War economy
A war economy or wartime economy is the set of contingencies undertaken by a modern state to mobilize its economy for war production. Philippe Le Billon describes a war economy as a "system of producing, mobilizing and allocating resources to sustain the violence." Some measures taken include the increasing of Taylor rates as well as the introduction of resource allocation programs. Approaches to the reconfiguration of the economy differ from country to country.[1]
Many states increase the degree of planning in their economies during wars; in many cases this extends to rationing, and in some cases to conscription for civil defenses, such as the Women's Land Army and Bevin Boys in the United Kingdom during World War II. During total war situations, certain buildings and positions are often seen as important targets by combatants. The Union blockade, Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's March to the Sea during the American Civil War, and the strategic bombing of enemy cities and factories during World War II are all examples of total war.[2]
Concerning the side of
War is often used as a last ditch effort to prevent deteriorating economic conditions or
United States
The United States has a very complex history with wartime economies. Many notable instances came during the twentieth century in which America's main conflicts consisted of the
World War I
In mobilizing for
World War II
In the case of the
The United States
Two-thirds of the American economy had been integrated into the war effort by the end of 1943.[4] Because of this massive cooperation between government and private entities, it could be argued that the economic measures enacted prior to and during the Second World War helped lead the Allies to victory.
Present day
The United States has been involved in numerous military endeavours within the Middle East and Latin America since the 1960s. Having been in a continuous state of war since the September 11 attacks,[7] they have an annual military budget larger than India, China, Russia, United Kingdom, Germany, Saudi Arabia, and France’s military budgets combined.
Germany
World War I
Germany has experienced economic devastation following both World Wars. While this was not a result of faulty economic planning, it is important to understand the ways that Germany approached reconstruction. In World War I, the German agricultural sector was hit hard by the demands of the war effort. Not only were many of the workers conscripted, but much of the food itself was allocated for the troops leading to a shortage.[8] "German authorities were not able to solve the food scarcity [problem], but implemented a food rationing system and several price ceilings to prevent speculation and profiteering. Unfortunately, these measures did not have the desired success."[8]
World War II
Heading into the
Other examples
See also
- Companies by arms sales
- Defense Economics
- Diversionary war
- Economic nationalism
- Economic warfare
- Industrial warfare
- Military–industrial complex
- Mass production
- Permanent war economy
- Resistance economy
- The Climate Mobilization: calls for a WWII–scale economic transformation to combat climate change
- Total war
- War communism
- War effort
- World War Zero
- Wartime propaganda
References
- ^ Philippe Le Billon, Geopolitics of Resource Wars: Resource Dependence, Governance and Violence (London: Frank Cass, 2005)
- ISBN 978-1-329-06755-4.
- ^ Roosevelt, Franklin Delano. "The Great Arsenal of Democracy".
- ^ a b c d e Henretta, Edwards, Self, James A., Rebecca, Robert O. (2011). America's History. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's. pp. 672+.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Creel, George (1920). How We Advertised America: The First Telling of the Amazing Story of the Committee on Public Information That Carried the Gospel of Americanism to Every Corner of the Globe. New York: Harper and Bros. pp. 84–88, 90–92.
- ^ a b Tassava, Christopher. "The American Economy During World War II". EH.net. Archived from the original on 2013-11-01. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
- ^ "Opinion | America's Forever Wars". The New York Times. 23 October 2017.
- ^ .
- ^ a b Trueman, Chris. "The Nazis and the German Economy". History Learning Site. HistoryLearningSite.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
- ^ S2CID 153934157.
- ^ "Armenia vs. Azerbaijan: Military Expenditures". Hetq.am. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
- ^ "Armenia declares martial law and mobilization over Nagorno-Karabakh". Reuters. 2020-09-27. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
Further reading
- Ball, Douglas B. Financial Failure and Confederate Defeat (University of Illinois Press, 1991) online book review
- Le Billon, Dr. Philippe (2005) Geopolitics of Resource Wars: Resource Dependence, Governance and Violence. London: Frank Cass, 288pp
- Caverley, Jonathan D. "The economics of war and peace." The Oxford Handbook of International Security (2018): 304-318 doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198777854.013.20
- Daunton, Martin J. "How to pay for the war: state, society and taxation in Britain, 1917–24." English Historical Review 111.443 (1996): 882-919. doi.org/10.1093/ehr/CXI.443.882
- Flores-Macías, Gustavo A., and Sarah E. Kreps. "Political parties at war: A study of American war finance, 1789–2010." American Political Science Review 107.4 (2013): 833-848. online
- Flores-Macías, Gustavo A., and Sarah E. Kreps. "Borrowing support for war: The effect of war finance on public attitudes toward conflict." Journal of Conflict Resolution 61.5 (2017): 997-1020. online
- Gagliano Giuseppe, Economic War, Modern Diplomacy, 2017,[1]
- Gill, David James. The Long Shadow of Default: Britain's Unpaid War Debts to the United States, 1917-2020 (Yale University Press, 2022) [2].
- Goldstein, Joshua S. (2001). War and gender: How gender shapes the war system and vice versa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hall, George J., and Thomas J. Sargent. "Debt and taxes in eight US wars and two insurrections." in The Handbook of Historical Economics (Academic Press, 2021(. 825-880. online
- Kirss, Alexander. "Interest or ideology? Why American business leaders opposed the Vietnam War." Business and Politics 24.2 (2022): 171-187.
- Moeller, Susan. (1999). "Compassion Fatigue", Compassion Fatigue: How the Media Sells Disease, Famine, War and Death. New York & London: Routledge. 6 - 53.
- Poast, Paul. "Beyond the 'sinew of war': The political economy of security as a subfield." Annual Review of Political Science 22 (2019): 223-239. online
- Poast, Paul. "Economics and War." in Understanding War and Peace (2023): 175+ online.
- Saylor, Ryan, and Nicholas C. Wheeler. "Paying for war and building states: The coalitional politics of debt servicing and tax institutions." World Politics 69.2 (2017): 366-408. On South America in 19th century.
- Shea, Patrick E. "Money Talks: Finance, War, and Great Power Politics in the Nineteenth Century." Social Science History 44.2 (2020): 223-249. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2020.3 online]
- Wilson, Peter H., and Marianne Klerk. "The business of war untangled: Cities as fiscal-military hubs in Europe (1530s–1860s)." War in History 29.1 (2022): 80-103. online
- Wolfson, Murray, and Robert Smith. "How not to pay for the war." Defence and Peace Economics 4.4 (1993): 299-314. doi.org/10.1080/10430719308404770 re Gulf War of 1991.
- Zielinski, Rosella Cappella. How states pay for wars (Cornell University Press, 2016) online.