War Crimes Act of 1996

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War Crimes Act of 1996
Walter B. Jones, Jr. (R-NC) on June 19, 1996
  • Committee consideration by House Judiciary
  • Passed the House on July 29, 1996 (voice vote)
  • Passed the Senate on August 2, 1996 (unanimous consent)
  • Signed into law by President Bill Clinton on August 21, 1996
  • Major amendments
    Military Commissions Act of 2006

    The War Crimes Act of 1996 is a United States federal statute that defines a

    laws of war) to which the United States is a party. The definition of "grave breach" in some of the Geneva Conventions have text that extend additional protections, but all the Conventions share the following text in common: "... committed against persons or property protected by the Convention: willful killing, torture or inhuman treatment
    , including biological experiments, willfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health."

    The law applies if either the victim or the perpetrator is a national of the United States or a member of the

    death
    . The death penalty is only invoked if the conduct resulted in the death of one or more victims.

    The Act was passed with overwhelming majorities by the United States Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton.

    Legislative history

    The law criminalized breaches of the Geneva Conventions so that the United States could prosecute war criminals, specifically

    imprisoned and tortured U.S. military personnel during the Vietnam War. The Department of Defense "fully support[ed] the purposes of the bill,"[1] recommending that it be expanded to include a longer list of war crimes. Because the United States generally followed the Conventions, the military recommended making breaches by U.S. military personnel war crimes as well "because doing so set a high standard for others to follow."[1] The bill passed by unanimous consent in the Senate and by a voice vote in the House,[1]
    showing that it was entirely uncontroversial at the time.

    Ten years later, the

    interrogation technique that violated Common Article 3 constituted war crimes.[3] The possibility that American officials and military personnel could be prosecuted for war crimes for committing the "outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment"[4] prohibited by the Conventions led to a series of proposals to make such actions legal in certain circumstances, which resulted in the Military Commissions Act of 2006
    .

    Potential application

    Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The memo made several arguments both for and against providing Common Article 3's protections to Al Qaeda and Taliban combatants. He concluded that Common Article 3 was outdated and ill-suited for dealing with captured Al Qaeda and Taliban combatants. He described as "quaint" the provisions that require providing captured Al Qaeda and Taliban combatants "commissary privileges, scrip, athletic uniforms, and scientific instruments". He also argued that existing military regulations and instructions from the President were more than adequate to ensure that the principles of the Geneva Conventions would be applied. He also argued that undefined language in the Geneva Conventions, such as "outrages upon personal dignity" and "inhuman treatment", could make officials and military leaders subject to the War Crimes Act of 1996 if mistreatment was discovered.[5]

    The adoption of the

    maiming, intentionally causing serious bodily harm, rape, sexual assault or abuse, and the taking of hostages
    , thereby limiting the scope of the original law.

    See also

    References

    1. ^
      Washington Post
      . p. A1. Retrieved October 4, 2006.
    2. ^ 548 U.S. 05-184 (2006)
    3. ^ Brooks, Rosa (June 30, 2006). "Did Bush Commit War Crimes?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 4, 2006. In other words, with the Hamdan decision, U.S. officials found to be responsible for subjecting war on terror detainees to torture, cruel treatment or other 'outrages upon personal dignity' could face prison or even the death penalty.
    4. ^ Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War (August 12, 1949). "Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War". United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. p. I, a. 3, 1(c). Archived from the original on October 1, 2006. Retrieved October 4, 2006.
    5. ^ Gonzales, Alberto. Decision Re Application of the Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War to the Conflict with Al Qaeda and the Taliban, Memorandum for the President, January 25, 2002. (PDF file provided by MSNBC/Newsweek)

    External links