Waray language
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Waray | |
---|---|
Waray-Waray, Samar-Leyte Visayan | |
Winaray, Samareño, Lineyte-Samarnon, Binisayâ nga Winaray, Binisayâ nga Samar-Leyte | |
Native to | Gibusong Island of Mindanao |
Ethnicity | Waray |
Native speakers | 3.6 million (2015 census)[1] |
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | war |
ISO 639-3 | war |
Glottolog | wara1300 |
Areas where Waray-Waray is spoken | |
Waray (also known as Waray-Waray or Bisayâ/Binisayâ nga Winaray/Waray,
Nomenclature
The term Waray comes from the word often heard by non-speakers meaning 'none' or 'nothing' in the language; similarly,
During the Spanish period, texts refer to the language as simply being a dialect of "Visayan". In contrast, most contemporary linguists consider many of these "Visayan dialects" (e.g., Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Karay-a, etc.) to be distinct languages, and the term Visayan is usually taken to refer to what is called Cebuano in contemporary linguistic literature. Domingo Ezguerra's 1663 (reprinted 1747) Arte de la lengua bisaya de la provincia de Leyte refers to the "Visayan tongue of the province of Leyte", Figueroa's Arte del idioma Visaya de Samar y Leyte refers to the "Visaya language of Samar and Leyte". Antonio Sanchez's 1914 Diccionario español-bisaya (Spanish-Visayan Dictionary) refers to the speech of "Sámar and Leyte".
Dialects
Linguist Jason Lobel (2009) considers there are 25 dialects and subdialects of Waray-Waray.[2]
- Tacloban: "standard" dialect: the dialect used in television and radio broadcasts and in education
- influence
- influence
- Catbalogan: "original" dialect: Pure Waray, central part of Samar Island
- Calbayog: mixture of the Tacloban dialect and the dialect of Northern Samar
- Allen, Northern Samar: mostly Waray Sorsoganon mixed with Northern Samarenyo. Dialects in neighboring towns have also borrowed extensively from Waray Sorsoganon.
Many Waray dialects feature a
Most Waray dialects in northeastern and
Usage
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Waray is one of the many
The language is used in education from kindergarten to primary level as part of the Philippine government's K–12 program since 2012 in which pupils from kindergarten to third grade are taught in their respective indigenous languages.
Waray is also used in the Mass in the
Phonology
Vowels
Most Waray dialects have three vowel phonemes: /a/ [a], /i/ [ɛ~i] and /u/ [ɔ~u]. Some dialects have an additional vowel /ə/ [ə]; words with /ə/ in these dialects have /u/ in the majority dialects.[5][6]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close/Mid | i | (ə) | u |
Open | a |
Consonants
Waray has a total of 16 consonant phonemes: /p, t, k, b, d, ɡ, m, n, ŋ, s, h, l, ɾ~r, w, j, ʔ/. Two extra postalveolar sounds [tʃ, dʒ] are heard when /i/ occurs after /t, d/, further proceeding another vowel sound.[7][8]
Labial | Alveolar | Dorsal | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |
Stop
|
p b | t d | k g | ʔ |
Fricative | s | h | ||
Rhotic | ɾ~r | |||
Approximant | w | l | j |
Grammar
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Writing system
Waray, like all Philippine languages today, is written using the Latin script. There is no officially-approved orthography for the language and different writers may use differing orthographic styles. In general, it has become common to write the language following the current orthographic conventions of Filipino.
Vocabulary
Waray uses many different words to specify a particular thing. These words might not be the same in spelling and in construction but they share the same meaning, making it a very diverse language.[citation needed]
Here are some examples of demonstratives and adverbs together with their equivalent definition in Waray-Waray:
English | Waray |
---|---|
what | ano, anyá, náno |
where | diin, ngain, háin |
who | hino/sino (hin-o/sin-o) |
when | sán-o, kakán-o, kasán-o |
how | páno, gin-áano, gin-áanya |
here | didi, dinhi, ngadi, nganhi, áanhi, áadi |
there | ngada, dida, ngadto, didto, aadto, aada |
that | iito, iton, ito, it |
those | adto, adton, aadto |
these | aadin, adin, inin |
why | kay, kay ano, kay ngano, ngano |
this | ini, inin, adin, adi |
Verbs
English | Waray | English | Waray | |
---|---|---|---|---|
to run | dalágan | to fix something | aydi/a | |
to walk | lakát | to explain | ig-eksplikar | |
to climb | saká, sak-a/i | to invite | ig-imbitar, kumbidahi | |
to swim | langoy | to attend | atender, atendera/i | |
to talk/speak | igyakán, igsumát, igsiring | to send something | ipadara, padad-a/i | |
to jump | ambaka/i, lukso | to create | paghimo, pagbuhat | |
to sit | lingkod | to build | pagtindog | |
to stand | tindog | to fly | lupad | |
to shout/scream | guliat | to sleep | katurog | |
to make friends | makig-sangkay | to write | ig-surat | |
to cry | tuok, haya, tangis | to lay down | higda | |
to buy | palit, palita/i | to love | higugma-a | |
to travel | biyahe | to care | asikasuha/i | |
to sing | kanta | to discuss | pag-istorya, pagsabot, himangraw | |
to dance | sayaw | to drive | pagmaneho, pagdrayb | |
to fetch water | pag-alog | to ride | sakay, sakya/i | |
to drink | inom, imna/i | to carry | pas-ana/i, dad-a, bitbita | |
to eat | kaon | to sell something | ig-baligya, ig-tinda |
Numbers
Native numbers are used for numbers one through ten. From eleven onwards, Spanish numbers are exclusively used in Waray today, their native counterparts being almost unheard of by the majority of native speakers (except for gatos for hundred and yukot for thousand). Some, especially the old ones, are spoken alongside the Spanish counterparts.
English | Native Waray | Derived from Spanish | Spanish |
---|---|---|---|
one | usá | uno | un/uno (m) una (f) |
two | duhá | dos | dos |
three | tuló | tres | tres |
four | upat | kuwatro | cuatro |
five | limá | singko | cinco |
six | unom | sais/says | seis |
seven | pitó | syete | siete |
eight | waló | otso | ocho |
nine | siyám | nuebe/nuybe | nueve |
ten | napúlô | dies/dyis | diez |
eleven | napúlô kag-usá | onse | once |
twelve | napúlô kagduhá | dose | doce |
thirteen | napúlô kagtuló | trese | trece |
fourteen | napúlô kag-upat | katorse | catorce |
fifteen | napúlô kaglimá | kinse | quince |
sixteen | napúlô kag-unom | disisays/disisais | dieciséis |
seventeen | napúlô kagpitó | disisyete | diecisiete |
eighteen | napúlô kagwaló | disiotso | dieciocho |
nineteen | napúlô kagsiyám | disinuybe | diecinueve |
twenty | karuhaàn | baynte | veinte |
twenty one | karuhaàn kag-usà | baynte uno | veintiuno |
twenty two | karuhaàn kagduhà | baynte dos | veintidós |
thirty | katluàn | traynta | treinta |
forty | kap-atàn | kuwarenta | cuarenta |
fifty | kalim-àn | singkwenta | cincuenta |
sixty | kaunmàn | saysenta/sisenta | sesenta |
seventy | kapituàn | sitenta | setenta |
eighty | kawaluàn | otsenta/ochienta | ochenta |
ninety | kasiyamàn | nobenta | noventa |
one hundred | usa ka gatòs | syen | cien |
one thousand | usa ka yukòt | mil | mil |
one million | usa ka ribo[9] | milyon | un millón |
Loanwords and cognates
Waray has borrowed vocabulary extensively from other languages, especially from Spanish. These words are being adopted to fill
See also
- Waray people
- Waray literature
- Waray Wikipedia
- Languages of the Philippines
- Samar
- Leyte
- Waray Sorsogon language
References
- ^ Waray at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- ^ a b c Lobel, Jason (2009). "Samar-Leyte". Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 914–917.
- ^ "About the Baraan nga Biblia Translation". bible.org.ph.
- ^ "Iginrelis an Bag-o nga Kalibotan nga Hubad ha Lima nga Yinaknan". Jw.org.
- ^ "Waray: a Major Language in Philippines | English Language | Grammatical Number". Scribd. Retrieved 2020-03-06.
- ISBN 0858831570. P. 47
- ^ Oyzon, Voltaire Q. (2014). An Winaray.
- ^ Rubino, (2001:797–800)
- ^ Makabenta, Eduardo (2004). Pagpurulungan nga Binisaya (Waray) ha Leyte ug Samar (Binisaya-English English-Binisaya Dictionary) (2nd ed.). Quezon City: Adbox Book Distributors and Eduardo A. Makabenta Sr. Foundation. p. 121.
Further reading
- Abuyen, Tomas A. (2005). Dictionary English Waray-Waray/Tagalog, National Book Store, 494 pp., ISBN 971-08-6529-3.
- Diller, Timothy Clair (1971). Case grammar and its application to Waray, a Philippine language (PDF) (PhD dissertation). University of California at Los Angeles.
- Rubino, Carl. Waray-Waray. In Garry, Jane and Carl Rubino (eds.), Facts About the World's Languages, An Encyclopedia of the World's Languages: Past and Present (2001), pp. 797–800.
External links
- Arte de la Lengua Bisaya de la Provincia de Leyte – Google Books
- Arte del idioma visaya de Samar y Leite – Google Books
- Diccionario espanol-bisaya para las provincias de Sámar y Leyte – University of Michigan collection
- Radyo Waraynon – Waraynon Internet Radio Station
- Waray Museum Blog featuring Waray literature
- Waray lessons
- Bansa.org Waray Dictionary
- Waray dictionary, literary database & teaching resource
- Waray-Waray Dictionary by Andras Rajki – with Bicol, Cebuano, Hiligaynon &c. cognates and some Proto-Malayo-Polynesian etymologies
- SEAlang Library Waray Resources
- A large collection of bible study material in Waray language (free audio books, videos, publications) – Jehovah's Witnesses