circa 650 CE -
Ambassador fromWanghuitu(王会图), circa 650 CE -
Ambassador from Central India (中天竺 Zhong Tianzhu) to the court of the Tang dynasty. 王会图 circa 650 CE
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Southern Tang Entrance of the Foreign Visitors (10th century CE)
Emperor Yuan of Liang, Xiao Yi (552-555 CE) made another painting entitled "Entrance of the Foreign Visitors" (番客入朝圖), now lost. A copy named "Entrance of the Foreign Visitors of Emperor Yuan of Liang" (梁元帝番客入朝圖) was made by the painter Gu Deqian (顧德謙) of the Southern Tang dynasty (937–976 CE), native of Jiangsu.[10]
From right to left, the countries are Lu (魯國) which is a reference to the
(扶南國).
Portraits of Periodical Offering of Tang (Song dynasty copy, 11–13th century)
The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Tang by painter Yan Liben, depicting foreign envoys with tribute bearers for the Tang dynasty arriving at Chang'an in 631, during the reign of the Emperor Taizong of Tang. The painting consists of 27 people from various states. The original work was lost, and the only surviving edition was a Song dynasty copy, which is currently preserved at the National Palace Museum in Taipei.[12]
Portraits of Offerings to the Imperial Qing (1759)
In the mid-18th century during the Qing dynasty, the painter Xiesui (謝遂) again painted a Portraits of Periodical Offering of the Imperial Qing (Huángqīng Zhígòngtú 皇清職貢圖), completed in 1759, with a second part added in 1765, showing various foreign people known at that time, with texts in Chinese and Manchu. See the complete Huangqing Zhigongtu.
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French man, 18th century -
Man from Helvetia -
Man from Hungary -
Man from England -
Vietnamese dignitaries of the late-Lê dynasty (1533–1789) -
Siamese (Thai) State Official
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Ten Thousand Nations Coming to Pay Tribute (1761)
The painting was intended to show the cosmopolitanism and the centrality of the
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Korea delegates (朝鲜国) -
Khotan(和阗) delegates -
France delegates (flag "法兰西")
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Related works
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Tribute delegation ofSouthern Song dynasty as depicted in the Periodical Offering Painting (職貢圖) by Ming dynasty artist Qiu Ying(仇英) -
Japanese depiction of firstRyukyu mission to Edo, 17th century -
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![Popular multicolored New Year print (nianhua 年畫) entitled "Ten Thousand Countries Coming to Court" (Wanguo laichao tu 萬國來朝圖), by Wang Junfu 王君甫, mid to late 17th century.[15]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Popular_multicolored_New_Year_print_%28nianhua_%E5%B9%B4%E7%95%AB%29_entitled_%22Ten_Thousand_Countries_Coming_to_Court%22_%28Wanguo_laichao_tu_%E8%90%AC%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%86%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%96%29%2C_by_Wang_Junfu_%E7%8E%8B%E5%90%9B%E7%94%AB%2C_mid_to_late_17th_century.jpg/199px-thumbnail.jpg)
Popular multicolored New Year print (nianhua 年畫) entitled "Ten Thousand Countries Coming to Court" (Wanguo laichao tu 萬國來朝圖), by Wang Junfu 王君甫, mid to late 17th century.[15]
![Popular multicolored New Year print (nianhua 年畫) entitled "Ten Thousand Countries Coming to Court" (Wanguo laichao tu 萬國來朝圖), by Wang Junfu 王君甫, mid to late 17th century.[15]](/File:Popular_multicolored_New_Year_print_(nianhua_%E5%B9%B4%E7%95%AB)_entitled_%22Ten_Thousand_Countries_Coming_to_Court%22_(Wanguo_laichao_tu_%E8%90%AC%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%86%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%96),_by_Wang_Junfu_%E7%8E%8B%E5%90%9B%E7%94%AB,_mid_to_late_17th_century.jpg)
See also
- Foreign relations of imperial China
- Tributary system of China
- List of tributary states of China
- Twenty-Four Histories
- Chinese historiography
- Monarchy of China
- Pax Sinica
- Zongli Yamen
References
- ^ Yu, Taishan (Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) (January 2018). "The Illustration of Envoys Presenting Tribute at the Liang Court". Eurasian Studies. VI: 68–122.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Zheng, Xinmiao (2017). Masterpieces of Classical Chinese Painting. Abbeville Press.
- ^ a b c Ge, Zhaoguang (Professor of History, Fudan University, China) (2019). "Imagining a Universal Empire: a Study of the Illustrations of the Tributary States of the Myriad Regions Attributed to Li Gonglin" (PDF). Journal of Chinese Humanities. 5: 128.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ JSTOR 24049310.
- JSTOR 24049310.
- ^ Yu, Taishan (Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) (January 2018). "The Illustration of Envoys Presenting Tribute at the Liang Court". Eurasian Studies. VI: 93.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ ISBN 978-90-272-2444-6.
- ISBN 978-94-93194-01-4.
- ^ Zhou, Xiuqin (University of Pennsylvania) (April 2009). "Zhaoling: The Mausoleum of Emperor Tang Taizong" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. 187: 155.
- ^ "他的《番客人朝图》及《职贡图》至今在中国画史上占据重要的位置。" in Yi, Xuehua (2015). "江南天子皆词客——梁元帝萧绎之评价 – 百度文库". Journal of Huanche S&T University. 17: 83.
- ^ "邦国来朝：揭台北故宫藏职贡图题材的国家排序力秘密".
- ^ "Foreign Envoys with Tribute Bearers". National Palace Museum. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-000-63756-4.
- ISBN 978-0-429-95213-5.
- ISBN 978-90-04-28438-8.